Intelligence - Weber School Districtblog.wsd.net/rejohnson/files/2012/01/Ch-11.pdf · Are there...
Transcript of Intelligence - Weber School Districtblog.wsd.net/rejohnson/files/2012/01/Ch-11.pdf · Are there...
Intelligence
What makes us intelligentOr
Not so intelligent
Intelligence
• The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to a new situation
• Is socially constructed thus…
Can be culturally specific.
According to this definition, are both Einstein and Ruth intelligent?
Is Intelligence one thing or Several
different abilities?
• To find out scientist use FACTOR
ANALSYSIS:
– A statistical procedure that identifies
clusters of related items on a test
– Charles Spearman used FA to
discover his g or (general
intelligence).
• He saw using FA that doing well in
one area of a test predicted that you
will do well in another
Jack Bauer is good at torturing, bomb defusing, shooting, figuring out evil plots and saving the country (and he is good looking). Is there anything he cannot do?
Are there multiple intelligences?
• Howard Gardner (1943- ) disagreed with
Spearman’s g and instead cameup with the
concept of multiple intelligences
• He came up with the idea by
studying savants �A condition
where a person
has limited
mental abilities
but is
exceptional in
one area
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Linguistic
Logical-Mathematical
Visual-Spatial
Musical
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Naturalistic
Linguistic
Logical-Mathematical
Visual-Spatial
Musical
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
• Often measured on IQ tests with reading comprehension and vocabulary tests
Naturalistic
Visual-Spatial
Musical
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Naturalistic
Linguistic
Logical-Mathematical� Often measured on IQ tests
with analogies, math
problems and logic problems
Logical-Mathematical
Musical
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Naturalistic
Visual-Spatial
Linguistic
� Ability to form mental images
of objects and think about
their relationships in space
(Geometry, reading a map)
Logical-Mathematical
Visual-Spatial
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Naturalistic
Musical
Linguistic
� Ability to perceive and create
patterns of rhythms and
pitches
Logical-Mathematical
Visual-Spatial
Musical
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Naturalistic
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Linguistic
� Ability for controlled
movement and coordination
(balance, strength, endurance)
Logical-Mathematical
Visual-Spatial
Musical
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Intrapersonal
Naturalistic
Interpersonal
Linguistic
� Ability to understand other people’s emotions, motives and actions (listening, cooperation, sensitivity to others)
Logical-Mathematical
Visual-Spatial
Musical
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Naturalistic
Intrapersonal
Linguistic
� Ability to know oneself and to
develop a sense of identity
Logical-Mathematical
Visual-Spatial
Musical
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal • Appreciate nature, ability to work with nature and animalsNaturalistic
Linguistic
Sternberg’s comes along and simplifies Gardner
Robert Sternberg (1949- )
• Analytical (academic, problem
solving, analyzing, comparing,
evaluating, IQ tests)
• Creative (generating novel ideas,
inventing, designing)
• Practical (required for everyday
tasks where multiple solutions
exist, street smarts)
Emotional Intelligence (EQ)
• The ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions
• Some studies show EQ to be a greater predictor for future success than IQ.
Intelligence Testing
Intelligence Testing
• Play “Pros and Cons of Intelligence
Tests” (6:29) Segment #17 from
Psychology: The Human Experience.
Origins of Intelligence testing
• Intelligence Test
– a method of assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them to those of others, using numerical scores
• Alfred Binet (1857-1911)
– Developer of the first test to classify
children’s abilities using the concept of
mental age
– Mental age
• The chronological age that
corresponds to the difficulty of the
questions a child can answer
• Child who does as well as the
average 8-year-old is said to have
a mental age of 8
• Lewis Terman (1877-1956)
–Adapted Binet’s tests for use in the
United States as the Stanford-Binet
intelligence test
–The test reported intelligence as a
calculated IQ score.
• Side note: Terman promoted use of
intelligence testing to encourage or
discourage people from reproducing
• Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
– IQ = (MA/CA) X 100
– On contemporary tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100
– Works great for children, but not for adults
• A 50 yr old does as well as a 25 yr old
would have an IQ of 50?
– Technically there is no longer an intelligence quotient, but we still use the term IQ.
Assessing Intelligence
• Achievement Tests
– A test designed to
assess what a person
has learned
• Classroom test at
the end of a unit
�Aptitude Tests
�A test designed to
predict a person’s
future
performance
�Aptitude is the
capacity to learn
oACT and SAT
Assessing Intelligence
• David Wechsler (1896-1981)
–Wechsler intelligence scales
• Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
• Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
• WAIS (most widely used today)
–Includes 11 subtests
–Gives overall intelligence score, but also separate verbal and performance (nonverbal) scores
Assessing Intelligence:Sample items from the wais
From Thorndike and Hagen, 1977
VERBAL
General Information Similarities Arithmetic ReasoningVocabularyComprehensionDigit Span
PERFORMANCE
Picture Completion Picture ArrangementBlock DesignObject AssemblyDigit-Symbol Substitution
How do we construct Intelligence tests?
Tests must be:
• Standardized
• Reliable
• Valid
Assessing Intelligence
• Standardization
– Test must be pre-tested to a
representative sample of
people
– Form a normal distribution
• Normal Curve (Normal distribution/Bell Curve)
– The symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes
– Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes
The Normal Curve
• Performance on IQ scores has steadily
increased over generations
• Known as the Flynn Effect
– Environmental factors?
• Reduction in
malnutrition
• Access to
schooling
• Technological
advances
Assessing Intelligence
• Reliability
– The extent to which a test yields consistent
results over time
– Assessed by consistency of scores on:
• Two halves of the test (split-half)
• Alternate forms of a test
• Retesting
• Validity
– The extent to which a test measures or
predicts what it is supposed to
Assessing Intelligence
• Content Validity
–The extent to which a test samples the
behavior of interest
• Driving test that samples driving tasks
• Criterion
–Behavior (such as college grades) that a
test (such as the SAT) is designed to
predict
–The measure used in defining whether the
test has predictive validity
Assessing Intelligence
• Predictive Validity
–Success with which a test predicts the
behavior it is designed to predict
–Assessed by computing the correlation
between test scores and the criterion
behavior
–Also called criterion-related validity
Brain Size and Intelligence
Is there a link?
• Small +.15 correlation
between head size and
intelligence scores (relative to
body size).
• Using an MRI we found +.44
correlation with brain size and
IQ score.
Brain Function and intelligence
• Higher performing
brains are less active
than lower performing
brains (use less
glucose).
• Neurological speed is
also a bit quicker.
does intelligence change over time?
•By age 3, a child’s IQ
can predict adolescent
IQ scores.
•Depends on the type of
intelligence, crystallized
or fluid.
(fluid = flexibility)(crystallized = concrete)
Extremes of intelligence
• Akrit Jaswal
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8_eAkdtYa
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1&safe=active