INTELLIGENCE Chapter 9. What is Intelligence? Intelligence—the abilities to acquire new abilities...
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Transcript of INTELLIGENCE Chapter 9. What is Intelligence? Intelligence—the abilities to acquire new abilities...
INTELLIGENCEINTELLIGENCEChapter 9Chapter 9
What is Intelligence?
Intelligence—the abilities to acquire new abilities and new behavior and adapt to new situations.
4 Different Theories:
Spearman’s Two-factorThurstone’s Theory of Primary Mental AbilitiesGardner’s Theory of Multiple IntelligencesSternberg’s Triarchic Theory
Spearman’s Two-factor Theory
G-factor—represents a person’s general intelligence (the ability to reason and solve problems)S-factor—represents a person’s specific mental abilities (for example, some may be better at music or be more creative)
Thurstone’s Theory of Intelligence
Believed that intelligence was made up of 8 separate factors:
Visual and spatial abilityPerceptual speedNumerical abilityVerbal meaningWord fluencyMemoryInductive and deductive reasoning
Belief that one can be high in one factor and low in
another, but they are still dependent on each other.
Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Believed in 7 kinds of intelligences:
LinguisticLogical-mathematicalVisual-spatialBody-kinestheticsmusical-rhythmicInterpersonal feelingsIntrapersonal feelings
Each one is based in a different part of the brain
Main difference between Gardner and Thurstone—Gardner believed intelligences were independent of one another!!
Gardner (continued)
A person can excel at one intelligence but not another.
Each intelligence is an intellectual potential that can be tapped into.
Critics believe that special talents (such as music) are not considered to be intelligences.
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
Believed different types of intelligences work together
Intelligence includes three abilities:Analytic (solve problems)Creative (deal with new situations)Practical (accomplish everyday tasks)
Emotional Intelligence
There are five factors that can make one successful:
Self-awarenessMood managementSelf-motivationImpulse controlPeople skills
Links Between Different Types
Do parts of the brain overlap?
Some psychologists have done studies to show that music overlaps with other cognitive abilities.
Measurement of IntelligenceSection 2
Types of Tests
Achievement—what you have learned
Aptitude—predicts your ability to learn new skills
Intelligence tests (most-widely used)Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales
Wechsler Scales
Stanford-Binet ScalesFirst test was used in 1905Intelligence increases with age so tests were made for different age levelsLook at page 211 for diagram
Tests gave a mental age score. It shows the intellectual level at which a child is functioning.
Intelligence quotient—number that reflects the relationship between a child’s mental age and his or her chronological age.
IQ= Mental Age/Chorological Age X 100
Thus, 100 is considered to be average.
The Wechsler Scales
More widely used than Stanford-Binet!
Consists of subsets of intellectual skills.
Differ from Stanford-Binet in 2 ways:--do not use the concept of mental age
--measures verbal and non-verbal (SB measures just verbal)
Test is used to determine learning disabilities
Look at figure 9.3 on page 213
Reliability & ValidityReliability—refers to its consistencyValidity—measures what it is supposed to measure
If a test is reliable, one should get about the same IQ score every time.
Both Stanford-Binet and Wechsler have proved to be highly reliable.
If a test is valid, it should predict how one does in school or at a vocation.
Problems with Intelligence Tests
Education and Economic Backgroundcan affect results--Scores are approximately 10-15% lower in lower-income children
Motivation
Culturally Biased Tests--concepts only used by certain cultures--interpreted by different cultures different ways
Differences in Intelligences
Section 3
StatisticsApproximately 50% of the population’s IQ falls between 90-110 (average being 100)
Approximately 95% of the population have an IQ between 70 and 130
The other 5% are defined by psychologists as mentally handicapped or gifted.
Mental RetardationHaving an IQ score below 70 defines an individual as being mentally retarded.
Mild Retardation--80% of people who are mentally-
handicapped have an IQ between 50 and 70. --Able to read, do arithmetic, and hold a
job
Moderate --people with an IQ between 35 and 49--can speak, feed, and dress themselves--cannot read or solve problems--Down’s syndrome
Mental Retardation (continued)
Severe Retardation--IQ between 20 and 35--some understanding of
speech--may be able to feed
themselves
Profound Retardation--IQ below 20--barely communicate--depend on others
completely
Causes of Mental Retardation
--Accidents resulting in brain damage--Difficulties during Childbirth--Pregnant women abusing drugs or
alcohol--Pregnant women who are
malnourished--Genetic disorders such as Down’s
Syndrome
Giftedness
Gifted--People with an IQ higher
than 130--motivation and creativity
could possibly contribute --Children who are gifted
should be identified early as to receive additional enrichment to foster their intellectual growth
What Influences Intelligence?
Section 4
Where does Intelligence come from?
Most psychologists agree intelligence is both heredity and from environmental factors
Genetic Influences--Kinship Studies (heritability is between 40-60%)--Adoptee Studies
Environmental Influences--Parenting Styles--Preschool Programs (Head Start)