Chapter 11 GROUP DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS Decision Support Systems For Business Intelligence.
Intelligence Chapter 11
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Transcript of Intelligence Chapter 11
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Intelligence
Chapter 11
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What is Intelligence?
Intelligence is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use our knowledge to adapt to new situations.
In research studies, intelligence is whatever the intelligence test measures.
This tends to be “school smarts.”
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Conceptual Difficulties
Psychologists believe that intelligence is a concept and not a thing.
When we think of intelligence as a trait (thing) we make an error called
reification — viewing an abstract immaterial concept as if it were a
concrete thing.
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Controversies About Intelligence
Despite general agreement among psychologists about the nature of
intelligence, two controversies remain:
1. Is intelligence a single overall ability or is it several specific abilities?
2. With modern neuroscience techniques, can we locate and measure intelligence within the brain?
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Intelligence: Ability or Abilities?
Have you ever thought that since people’s mental abilities are so diverse, it
may not be justifiable to label those abilities with only one word, intelligence?
You may speculate that diverse abilities represent different kinds of intelligences.
How can you test this idea?
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General Intelligence
The idea that general intelligence (g) exists comes from the work of Charles
Spearman (1863-1945) who helped develop the factor analysis approach in
statistics.
Athleticism, like intelligence, is many things
AP PsychologyJanuary 7, 2010
What is intelligence?
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Homework: 1) Read pages 434-442 2) Complete Psych Sim
Spearman’s Studies
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Factor Analysis: cluster of items that measure a common ability
Example: vocabulary, paragraph comprehension,Grades in English classes, SAT verbal
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General Intelligence
General intelligence (g) is a factor that underlies all intelligence .
BUT…. Spearman’s Theory of General Intelligence was controversial.
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Other Early Theories of Intelligence as Multiple Abilities
-Intelligence as Seven Clusters of Primary Mental Abilities- Thurstone
-General Intelligence as an evolutionary adaptation
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Contemporary Intelligence Theories
Howard Gardner-multiple intelligences-exceptionally intelligent people, such as savants
People with savant syndrome excel in abilitiesunrelated to general intelligence.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dhcQG_KItZM
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Howard GardnerGardner proposes eight types of intelligences (and speculates about a ninth one — existential intelligence. )
How is Gardner’s theory problematic?
• Difficult to research
• Talents or intelligences?
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Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
Sternberg (1985, 1999, 2003) agrees with Gardner, but suggests three intelligences
rather than eight.1. Creative Intelligence: Intelligence
that makes us adapt to novel situations, generate novel ideas
2. Analytical Intelligence: Intelligence that is assessed by intelligence tests.
3. Practical Intelligence: Intelligence that is required for everyday tasks (e.g. street smarts).
Sternberg and Gardner’s studies are important in broadening our
definition for intelligence…… in the workplace, the classroom, on the
athletic field.
Do Now: Compare and contrast Spearman, Gardner, and Sternberg’s Theories of Intelligence. Which do you think is the best theory and why?
January 8AIM: How can we assess
intelligence?
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Emotional Intelligence
Emotional intelligence is the ability to perceive, understand, and manage
emotions
-proposed by Daniel Goleman
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Emotional Intelligence: Components
Component Description
Perceive emotion Recognize emotions in faces, music and stories
Understand emotion
Predict emotions, how they change and blend
Manage emotion Express emotions in different situations
Use emotion Utilize emotions to adapt or be creative
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Emotional IntelligenceEmotional intelligence correlates positively
with career, marriage, and parenting success.
proposed by Daniel Goleman
Emotion Recognition Mischel’s Marshmallow
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Emotional Intelligence: Criticism
Should intelligence apply to emotions?
But, studies show general intelligence DOES matter
*Crystallized and fluid intelligence
• Crystallized intelligence: accumulated knowledge
• Fluid intelligence: ability to reason quickly when solving new problems
• How does each change with age?
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Intelligence and Creativity
Creativity is the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable. It correlates
slightly with intelligence.1. Expertise: A well-developed knowledge base.2. Imaginative Thinking: The ability to see things
in novel ways.3. Adventuresome Personality: A personality that
seeks new experiences rather than following the pack.
4. Intrinsic Motivation: A motivation to be creative from within.
5. A Creative Environment: A creative and supportive environment allows creativity to bloom.
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Is Intelligence Neurologically Measurable?
Recent Studies indicate some correlation (about +.40) between brain size and
intelligence.
Gray matter concentration in people with high intelligence.
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Brain Function
Intelligence tests and reaction time
People with higher intelligence respond correctly and quickly tothe above question.
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Assessing Intelligence
Intelligence testing: a method for assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes
and comparing them with others
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Alfred Binet
Alfred Binet: predictor intelligence testing developing questions that would predict children’s future progress
Mental Age: IntelligenceIncreases as we age
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Lewis TermanStanford-Binet Test: The following is the
formula of Intelligence Quotient (IQ), introduced by
William Stern:
Intelligence Tests
• First proposed by Binet• Adapted by Terman into the IQ test• Xenophobic?
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Aptitude and Achievement Tests
Aptitude tests are intended to predict your ability to learn a new skill
Achievement tests are intended to reflect what you have already learned.
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David Wechsler
Wechsler developed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
(WAIS) and later the Wechsler Intelligence
Scale for Children (WISC), an
intelligence test for preschoolers.
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WAIS
WAIS measures overall intelligence and 11 other aspects related to intelligence.
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Principles of Test Construction
For a psychological test to be acceptable it must fulfill the following three criteria:
1. Standardization
2. Reliability3. Validity
Question 1: Point to the puppy
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Standardization
Standardization: 1) administering the test to a representative sample of future test takers 2) Testing and scoring uniformly for all test-takers
Establishes a basis for meaningful comparison.
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Normal Curve
Standardized tests establish a normal distribution of scores on a tested
population in a bell-shaped pattern called the normal curve.
Variance- degree to which scores differ from each other
Standard deviation: degree to which scores differ from the mean
Intelligence Testing
• Z scores- (standard score)- can compare scores initially on different scales
• Statistical significance (p value)
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Flynn Effect
In the past 60 years, intelligence scores have risen steadily by an average of 27
points.
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Reliability
Extent to which a test yields consistent results:
1. Split-half Reliability:
2. Reliability using different tests:
3. Test-Retest Reliability:
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Validity
Validity of a test refers to what the test is supposed to measure or predict.
1. Content Validity: Refers to the extent a test measures a particular behavior or trait.
2. Predictive Validity: Refers to the function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait.
Reliability verses Validity• Question 1: Measuring three people with the same
yardstick, but the yardstick is off by 3 inches• Question 2: A college admissions office is concerned with
how well applicants will perform on college-level assessments. Which of following best demonstrates predictive validity?
1) SATS 2) School Grades 3) Recommendations 4) Extracurriculars
– Which is most reliable?
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Extremes of IntelligenceA valid intelligence test divides two groups of people into two extremes: the mentally retarded (IQ 70) and individuals with high
intelligence (IQ 135). These two groups are significantly different.
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Mental Retardation
Mentally retarded individuals required constant supervision a few decades ago, but with a supportive family environment and special education they can now care for
themselves.
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High Intelligence
Contrary to popular belief, people with high intelligence test scores tend to be healthy,
well adjusted, and unusually successful academically.
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Ethnic Similarities and Differences
1. Racial groups differ in their average intelligence scores.
2. High-scoring people (and groups) are more likely to attain high levels of education and income.
To discuss this issue we begin with two disturbing but agreed upon facts:
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Racial (Group) Differences
If we look at racial differences, white Americans score higher in average
intelligence than black Americans (Avery and others, 1994). European New Zealanders score higher than native New Zealanders
(Braden, 1994).White-Americans Black-Americans
Average IQ = 100 Average IQ = 85
Hispanic Americans
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Stereotype Threat
A stereotype threat is a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based
on a negative stereotype.
This phenomenon appears in some instances in intelligence testing among
African-Americans and among women of all colors.