Intellectual Ventures I LLC, et al. v. Altera Corporation, et al., C.A. No. 10-1065-LPS

8/3/2019 Intellectual Ventures I LLC, et al. v. Altera Corporation, et al., C.A. No. 10-1065-LPS

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/intellectual-ventures-i-llc-et-al-v-altera-corporation-et-al-ca-no 1/29

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G}}it`bxs eit Mbeb`mg`} Lg}}hcb Sbkhci`mrc}it Citvitg}hi`.

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EH@NBT, V.G., ^hlkh`n}i`, Mblg~gtb.

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% KXBTS LLV, Lis G`nblbs, CG.

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^hlkh`n}i`, Mblg~gtb



Vb`mh`n dbeitb }jb Cirt} gtb }jtbb ki}hi s̀? *h( Mbeb`mg`} Zhlh`z H`c.s *$Zhlh`z$( Ki}hi`

}i Mhskhss it ]tg`sebt h` Eguit ie }jb Ehts}+Ehlbm Gc}hi` h` }jb R`h}bm S}g}bs Mhs}thc} Cirt} eit

}jb @it}jbt` Mhs}thc} ie Cglheit`hg *MH 35( *$Zhlh`z ]tg`sebt Ki}hi`$(1 *hh( Mbeb`mg`}s Gl}btg

Citvitg}hi` *$Gl}btg$(, Khctisbkh Citvitg}hi` *$Khctisbkh$(, g`m Lg}}hcb Sbkhci`mrc}it

Citvitg}hi`.s *$Lg}}hcb$( Ki}hi` }i ]tg`sebt Ub`rb }i }jb @it}jbt` Mhs}thc} ie Cglheit`hg *MH

=3( *$Ithnh`gl Mbeb`mg`}s. ]tg`sebt Ki}hi`$(1 g`m *hhh( Mbeb`mg`} Zhlh`z.s Ki}hi` }i Mhskhss it

Ci`silhmg}b *$Zhlh`z Ki}hi` }i Mhskhss$( *MH 87( Eit }jb tbgsi`s sb} eit}j dbli~, }jb Cirt}

~hll MB@X }jb Zhlh`z ]tg`sebt Ki}hi` gs ~bll gs }jb Ithnh`gl Mbeb`mg`}s. ]tg`sebt Ki}hi`

]jb Cirt} ~hll NTG@] H@ VGT] }jb Zhlh`z Ki}hi` }i Mhskhss dx itmbth`n ci`silhmg}hi` 7

]jb Vgt}hbs

Vlgh`}hees, H`}bllbc}rgl Ub`}rtbs H LLC *$HU H$( g`m H`}bllbc}rgl Ub`}rtbs HH LLC *$HU HH,$

g`m, cillbc}hublx ~h}j HU H, jbtbh`ge}bt tbebttbm }i gs $Vlgh`}hees$ it $HU$(, gtb lhkh}bm lhgdhlh}x

cikvg`hbs itng`hbm r`mbt }jb lg~s ie Mblg~gtb *MH 7 7+4( HU.s vth`chvgl vlgcb ie

drsh`bss hs h` Dbllburb, ^gsjh`n}i` *'m.( H} glsi jgs g` ieehcb h` `it}jbt` Cglheit`hg, ~h}jh` }jb

@it}jbt` Mhs}thc} ieCglheit`hg *MH 3> g} 3(

Mbeb`mg`} Zhlh`z hs h`citvitg}bm h` Mblg~gtb g`m jgs h}s vth`chvgl vlgcb ie drsh`bss h`

Sg` Oisb, Cglheit`hg *MH 3> g} 3( @i`b ieZhlh`z.s gccrsbm vtimrc}s ~btb mbublivbm h`

Mblg~gtb *'m.( Zhlh`z jgs gvvtizhkg}blx 3,666 bkvlixbbs ~itlm~hmb g`m h` 4676 tbvit}bm

tbub`rbs iekitb }jg` -7: dhllhi` *M.H. 26 Bz D(

7]jb tbwrbs}s eit itgl gtnrkb`} gtb mb`hbm *MH 56, >7( ]jb Cirt}.s trlh`n hs dgsbm i`

}jb vgvbts srdkh}}bm

7



Mbeb`mg`} Gl}btg hs h`citvitg}bm h` Mblg~gtb g`m jgs h}s vth`chvgl vlgcb ie drsh`bss h`

Sg` Oisb, Cglheit`hg *MH == g} 3( Gl}btg jgs dbb` g Mblg~gtb citvitg}hi` sh`cb 788> *MH 53

Bz Cg} =5( Gl}btg.s gllbnbmlx hèth`nh`n }bcjìlinx ~gs mbublivbm ir}shmb ieMblg~gtb,

h`clrmh`n h` Sg` Oisb g`m Sg`}g Ctr, Cglheit`hg gs ~bll gs ir}shmb ie }jb R`h}bm S}g}bs *MH ==

g} 3+=( Gl}btg jgs iubt 4566 bkvlixbbs ~itlm~hmb, h`clrmh`n kitb }jg` 7766 h` }jb R`h}bm

S}g}bs *MH 53 Bz Cg} 72( H` 4676, Gl}btg nb`btg}bm `bgtlx -4 dhllhi` h` `b} sglbs *'m. g} 42(

Mbeb`mg`} Khcti sbkh hs h`citvitg}bm h` Mblg~gtb g`m jgs h}s vth`chvgl vlgcb ie drsh`bss

h` Htuh`b, Cglheit`hg *M H. == g} =( Khcti sbkh jgs dbb` h`citvitg}bm h` Mblg~gtb sh`cb 7856

*MH 53 Bz Jg} =( Khctisbkh.s gllbnbmlx hèth`nh`n }bcjìlinx ~gs mbublivbm h` Kir`}gh`

Uhb~, Cglheit`hg *MH == g} 3( Khctisbkh jgs gvvtizhkg}blx 7,566 bkvlixbbs h` }jb R`h}bm

S}g}bs *MH 53 Bz Jg} 76( H` 4676, Khctisbkh jgm `b} sglbs h` bzcbss ie-266 khllhi` *MH

53 Bz Jg} 5(

Mbeb`mg`} Lg}}hcb hs h`citvitg}bm h` Mblg~gtb g`m jgs h}s vth`chvgl vlgcb ie drsh`bss h`

Jhllsditi, Itbni` *MH == g} 2( Lg}}hcb jgs dbb` g Mblg~gtb citvitg}hi` sh`cb 78:2 *MH 53

Bz Eg} =( Lg}}hcb glsi kgh`}gh`s g shn`hehcg`} b`nh`bbth`n egchlh}x h` Sg` Oisb, Cglheit`hg *MH

== g} 2( ]jb ntbg} kgoith}x ieLg}}hcb.s mbublivkb`} ~ita i` h}s gccrsbm vtimrc}s iccrttbm h`

bh}jbt Jhllsditi it Sg` Oisb, gl}jirnj mbublivkb`} i` i`b gccrsbm vtimrc} lh`b hs mi`b h` g

skgllbt egchlh}x h` Db}jlbjbk, Vb``sxlug`hg *Om.( Lg}}hcb bkvlixs `bgtlx >26 vbivlb ~itlm~hmb

g`m jgm tbub`rb h` 4676 ie gvvtizhkg}blx -48> khllhi` *M H. 53 Bz E g} 77, 4>(

Vticbmrtgl D g c a p ? t i r ` m

Vlgh`}hees h`h}hgllx ehlbm }jhs vg}b`} hèth`nbkb`} srh} gngh`s} Gl}btg, Khctisbkh, g`m

Lg}}hcb *jbtbh`ge}bt }jb $Ithnh`gl Mbeb`mg`}s$( i` Mbcbkdbt :, 4676 *MH 7( *$Cikvlgh`}$(

4



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5,4>4,5=5 *'m.( HU H it HU HH i~` bgcj ie}jb vg}b`}s+h`+srh} *MH 7 77+46( Nb`btgllx, HU

gllbnbs }jg} Mbeb`mg`}s hèth`nb }jb vg}b`}s+h`+srh} dx kgah`n, rsh`n, sbllh`n, hkvit}h`n g`m)it

ieebth`n eit sglb cbt}gh` vtintgkkgdlb linhc mbuhcb vtimrc}s *MH 7>(

I` Ebdtrgtx 7=, 4677, Mbeb`mg`} Zhlh`z ehlbm g mbclgtg}itx ormnkb`} gc}hi` h` }jb

@it}jbt` Mhs}thc} ie Cglheit`hg *$@it}jbt` Mhs}thc}$( eit ì`+hèth`nbkb`} g`m hùglhmh}x ie

shz}bb` vg}b`}s gllbnbmlx i~`bm dx HU+tblg}bm b`}h}hbs, h`clrmh`n eirt ie }jb ehub vg}b`}s gssbt}bm

dx HU h` }jb h`s}g`} gc}hi` *MH 3> g} 71 sbb glsi Zhlh`z, H`c. u. Hùb`}hi` Hùbs}kb`} Er`m H LV,

@i C 77+65>7 SH *@M Cgl( *jbtbh`ge}bt $Zhlh`z Cglheit`hg Gc}hi`$(( I` Ebdtrgtx 72, 4677,

HU gkb`mbm }jb Cikvlgh`} }i gmm Zhlh`z gs g mbeb`mg`} *M H 7>(

I` Gvthl 7, 4677, Zhlh`z ehlbm h}s Zhlh`z ]tg`sebt Ki}hi`, sbbah`n }i mhskhss it }tg`sebt

HU.s clghks gngh`s} Zhlh`z }i }jb @it}jbt` Mhs}thc} *MH 35( I` Gvthl45, 4677, Gl}btg,

Khcti sbkh, g`m Lg}}hcb ehlbm }jb Ithnh`gl Mbeb`mg`}s. ]tg`sebt Ki}hi`, glsi sbbah`n }tg`sebt ie

}jhs gc}hi` }i }jb @it}jbt` Mhs}thc} *MH =3( ]jb }tg`sebt ki}hi`s ~btb erllx dthbebm gs ieKgx

43, 4677 *MH 3>, ==, =:, 2>, 54, 5>(

]jbtbge}bt, i` Orlx 4>,4677, }jb @it}jbt` Mhs}thc} ie Cglheit`hg }tg`sebttbm }jb vit}hi`s

ie }jb Zhlh`z Cglheit`hg Gc}hi` tblg}h`n }i }jb vg}b`}s gssbt}bm h` }jb h`s}g`} gc}hi` }i }jb Mhs}thc}

ie Mblg~gtb *Sbb Ml >21 sbb glsi Zhlh`z, H`c. u. Hùb`}hi` Hùbs}kb`} Er`m H LV, CG @i 77+

555+LVS Ml :> *M Mbl Orlx 4>, 4677((

I` Grnrs} 7, 4677, Mbeb`mg`}s gmuhsbm }jb Cirt} ie g erllx+dthbebm vb}h}hi` eit g ~th} ie

kg`mgkrs }jg} ~gs vb`mh`n dbeitb }jb Ebmbtgl Chtcrh}, hùiluh`n g` hssrb }jg} Mbeb`mg`}s

dblhbubm $kgx hkvgc} }jb Cirt}.s g`glxshs ieMbeb`mg`}s. vb`mh`n ki}hi`s }i }tg`sebt$ *MH >>

3



g} 4( *ch}h`n H` tb LhàYGYKbmhg Mbuhcbs Citv., Ebm Chtc Khsc Micab} @i 4677+K886(

Mbeb`mg`}s }jbtbeitb srnnbs}bm }jg} $ h} kgx db kis} beehchb`} eit }jb Cirt} }i mbebt mbchmh`n

Mbeb`mg`}s. vb`mh`n ki}hi`s }i }tg`sebt r`}hl }jb Ebmbtgl Chtcrh} mbchmbs }jb vb}h}hi` eit ~th} ie

kg`mgkrs h` LhàYGYKbmhg Mbuhcbs.$ *MH >> g} 4( I` Mbcbkdbt 5, 4677, Mbeb`mg`} Gl}btg

ì}hehbm }jb Cirt} }jg} }jb Ebmbtgl Chtcrh} jgm ntg`}bm }jb vb}h}hi` eit kg`mgkrs h`

LhàYGYKbmhg Mbuhcbs. *MH 82(

I` Sbv}bkdbt 45, 4677, Zhlh`z kiubm }i mhskhss }jb vit}hi` ie }jb Zhlh`z Cglheit`hg

Gc}hi` }jg} ~gs }tg`sebttbm etik }jb @it}jbt` Mhs}thc} i` }jb ntir`ms }jg} h} hs mrvlhcg}hub ie }jb

h`s}g`} gc}hi` *MH 87( H` }jb gl}bt`g}hub, he}jb Cirt} mibs ì} mhskhss }jb }tg`sebttbm Zhlh`z

Cglheit h̀g Gc}hi`, Zhlh`z tbwrbs}bm }jg} h} db ci`silhmg}bm ~h}j }jb h`s}g`} gc}hi` *'m.( Vlgh`}hees

mi ì} ivvisb ci`silhmg}hi` *MH 83(

Sbc}hi` 7=6=*g(

Mbeb`mg`}s. tbwrbs}s }i }tg`sebt gthsb r`mbt 4: RSC ® 7=6=*g(, ~jhcj vtiuhmbs? $Eit

}jb ciùb`hb`cb ie }jb vgt}hbs g`m ~h}`bssbs, h` }jb h`}btbs}s ie rs}hcb, g mhs}thc} cirt} kgx

}tg`sebt g`x chuhl gc}hi` }i g`x i}jbt mhs}thc} it mhuhshi` ~jbtb h} khnj} jgub dbb` dtirnj}$

Svbchehcgllx, Mbeb`mg`}s oih`}lx gsa }jg} }jb Cirt} }tg`sebt }jb h`s}g`} gc}hi` }i }jb @it}jbt`

Mhs}thc}

Gvvtivthg}b`bss ie }jb ]tg`sebtbb Ub`rb

H` mb}btkh`h`n ~jb}jbt }tg`sebt hs gvvtivthg}b, }jb Cirt} krs} ehts} mb}btkh`b ~jb}jbt

}jhs gc}hi` cirlm jgub dbb` dtirnj} h` }jb vtivisbm }tg`sebtbb ub`rb, ~jhcj jbtb hs }jb @it}jbt`

Mhs}thc} $]jb vgt}x kiuh`n eit }tg`sebt dbgts }jb drtmb` ievtiuh`n }jg} }jb gc}hi` vtivbtlx

cirlm jgub dbb` dtirnj} h` }jb }tg`sebtbb mhs}thc} h` }jb ehts} h`s}g`cb$ Kgllh`catim} H`c. u. B+_+

=



Bk, H`c., 5>6 E. Srvv 4m 3=8, 325 *M Mbl 4668( *h`}bt`gl ch}g}hi`s ikh}}bm( ]jbtb mibs ì}

gvvbgt }i db g`x mhsvr}b }jg} Vlgh`}hees. gc}hi`s gngh`s} gll Mbeb`mg`}s cirlm jgub dbb` dtirnj} h`

}jb @it}jbt` Mhs}thc}

Gvvlhcgdlb L b p g l S}g`mgtms

Gs }jb ]jhtm Chtcrh} jgs bzvlgh`bm, Sbc}hi` 7=6=*g( $~gs h`}b`mbm }i ubs} mhs}thc} cirt}s

~h}j dtigm mhsctb}hi` }i mb}btkh`b, i` g` h`mhuhmrglhbm, cgsb+dx+cgsb dgshs, ~jb}jbt

ciùb h̀b`cb g`m eght`bss ci`shmbtg}hi`s ~bhnj h` eguit ie }tg`sebt$ Orkgtg u. S}g}b Egtk H`s.

Ci., 22 E3m :>3, ::3 *3m Cht 7882(1 sbb glsi S}b~gt} Itn., H`c. u. Thcij Citv., =:> RS 44,48

*78::( ]jb ]jhtm Chtcrh} jgs glsi bkvjgshbm }jg} $}jb vlgh`}hees cjihcb ie ub`rb sjirlm ì} db

lhnj}lx mhs}rtdbm$ Orkgtg, 22 E3m g} :>8 Gs g tbsrl}, $g }tg`sebt hs ì} }i db lhdbtgllx ntg`}bm$

Sjr}}b u. Gtkci S}bbl Citv., =37 E 4m 44, 42 *3m Cht 78>6( *h`}bt`gl wri}g}hi` kgtas ikh}}bm(

Ci`sbwrb`}lx, }jb drtmb` tbs}s swrgtblx i` }jb vgt}x sbbah`n g }tg`sebt $}i bs}gdlhsj }jg} g

dglg`ch`n ie vtivbt h`}btbs}s ~bhnjs h` eguit ie }jb }tg`sebt$ 'm.1 sbb glsi Orkgtg, 22 E3m g}

:>8 ]jg} drtmb` hs g jbgux i`b? $r`lbss }jb dglg`cb ie ciùb`hb`cb ie }jb vgt}hbs hs s}ti`nlx h`

eguit ie mbeb`mg`}, }jb vlgh`}hees cjihcb ie eitrk sjirlm vtbughl$ Sjr}}b, =37 E4m g} 42

*h`}bt`gl wri}g}hi` kgtas ikh}}bm( *bkvjgshs h` ithnh`gl(1 sbb glsi C@JGk. LLC u. Ah`zb`dg~,

4668 ^L 3>3>523, g} /4 *M Mbl @iu 8, 4668( H} eilli~s }jg} $}tg`sebt ~hll db mb`hbm he }jb

egc}its gtb bub`lx dglg`cbm it ~bhnj i`lx slhnj}lx h` eguit ie }jb }tg`sebt$ G`nhimx`gkhcs, H`c.

u. Ugscrlgt Silr}hi`s, H`c., 4676 ^L 363>=>:, g} /4 *M Mbl Orlx 36, 4676( *h`}bt`gl ch}g}hi`s

ikh}}bm(1 sbb glsi Hllrkh`g, H`c. u. Cikvlb}b Nbìkhcs, H`c., 4676 ^L =:7:6:3, g} /4 *M Mbl

@iu 8, 4676(

R`lbss }jb mbeb`mg`} $hs }trlx tbnhi`gl h` cjgtgc}bt$ +}jg} hs, h} ivbtg}bs bssb`}hgllx

2



bzclrshublx h` g tbnhi` }jg} mibs ì} h`clrmb Mblg~gtb + }tg`sebt hs ie}b` h`gvvtivthg}b. Sbb

Vtgzght, H`c. u. G]KH, H`c, 466= ^L ::3382, g}/ 7 *M. Mbl. Gvt. 46, 466=(. ^jb` }tg`sebt hs

sirnj} dx g mbeb`mg`} ~h}j ivbtg}hi`s i` g `g}hi`gl it h`}bt`g}hi`gl scglb, }jg} mbeb`mg`} $krs}

vtiub }jg} lh}hng}h`n h` Mblg~gtb ~irlm visb g r`hwrb it r`rsrgl drtmb` i` Qh}s[ ivbtg}hi`s.$

L .G}jb`b, H`c. u. Bgt}jSvth`n LLC, 2>6 E. Srvv. 4m 2::, 284 *M. Mbl. 466:( *h`}bt`gl ch}g}hi`s

g`m wri}g}hi` kgtas ikh}}bm(1 sbb glsi H` tb ]C^)Cgkhl Jilmh`n, L.L.C., 466= ^L 76=3783, g}

/ 7 *M. Mbl. Gvt. 36, 466=(. 4

$G ki}hi` }i }tg`sebt kgx glsi db ntg`}bm he }jbtb hs g tblg}bm cgsb ~jhcj jgs dbb` ehts}

ehlbm it i}jbt~hsb hs }jb kitb gvvtivthg}b ubjhclb }i lh}hng}b }jb hssrbs db}~bb` }jb vgt}hbs.$

Vtgzght, 466= ^L ::3382, g} /71 sbb glsi Kgllh`catim}, 5>6 E. Srvv. 4m g} 32>+2: *$H` g`

h`s}g`cb ~jbtb tblg}bm lh}hng}hi` h` g }tg`sebtbb eitrk hùilubs }jb sgkb vgt}hbs, shkhlgt

}bcjìlinhbs, g`m g cikki` ehblm ie vthit gt}, }jhs Cirt} jgs vtbuhirslx jblm }jg} }tg`sebt hs

gvvtivthg}b h` }jb h`}btbs}s ie rs}hcb.$(.

Nhub` }jb `bcbssgthlx h`mhuhmrglhbm, egc}+svbchehc, cgsb+dx+cgsb `g}rtb ie g mbchshi`

~jb}jbt }i }tg`sebt ub`rb, h} hs h`buh}gdlb }jg} }jb krl}h}rmb ie }tg`sebt ivh`hi`s + h`clrmh`n }jb

kg`x hssrbm h` }jhs Mhs}thc}+ ~hll ì} b }̀htblx jgtki`hb ~h}j i`b gì}jbt. Gs Cjhbe Ormnb Slbb}

4Sbb nb`btgllx H`}bl u. Dtigmcik?

QMbeb`mg`}[ hs g krl}h+dhl lhi` millgt cikvg`x }jg} mibs drsh`bss i` g`

h`}bt`g}hi`gl scglb. Ert}jbtkitb, }jb ciùb h̀b`cbs iekimbk }tgubl g`m

cikkr`hcg}hi` }bcjìlinx jgub kgmb h} kitb mheehcrl} }i gtnrb }jg} lh}hng}h`n h` g

vgt}hcrlgt eitrk hs h`ciùb`hb`} eit }jb vgt}hbs g`m ~h}`bssbs. ]jbtbeitb, }i kbb}

h}s drtmb` Qmbeb`mg`}[ krs} bs}gdlhsj }jg} lh}hng}h`n }jhs cgsb h` Mblg~gtb ~hll

visb g r`hwrb it r`rsrgl drtmb` i` Qh}s[ drsh`bss ivbtg}hi`s. H} jgs ì} mi`b si.

75> E. Srvv. 4m 584, >65 *M. Mbl. 4667( *h`}bt`gl wri}g}hi` kgtas g`m ch}g}hi`s ikh}}bm(.

5



jgs bzvlgh`bm?

Dx mbeh`h}hi`, g }tg`sebt g`glxshs hs g }jirnj}erl ~bhnjh`n ie

h`}btbs}s G`m, gs g` bzbtchsb ie mhsctb}hi`, }jhs vticbss hs, g} lbgs}

}i sikb bz}b`}, srdobc}hub

]jrs, ~jhlb }jb Cirt} cg` liia }i vtbcbmb`} eit nrhmg`cb, h}

tbkh`ms }jb vgt}hbs }jg} }jb ~bhnj} ~jhcj i`b cirt} khnj} geeitm }i

i`b egc}it i` i`b mgx khnj} ubtx ~bll mheebt etik }jb ~bhnj}

geeitmbm }i }jg} sgkb egc}it dx g mheebtb`} cirt}, licg}bm h` g

mheebtb`} mhs}thc}, vtbshmh`n iubt g mheebtb`} lh}hng}hi`, db}~bb`

mheebtb`} vgt}hbs, ci`cbt`h`n g mheebtb`} cgrsb ie gc}hi`, hùiluh`n

mheebtb`} egc}s, mheebtb`} ~h}`bssbs, g`m mheebtb`} micrkb`}s i` g

mheebtb`} mgx

Geexkb}thz, H`c. u. Sx`}b`h, H`c., 4: E. Srvv 4m 784,46: *M Mbl 788:( H} dbgts bkvjgshs }jg}

srcj mheebtb`cbs kgx glsi db buhmb`} bub` gki`n mheebtb`} ormnbs sh}}h`n h` }jb sgkb Mhs}thc}

]jb Orkgtg Egc}its

Sh`cb }~i vtivbt ub`rbs jgub dbb` hmb`}hehbm, }jb Cirt} krs} dglg`cb }jb gvvtivthg}b

ci`shmbtg}hi`s g`m mb}btkh`b ~jb}jbt, r`mbt }jb vgt}hcrlgt egc}s ie }jhs cgsb, }jb tbwrbs} }i

}tg`sebt ub`rb sjirlm db ntg`}bm ]jb ]jhtm Chtcrh} jgs idsbtubm }jg} h` r`mbt}gah`n srcj g`

g`glxshs $}jbtb hs ì mbeh`h}hub eitkrlg it lhs} ie }jb egc}its }i ci`shmbt$ Orkgtg, 22 E3m g}

:>8 H`s}bgm, cirt}s krs} g`glxb $gll tblbug`} egc}its }i mb}btkh`b ~jb}jbt i` dglg`cb }jb

lh}hng}hi` ~irlm kitb ciùb`hb`}lx vticbbm g`m }jb h`}btbs}s ie rs}hcb db db}}bt sbtubm dx

}tg`sebt }i g mheebtb`} eitrk$ Hm.

@bubt}jblbss, }jb ]jhtm Chtcrh} jgs glsi hmb`}hehbm g sb} ie vthug}b h`}btbs} g`m vrdlhc

h`}btbs} egc}its eit cirt}s }i ci`shmbt Sbb hm. g} :>8+:6 ]jb vthug}b egc}its }i ci`shmbt h̀ clrmb?

*7( $}jb vlgh`}hees eitrk vtbebtb`cb gs kg`hebs}bm h` }jb ithnh`gl cjihcb1$ *4( $}jb mbeb`mg`}.s

vtbebtb`cb1$ *3( $~jb}jbt }jb clghk gtisb blsb~jbtb1$ *=( $}jb ciùb`hb`cb ie }jb vgt}hbs gs

>



h`mhcg}bm dx }jbht tblg}hub vjxshcgl g`m eh`g`chgl ci`mh}hi`1$ *2( $}jb ciùb`hb`cb ie }jb

~h}`bssbs + dr} i`lx }i }jb bz}b`} }jg} }jb ~h}`bssbs kgx gc}rgllx db r`gughlgdlb eit }thgl h` i`b

ie }jb eitg1$ g`m *5( $}jb licg}hi` ie diias g`m tbcitms *shkhlgtlx lhkh}bm }i }jb bz}b`} }jg} }jb

ehlbs cirlm ì} db vtimrcbm h` }jb gl}bt`g}hub eitrk(.$ ]jb vrdlhc h`}btbs} egc}its }i ci`shmbt

h`clrmb? *7( $}jb bèitcbgdlh}x ie}jb ormnkb`}1$ *4( $vtgc}hcgl ci`shmbtg}hi`s }jg} cirlm kgab }jb

}thgl bgsx, bzvbmh}hirs, it h`bzvb`shub1$ *3( $}jb tblg}hub gmkh`hs}tg}hub mheehcrl}x h` }jb }~i eitg

tbsrl}h`n etik cirt} ci`nbs}hi`1$ *=( $}jb licgl h`}btbs} h` mbchmh`n licgl ci`}tiubtshbs g} jikb1$

g`m *2( $}jb egkhlhgth}x ie }jb }thgl ormnb ~h}j }jb gvvlhcgdlb s}g}b lg~ h` mhubtsh}x cgsbs.$ 'm.

*h`}bt`gl ch}g}hi`s ikh}}bm(

]jb Ebmbtgl Chtcrh}.s Kg`mgkrs Mbchshi` h` Lhà G Kbmhg

Gs ì}bm gdiub, Mbeb`mg`}s srnnbs}bm }jg} }jb Cirt} mbebt trlh`n i` }jbht ki}hi`s }i

}tg`sebt r`}hl ge}bt g mbchshi` ~gs hssrbm dx }jb Ebmbtgl Chtcrh} h` Kgtubll H`}bt`g}hi`gl L}m. u.

LhàYGYKbmhg Mbuhcbs Citv. ]jb Ebmbtgl Chtcrh} hssrbm h}s mbchshi` i` Mbcbkdbt 4, 4677. Sbb

554 E.3m 7447 *Ebm. Cht. 4677(.

H` LhàYGYKbmhg, }jb Ebmbtgl Chtcrh} ntg`}bm g vb}h}hi` eit g ~th} iekg`mgkrs g`m

mhtbc}bm }jg} g vg}b`} hèth`nbkb`} gc}hi` vb`mh`n h` }jb Mhs}thc} ieMblg~gtb db }tg`sebttbm }i

}jb @it}jbt` Mhs}thc} ie Cglheit`hg. H` LhàYGYKbmhg, g Dbtkrmg+dgsbm vlgh`}hee, Kgtubll

H`}bt`g}hi`gl L}m. *$Kgtubll$(, ehlbm srh} h` }jb Mhs}thc} ieMblg~gtb gngh`s} LhàYGYKbmhg

Mbuhcbs Citv. *$LGKM$(, g Mblg~gtb citvitg}hi`. Sbb hm. g} 7444. LGKM kiubm }i }tg`sebt

}jb cgsb }i }jb @it}jbt` Mhs}thc}, ~jbtb LGKM kgh`}gh`bm h}s vth`chvgl vlgcb ie drsh`bss g`m

~jbtb `bgtlx gll ieLGKM.s 736 bkvlixbbs ~ita. Sbb hm. Kgtubll h}sble buhmb`}lx jgm ì

ci``bc}hi` }i Mblg~gtb. H`s}bgm, gccitmh`n }i }jb Ebmbtgl Chtcrh}, Kgtubll srvvit}bm h}s cjisb`

:



eitrk dx tblxh`n i` ì}jh`n dbxi`m LGKM.s h`citvitg}hi` h` Mblg~gtb, LGKM.s ì`+tbnhi`gl

`g}rtb, g`m }jb bzvbthb`cb ie }jhs Mhs}thc}.s ormnbs ~h}j vg}b`} lh}hng}hi ̀ Sbb hm. g} 7444, 744=3

$Kgtubll hs g jilmh`n cikvg`x }jg} hs h`citvitg}bm h` Dbtkrmg g`m jgs h}s vth`chvgl vlgcb

ie drsh`bss }jbtb$ 'm. g} 7444 G` geehlhg}bm b`}h}x, Kgtubll Sbkhci`mrc}it, H`c, ~jhcj

bkvlixbm }jb hùb`}its ie }jb vg}b`}s+h`+srh} g`m $vtbsrkgdlx jirsbs gll ieKgtubll.s tblbug }̀

micrkb`}s,$ hs jbgmwrgt}btbm h` }jb @it}jbt` Mhs}thc}, $i`lx }jtbb khlbs etik LGKM$ 'm. g}

7444, 744=

Ge}bt }jb Mhs}thc} Cirt} mb`hbm LGKM.s ki}hi` }i }tg`sebt, LGKM ehlbm h}s vb}h}hi` eit

g ~th} ie kg`mgkrs Gvvlxh`n ]jhtm Chtcrh} lg~, g`m ci`clrmh`n }jg} }jb Mhs}thc} Cirt} mbchshi`

$gkir`}bm }i g eghlrtb }i kbg`h`nerllx ci`shmbt }jb kbth}s ie }jb }tg`sebt ki}hi`,$ }jb Ebmbtgl

Chtcrh} ntg`}bm }jb vb}h}hi` 'm. g} 7444+43 Svbchehcgllx, }jb Ebmbtgl Chtcrh} s}g}bm }jg} $}jb

mhs}thc} cirt} eghlbm }i dglg`cb }jisb egc}its Qhb, }jb ugthirs vthug}b g`m vrdlhc h`}btbs} egc}its[

eghtlx g`m h`s}bgm blbug}bm }~i ci`shmbtg}hi`s }i iubtthmh`n hkvit}g`cb ^h}j tbsvbc} }i vthug}b

h`}btbs}s, }jb mhs}thc} cirt}.s er`mgkb`}gl eghlrtb ~gs kgah`n Kgtubll.s cjihcb ie eitrk g`m }jb

egc} ieLGKM.s h`citvitg}hi` h` Mblg~gtb beebc}hublx mhsvish}hub ie }jb }tg`sebt h`wrhtx$ 'm. g}

7443 H` ci`clrmh`n }jg} }jb Mhs}thc} Cirt} jgm cikkh}}bm g clbgt gdrsb ie mhsctb}hi`, }jb

Ebmbtgl Chtcrh} glsi idsbtubm }jg} }jb Mhs}thc} Cirt} jgm $tbersbm }i ci`shmbt }~i ie }jb vthug}b

h`}btbs} egc}its h` g ]jhtm Chtcrh} ub`rb h`wrhtx? }jb ciùb`hb`cb ie }jb ~h}`bssbs g`m }jb

3Sbb glsi Kgtubll H`}.l L}m u. LhàYGYKbmhg Mbuhcbs Citv, 4677 ^L 4483888, g} /7 *M

Mbl Or`b :, 4677( *$Kgtubll ivvisbs }tg`sebt, gtnrh`n }jg} }jb cirt} sjirlm mbebt }i h}s cjihcb ie

eitrk dbcgrsb? *7( LGKM hs h`citvitg}bm h` Mblg~gtb1 *4( LGKM jgs ì} kb} h}s drtmb` }i

cikvbl }jb cirt} }i }tg`sebt }jb cgsb gs LGKM hs r`gdlb }i vih`} }i g`x ~h}`bss it micrkb`} }jg}

cirlm ̀ i} db vtimrcbm h` Mblg~gtb1 g`m *3( Mblg~gtb hs aì~` eit h}s bzvbt}hsb h` vg}b`}

lh}hng}hi`$(

8



licg}hi` ie }jb diias g`m tbcitms$ Hm g} 744=

]jb Cirt} jgs cgtberllx ci`shmbtbm }jb Ebmbtgl Chtcrh}.s trlh`n h` LhàYGYKbmhg g`m

ieebts }jtbb nb`btgl idsbtug}hi`s Ehts}, ~jhlb LhàYGYKbmhg cbt}gh`lx ci`}gh`s nrhmg`cb eit

ji~ }jhs Cirt} krs} ci`mrc} h}s tbuhb~ ie g ki}hi` }i }tg`sebt, }jb mbchshi` jgs ì} gl}btbm }jb

er`mgkb`}gl egc} }jg} $Sbc}hi` 7=6=*g( hs h`}b`mbm }i vlgcb mhsctb}hi` h` }jb mhs}thc} cirt} }i

gmormhcg}b ki}hi`s eit }tg`sebt gccitmh`n }i g` .h`mhuhmrglhbm, cgsb+dx+cgsb ci`shmbtg}hi` ie

ciùb`hb`cb g`m eght`bss$. S}b~gt}, =:> RS g} 48 *wri}h`n Ug`Mrsb` u. Dgttgca, 3>5 RS

574,544 *785=(( Sbci`m, }jb vlgh`}hee h` LhàYGYKbmhg ~gs ì} g Mblg~gtb b`}h}x g`m, gs egt gs

cg` db mhscbt`bm etik }jb ivh`hi`s h` }jb cgsb, jgm ì ci``bc}hi` }i Mblg~gtb ~jg}sibubt Dx

ci`}tgs}, jbtb, Vlgh`}hees gtb Mblg~gtb b`}h}hbs Eh`gllx, }jb Ebmbtgl Chtcrh} dblhbubm }jb Mhs}thc}

Cirt} h` LhàYGYKbmhg jgm gccitmbm mhsvish}hub ~bhnj} }i g sh`nlb vthug}b egc}it *}jb

mbeb`mg`}.s s}g}b ie h`citvitg}hi`( g`m jgm tbersbm }i ci`shmbt }~i i}jbt vthug}b egc}its

*ciùb`hb`cb ie~h}`bssbs g`m licg}hi` iediias g`m tbcitms( Jbtb, h` mbchmh`n }jb vb`mh`n

ki}hi`s }i }tg`sebt, }jb Cirt} jgs b`mbguitbm }i buglrg}b bgcj ie }jb kg`x vthug}b g`m vrdlhc

h`}btbs} egc}its hmb`}hehbm dx }jb ]jhtm Chtcrh}, g`m jgs glsi ci`shmbtbm ~jb}jbt g`x gmmh}hi`gl

h`}btbs}s gtb vbt}h`b`} Sbb Orkgtg, 22 E3m g} :>8 *$Q][jbtb hs ì mbeh`h}hub eitkrlg it lhs} ie

}jb egc}its }i ci`shmbt . . . . $(

Dbli~, }jb Cirt} ci`shmbts g`m ~bhnjs bgcj ie }jbsb vrdlhc g`m vthug}b h`}btbs} egc}its, }i

}jb bz}b`} tblbug`} h` }jb vgt}hcrlgt chtcrks}g`cbs vtbsb`}bm jbtb Lhà G Kbmhg hs mhscrssbm

ert}jbt g} ugthirs vih`}s h` }jb g`glxshs }jg} eilli~s

76



Vthug}b H`}btbs} Egc}its

Vlgh`}hee.s cjihcb ie eitrk

$H } hs dlgca lb}}bt lg~ }jg} g vlgh`}hees cjihcb ie g vtivbt eitrk hs g vgtgkir`}

ci`shmbtg}hi` h` g`x mb}btkh`g}hi` ie g }tg`sebt tbwrbs}, g`m }jg} cjihcb sjirlm ì} db lhnj}lx

mhs}rtdbm$ Sjr}}b, =37 E4m g} 42 *h`}bt`gl ch}g}hi`s g`m wri}g}hi` kgtas ikh}}bm( ]jrs,

$cirt}s ìtkgllx mbebt }i g vlgh`}hees cjihcb ie eitrk$ Orkgtg, 22 E3m g} ::6 H`mbbm, $Q}[jb

mbebtb`cb geeitmbm vlgh`}hees cjihcb ie eitrk ~hll gvvlx gs li`n gs vlgh`}hee jgs sblbc}bm }jb

eitrk eit sikb lbnh}hkg}b tbgsi`$ Cxvtbss Sbkhci`mrc}it Citv. u. H`}bntg}bm Chtcrh} Sxs.,

H`c., 4667 ^L 757>7:5, g} /4 *M Mbl @iu 4:, 4667( *h`}bt`gl ch}g}hi`s ikh}}bm(

]jb vgt}hbs mhsvr}b }jb gkir`} ie ~bhnj} }i db gccitmbm HU.s cjihcb ieMblg~gtb gs h}s

vtbebttbm eitrk HU h`shs}s }jg} h}s cjihcb ieMblg~gtb hs b`}h}lbm }i $vgtgkir`}$ ci`shmbtg}hi`,

ch}h`n g li`n lh`b ie mbchshi`s etik }jb ]jhtm Chtcrh} g`m }jhs Mhs}thc} Sbb, b.n., Sjr}}b, =37 E 4m

g} 421 Nhblg}g u. Jbcakg``, 4676 ^L 38=6:72, g} /3 *M Mbl Ic} 5, 4676( Mbeb`mg`}s

cir }̀bt, ji~bubt, dx gssbt}h`n }jg} dbcgrsb HU.s jbgmwrgt}bts hs h` }jb S}g}b ie ^gsjh`n}i`, g`m

h} jgs g` ieehcb h` }jb @it}jbt` Mhs}thc} dr} ì`b h` Mblg~gtb, Mblg~gtb hs ì} HU.s $jikb }rte,$

si HU. s cjihcb }i srb ir}shmb ie h}s $jikb }rte. hs ì} b`}h}lbm }i srds}g`}hgl ~bhnj} *MH == g} 8(

*$]jb silb vthug}b egc}it itmh`gthlx ~bhnjh`n gngh`s} }tg`sebt+ HU.s cjihcb ie eitrk+ sjirlm db

geeitmbm lh}}lb mbebtb`cb jbtb nhub` }jg} }jb Mhs}thc} ie Mblg~gtb hs ì} HU.s jikb eitrk g`m

}jbtb hs ì ci``bc}hi` db}~bb` }jb ivbtg}hub egc}s g`m }jhs mhs}thc}$(1 sbb glsi H` tb ]C^)Cgkhl

Jilmh`ns L.L.C., 466= ^L 76=3783, g} /4 *$QV[lgh`}heehs h`citvitg}bm r`mbt }jb lg~s ie }jb

S}g}b ie Mblg~gtb @bubt}jblbss, }jb Mhs}thc} ieMblg~gtb hs ì} vlgh`}hees .jikb }rte,. sh`cb h}

kgh`}gh`s h}s vth`chvgl vlgcb iedrsh`bss h` @b~ Xita$(1 ^gs}b Mhs}hllg}hi` ]bcj., H`c. u. Vg`

77



Gk. Tbs., H`c., >>2 E. Srvv >28, >5= *M Mbl 7887( *s}g}h`n }jg} ~jbtb vlgh`}hee cjiisbs }i

lh}hng}b ir}shmb h}s vth`chvgl vlgcb ie drsh`bss, h}s cjihcb ie eitrk hs b`}h}lbm }i lbss mbebtb`cb(

^jhlb }jbtb gtb cgsbs srvvit}h`n Mbeb`mg`}s. uhb~ }jg} Mblg~gtb hs ì} HU.s $jikb }rte,$

}jbtb gtb lhab~hsb cgsbs etik }jhs Mhs}thc} h` ~jhcj g vlgh`}hees $jikb }rte. jgs dbb` ci`s}trbm

}i h`clrmb h}s s}g}b ie h`citvitg}hi`, ~jhcj jbtb hs Mblg~gtb Sbb, b.n., Vtgzght, 466= ^L

::3382, g} / 7+4 *jilmh`n Mblg~gtb hs $jikb }rte. gs li`n gs cikvg`x hs h`citvitg}bm h`

Mblg~gtb, tbngtmlbss ie licg}hi` ie vth`chvgl vlgcb ie drsh`bss( ]jb Cirt} gntbbs ~h}j }jisb

cgsbs }jg} h`clrmb g citvitg}b b`}h}x.s s}g}b ie h`citvitg}hi` gs vgt} ie h}s $jikb }rte$

Gccitmh`nlx, dbcgrsb HU jgs srbm Mbeb`mg`}s h` Vlgh`}hee s $jikb }rte,$ h}s cjihcb ieMblg~gtb

gs g lh}hng}hi` eitrk hs b`}h}lbm }i vgtgkir`} ci`shmbtg}hi`

Bub` heMblg~gtb ~btb ì} ci`shmbtbm }i db gki`n HU.s $jikb }rte,$ Vlgh`}hees

`bubt}jblbss jgm g lbnh}hkg}b g`m tg}hi`gl dgshs eit srh`n Mbeb`mg`}s h` Mblg~gtb ]jhs Cirt}

jgs bzvlgh`bm? $]jb kiug`}.s drtmb` h` iubtcikh`n }jb vlgh`}hees cjihcb ie eitrk hs sikb~jg}

lbssb`bm ~jbtb, gs jbtb, }jb vlgh`}heejgs ì} ehlbm srh} h` h}s .jikb }rte. . . . Q][jb Cirt} s}hll

gccitms Vlgh`}hees cjihcb ie eitrk srds}g`}hgl ~bhnj} dbcgrsb }jb cjihcb ie }jhs eitrk tblg}bs }i

Vlgh`}hees lbnh}hkg}b, tg}hi`gl ci`cbt`s gs g Mblg~gtb citvitg}hi`$ G`nhimx`gkhcs, 4676 ^L

363>=>:, g} /4. Vlgh`}hees jgub cjisb` }i gughl }jbksblubs ie }jb thnj}s, db`beh}s, g`m idlhng}hi`s

}jg} Mblg~gtb lg~ geeitms ]jb sgkb hs }trb ie gll eirt Mbeb`mg`}s, bgcj ie ~jhcj hs g Mblg~gtb

citvitg}hi ̀ Gmmh}hi`gllx, bgcj ie }jb Mbeb`mg`}s jgub silm it ieebtbm eit sglb }jbht gccrsbm

vtimrc}s g`m sbtuhcbs h` Mblg~gtb ]jbtb hs ì mhsvr}b }jg} }jhs Mhs}thc} jgs vbtsi`gl orthsmhc}hi`

iubt gll Mbeb`mg`}s Gll ie }jbsb gtb lbnh}hkg}b g`m tg}hi`gl tbgsi`s eit srh`n h` Mblg~gtb

Jb`cb, Vlgh`}hees cjihcb ie Mblg~gtb gs h}s vtbebttbm eitrk hs b`}h}lbm }i, g} kh`hkrk,

74



$shn`hehcg`} mbebtb`cb$ Kgllh`catim}, 5>6 E. Srvv 4m g} 325

H` LhàYGYKbmhg, }jb Ebmbtgl Chtcrh} ci`clrmbm }jg} $}jb mhs}thc} cirt} vlgcbm egt }ii

krcj ~bhnj} i` }jb vlgh`}hees cjihcb ie eitrk,$ ~jbtb g ì`+Mblg~gtb b`}h}x, ~h}j sbbkh`nlx

ì ci``bc}hi` }i Mblg~gtb, ehlbm srh} h` }jhs Mhs}thc} 554 E3m g} 7443 H` }jb h`s}g`} cgsb, dx

ci`}tgs}, Vlgh`}hees gtb Mblg~gtb b`}h}hbs Eit }jb tbgsi`s bzvlgh`bm gdiub, }jb Cirt} eh`ms }jg}

Mblg~gtb hs, }jbtbeitb, Vlgh`}hees $jikb }rte. g`m, bub` he h} ~btb ì}, h}s cjihcb ie Mblg~gtb gs

h}s vtbebttbm eitrk + jguh`n g lbnh}hkg}b g`m tg}hi`gl dgshs + hs s}hll b`}h}lbm }i mbebtb`cb

Jb`cb, }jb Cirt} ci`clrmbs }jg} Mblg~gtb hs HU.s $jikb }rte. g`m, ert}jbt, }jg} HU jgs

lbnh}hkg}b g`m tg}hi`gl tbgsi`s eit ehlh`n srh} h` }jhs Mhs}thc} Gccitmh`nlx, HU.s vtbebtb`cb }i

lh}hng}b h}s mhsvr}b h` Mblg~gtb hs b`}h}lbm }i srds}g`}hgl, h`mbbm $vgtgkir`},$ ~bhnj}

Mbeb`mg`}s. eitrk vtbebtb`cb

Mbeb`mg`}s gll vtbebt g` gl}bt`g}hub eitrk, }jb @it}jbt` Mhs}thc} ]jb Ithnh`gl

Mbeb`mg`}s ieebt sbubtgl tbgsi`s eit }jhs vtbebtb`cb?

Gll }jb vgt}hbs gtb jbgmwrgt}btbm i` }jb ^bs} Cigs}, g`m

}~i ir} ie }jtbb ie }jb Mbeb`mg`}s gtb jbgmwrgt}btbm h` Cglheit`hg

Gll Mbeb`mg`}s jgub tbsbgtcj g`m mbublivkb`} egchlh}hbs h` }jb

@it}jbt` Mhs}thc} ie Cglheit`hg, ~jbtb kis} ie }jb mbublivkb`}

gc}huh}hbs ieMbeb`mg`}s. ugthirs gccrsbm vtimrc}s iccrttbm ]jb

ugs} kgoith}x ieMbeb`mg`}s. micrkb`}s g`m ~h}`bssbs gtb licg}bm

i` }jb ^bs} Cigs}, g`m srds}g`}hgllx ~h}jh` }jb @it}jbt` Mhs}thc} ie

Cglheit`hg HU h}sble jgs g` ieehcb h` }jb @it}jbt` Mhs}thc} ie

Cglheit`hg ]jhtm+vgt}x ~h}`bssbs+ h`clrmh`n kg`x ie }jb

hùb`}its g`m vtisbcr}h`n g}}it`bxs ie }jb vg}b`}s+h`+srh}+ gvvbgt

}i db ci`cb`}tg}bm h` Cglheit`hg

*MH ==( Mbeb`mg`} Zhlh`z kgabs bssb`}hgllx }jb sgkb vih`}s *MH 3> g} 4, 7=+72( H} glsi

idsbtubs }jg} }jbtb jgub dbb` krl}hvlb h`+vbtsi` kbb}h`ns db}~bb` HU g`m Zhlh`z h` Vgli Gl}i,

Cglheit`hg *Hm g} 2(

73



Mbeb`mg`}s jgub lbnh}hkg}b g`m tg}hi`gl tbgsi`s eit }jbht vtbebtb`cb eit g` gl}bt`g}hub

eitrk ]jb svbchehcs ie }jb dgsbs eit }jhs vtbebtb`cb gtb gmmtbssbm ert}jbt dbli~ R`mbt ]jhtm

Chtcrh} lg~, Mbeb`mg`}s. vtbebtb`cb eit g` gl}bt`g}hub eitrk hs ì} nhub` }jb sgkb ~bhnj} gs

Vlgh`}hees vtbebtb`cb

Licg}hi` ie ivbtg}hub bub`}s

$QH[e }jbtb gtb shn`hehcg`} ci``bc}hi`s db}~bb` g vgt}hcrlgt ub`rb g`m }jb bub`}s }jg} ngub

thsb }i g srh}, }jhs egc}it sjirlm db ~bhnjbm h` }jg} ub`rb.s eguit$ H` tb Jieekg`+Lg Ticjb H`c.,

2:> E3m 7333, 733: *Ebm Cht 4668( Jbtb, }jb gllbnbmlx hèth`nh`n vtimrc}s gtb silm

`g}hi`~hmb, h`clrmh`n h` Mblg~gtb g`m }jb @it}jbt` Mhs}thc} ]jb tbcitm si egt h`mhcg}bs }jg} g}

lbgs} sikb ie }jb tbsbgtcj g`m mbublivkb`} gc}huh}hbs tblg}h`n }i }jb gllbnbmlx hèth`nh`n vtimrc}s

iccrttbm h` }jb @it}jbt` Mhs}thc}, g`m ì`b h` Mblg~gtb *Sbb nb`btgllx MH == g} 75+7>( ]jhs

egc}it ~bhnjs h` eguit ie }tg`sebt

Ciùb`hb`cb ie }jb vgt}hbs

]jb `bz} egc}it }i db ci`shmbtbm hs $}jb ciùb`hb`cb ie }jb vgt}hbs gs h`mhcg}bm dx }jbht

tblg}hub vjxshcgl g`m eh`g`chgl ci`mh}hi`$ Orkgtg, 22 E3m g} :>8 Gll ie }jb vgt}hbs gtb

jbgmwrgt}btbm h` it tblg}hublx clisb }i }jb @it}jbt` Mhs}thc}, ~h}j Vlgh`}hees h` ^gsjh`n}i`,

Lg}}hcb h` Itbni`, g`m Gl}btg, Khctisbkh, g`m Zhlh`z h` Cglheit`hg HU glsi jgs g` ieehcb h` }jb

@it}jbt` Mhs}thc} g`m Lg}}hcb jgs g` b`nh`bbth`n egchlh}x }jbtb H` }btks ie tblg}hub eh`g`chgl

ci`mh}hi`, ji~bubt, }jbtb hs ì}jh`n h` }jb tbcitm }i h`mhcg}b }jg} lh}hng}h`n h` Mblg~gtb ~irlm

hkvisb g` r`mrb eh`g`chgl drtmb` i` Mbeb`mg`}s Bgcj ie }jb Mbeb`mg`}s ivbtg}bs }jtirnjir}

}jb R`h}bm S}g}bs, g`m g} lbgs} }jtbb Mbeb`mg`}s glsi gvvbgt }i jgub bz}b`shub ivbtg}hi`s ir}shmb

ie }jb RS Gll ie }jb Mbeb`mg`}s bkvlix jr`mtbms it }jirsg`ms ie bkvlixbbs g`m bgcj jgs

7=



g``rgl sglbs ie g} lbgs} -426 khllhi`, ~h}j }~i ie }jb Mbeb`mg`}s jguh`n g``rgl sglbs ie kitb

}jg` -7 dhllhi`

H` gssbssh`n }jb ciùb`hb`cb ie }jb vgt}hbs egc}it, }jb Cirt} uhb~s h} gs hkvit}g`} }jg} h`

}jhs cgsb gll ie }jb vgt}hbs + Vlgh }̀hees gs ~bll gs gll eirt Mbeb`mg`}s + gtb Mblg~gtb citvitg}hi`s

Gs }jb Ebmbtgl Chtcrh} jgs s}g}bm h` geehtkh`n g mb`hgl ie g ki}hi` }i }tg`sebt, $Nhub` }jg} di}j

vgt}hbs ~btb h`citvitg}bm h` Mblg~gtb, }jbx jgm di}j ~hllh`nlx srdkh}}bm }i srh} }jbtb, ~jhcj

~bhnjs h` eguit ieabbvh`n }jb lh}hng}hi` h` Mblg~gtb$ Khcti` ]bcjìlinx, H`c. u. Tgkdrs H`c.,

5=2 E3m 7377, 7334 *Ebm Cht 4677( Lhab~hsb, $gs }jb ormnbs ie }jhs cirt} jgub ì}bm, i`b

gsvbc} ie g cikvg`x.s mbchshi` }i h`citvitg}b h` Mblg~gtb hs }jg} r`mbt irt orthsmhc}hi`gl g`m

ub`rb s}g}r}bs h} hs gntbbh`n }i srdkh} h}sble }i }jb orthsmhc}hi` ie }jb cirt}s h` }jhs s}g}b eit }jb

vrtvisbs ie tbsiluh`n }jhs }xvb ie cikkbtchgl mhsvr}b$ GMB Citv. u. ALG+]b`cit Citv., 73: E.

Srvv 4m 252, 2>4 *M Mbl 4667( ]jrs, $gdsb`} sikb sji~h`n ie g r`hwrb it r`bzvbc}bm

drtmb`, g cikvg`x sjirlm ì} db srccbsserl h` gtnrh`n }jg} lh}hng}hi` h` h}s s}g}b ie h`citvitg}hi`

hs h`ciùb`hb`}$ 'm. g} 2>31 sbb glsi Kgllh`catim}, 5>6 E. Srvv 4m g} 32> *$Q^[jb` g

citvitg}hi` cjiisbs }i h`citvitg}b h` Mblg~gtb g`m gccbv} }jb db`beh}s ie h`citvitg}h`n h`

Mblg~gtb, h} cg`ì} cikvlgh` i`cb gì}jbt citvitg}hi` dth`ns srh} gngh`s} h} h` Mblg~gtb$(

Gs hs buhmb`} etik }jb eitbnih`n mhscrsshi`, }jb Cirt} ci`shmbts h} gvvtivthg}b }i egc}it h`

}jb vgt}hbs. s}g}bs ie h`citvitg}hi` h` buglrg}h`n }jb ciùb`hb`cb ie}jb vgt}hbs vthug}b h`}btbs}

]jhs hs ~gttg`}bm r`mbt ]jhtm Chtcrh} lg~ + ~jhcj s}tbssbs }jg} ciùb`hb`cb ie }jb vgt}hbs hs

nb`btgllx kbgsrtbm ors} dx }jb vgt}hbs. $tblg}hub vjxshcgl g`m eh`g`chgl ci`mh}hi`,$ Orkgtg, 22

E3m g} :>8+ g`m g li`n lh`b ie mbchshi`s etik }jhs Mhs}thc}, ~jhcj kgab vlgh` }jg} g Mblg~gtb

citvitg}hi` krs} bzvbc} g` rvjhll clhkd h` vtiuh`n }jg} h} hs, h` g`x kbg`h`nerl sb`sb,

72



$h`ciùb`hb`}$ }i mbeb`m h}s gc}hi`s h` }jb eitrk h` ~jhcj }jb citvitg}hi` jgs etbblx cjisb` }i

ctbg}b h}sble ]jb Cirt} tbcin`hbs }jg} h` LhàYG YKbmhg }jb Ebmbtgl Chtcrh} egrl}bm }jb Mhs}thc}

Cirt} eit sbbkh`n }i dblhbub }jg} mbeb`mg`}.s h`citvitg}hi` h` Mblg~gtb ~gs bssb`}hgllx $g

mhsvish}hub egc} h` }jb ub`rb }tg`sebt g`glxshs$ 554 E3m g} 744=1 sbb glsi hm. g} 7443 *$]jb

Qmhs}thc}[ cirt}.s jbgux tblhg`cb i` }jb egc} }jg} LGKM ~gs h`citvitg}bm h` Mblg~gtb ~gs

shkhlgtlx h`gvvtivthg}b$(1 hm. g} 744= *$]jb mbeb`mg`}.s s}g}b ie h`citvitg}hi`, ji~bubt, sjirlm

ì} db mhsvish}hub ie }jb vrdlhc h`}btbs} g`glxshs$( H` }jb h`s}g`} cgsb, ~jhlb }jb Cirt} hs vlgch`n

srds}g`}hgl ~bhnj} i` }jb h`citvitg}hi` ie gll eirt Mbeb`mg`}s h` Mblg~gtb, }jb Cirt} r`mbts}g`ms

}jg} h`citvitg}hi` h` Mblg~gtb hs ì} }i db nhub` mhsvish}hub ~bhnj} ]jb Cirt} jgs ì} mi`b si

H` srk, }jb ciùb`hb`cb }i }jb vgt}hbs egc}it eguits }tg`sebt, dr} i`lx slhnj}lx

Ciùb`hb`cb eit }jb ~h}`bssbs

]jb `bz} egc}it hs $}jb ciùb`hb`cb ie }jb ~h}`bssbs + dr} i l̀x }i }jb bz}b`} }jg} }jb

~h}`bssbs kgx gc}rgllx db r`gughlgdlb eit }thgl h` i`b ie }jb eitg$ Orkgtg, 22 E3m g} :>8 $QH[`

tbuhb~h`n g ki}hi` }i }tg`sebt, cirt}s etbwrb`}lx liia }i }jb gughlgdhlh}x ie~h}`bssbs gs g`

hkvit}g`} egc}it, gs h} cg` db tblbug`} }i vti}bc}h`n g mbeb`mg`}.s ivvit}r`h}x }i vr} i` h}s cgsb

~h}j ~h}̀ bssbs ~ji ~hll gvvbgt h` vbtsi` g} }jb }thgl$ GMB Citv., 73: E. Srvv 4m g} 2581 sbb

glsi hm. g} 2>= *$]jb cirt} mibs jgub g` h`}btbs} h` sbbh`n }jg} g vlgh`}hees cjihcb ie g eitrk mibs

ì} mbvthub g mbeb`mg`} ie h}s gdhlh}x }i vr} i` g mbeb`sb }jg} beebc}hublx cikkr`hcg}bs }jb

kg}}bts h` hssrb }i }jb ormnb g`m }jb ortx$(

]jb Cirt} gntbbs ~h}j Cjhbe Ormnb Slbb}, ~ji jblm }jg} }jb ~bhnj} }i db gccitmbm }i

ci`cbt`s gdir} ciùb`hb`cb eit }jb ~h}`bssbs ugthbs mbvb`mh`n i` }jb }xvb ie ~h}`bss g} hssrb?

75



Vgt}x ~h}`bssbs it ~h}`bssbs ~ji gtb bkvlixbm dx g vgt}x cgttx ì

~bhnj} h` }jb $dglg`cb ie ciùb`hb`cb$ g`glxshs sh`cb bgcj vgt}x hs

gdlb, h`mbbm, idlhng}bm }i vticrtb }jb g}}b`mg`cb ie h}s i~`

bkvlixbbs eit }thgl. Bzvbt} ~h}`bssbs it ~h}`bssbs ~ji gtb

tb}gh`bm dx g vgt}x }i }bs}hex cgttx lh}}lb ~bhnj} h` mb}btkh`h`n

~jbtb }jb $dglg`cb ie ciùb`hb`cb$ lhbs *bsvbchgllx h` g` gc}hi` eitvg}b`} hèth`nbkb`}( dbcgrsb }jbx gtb rsrgllx sblbc}bm Qi` }jb

dgshs[ ie }jbht tbvr}g}hi` g`m svbchgl aì~lbmnb ~h}jir} tbngtm }i

}jbht tbshmb`cbs g`m gtb vtbsrkgdlx ~bll cikvb`sg}bm eit }jbht

g}}b`mg`cb, lgdit g`m h`ciùb`hb`cb, he g`x. Egc} ~h}`bssbs ~ji

vissbss ehts}+jg`m aì~lbmnb ie }jb bub`}s nhuh`n thsb }i }jb

lg~srh}, ji~bubt, jgub }tgmh}hi`gllx ~bhnjbm wrh}b jbguhlx h` }jb

$dglg`cb ie ciùb`hb`cb$ g`glxshs.

Geexkb}thz, 4: E. Srvv.4m g} 463 *h`}bt`gl ch}g}hi`s g`m wri}g}hi` kgtas ikh}}bm(. ^h}j tbsvbc}

}i }jb lgs} cg}bnitx+ egc} ~h}`bssbs ~h}j ehts}+jg`m aì~lbmnb +}jb Cirt} sjirlm db vgt}hcrlgtlx

ci`cbt`bm ì} }i cir`}b`g`cb r`mrb h`ciùb`hb`cb }i }jhtm+vgt}x ~h}`bssbs, ~ji jgub ì mhtbc}

ci``bc}hi` }i }jb lh}hng}hi`. Sbb nb`btgllx hm. *bzvlgh`h`n }jg} ì`+vgt}x egc} ~h}`bssbs ~bhnj

jbguhlx h` g`glxshs(1 sbb glsi Jbgmi` u. Cili. Dixs Tg`cj, 4662 ^L 7745854, g} /> *B.M. Vg.

Kgx 2, 4662( *ì}h`n }jg} ciùb`hb`cb ie ì`+vgt}x ~h}`bssbs hs $vbtjgvs }jb kis} hkvit}g`}

egc}it$(1 : Cjgtlbs Glg` ^thnj}, Gt}jrt T. Khllbt % Bm~gtm J. Ciivbt, Ebmbtgl Vtgc}hcb g`m

Vticbmrtb, ® 3:27 *3m bm. 466:( *$Ie}b` ch}bm gs }jb kis} hkvit}g`} egc}it h` vgssh`n i` g

ki}hi` }i }tg`sebt r`mbt Sbc}hi` 7=6=*g( ie ]h}lb 4: ie}jb R`h}bm S}g}bs Cimb, g`m }jb i`b kis}

etbwrb`}lx kb`}hi`bm dx }jb cirt}s, . . . hs }jb ciùb`hb`cb ie~h}`bssbs, kis} vgt}hcrlgtlx

ì`vgt}x ~h}`bssbs ~ji gtb hkvit}g`} }i }jb tbsilr}hi` ie }jb cgsb.$(.

Mbeb`mg`}s ci`}b`m }jg} $gll `gkbm hùb`}its gvvbgt }i tbshmb bh}jbt h` }jb @it}jbt`

Mhs}thc} ie Cglheit`hg it h` ]bzgs$ g`m $`rkbtirs vi}b`}hgl }jhtm vgt}x ~h}`bssbs jguh`n

aì~lbmnb tblbug`} }i hùglhmh}x hssrbs gvvbgt }i tbshmb h` }jb @it}jbt` Mhs}thc} ie Cglheit`hg.$

7>



*MH == g} 73+72( Mbeb`mg`}s ert}jbt h`shs} }jg} ì`b ie }jb hùb`}its, vtisbcr}h`n g}}it`bxs, it

lhablx }jhtm+vgt}x hùglhmh}x ~h}`bssbs tbshmb h` Mblg~gtb it bub` ~h}jh` }jb srdvib`g vi~bt ie

}jhs Cirt} *MH == g} 72( Vlgh`}hees, dx ci`}tgs}, hmb`}hex $`rkbtirs vi}b`}hgl ì`+vgt}x

~h}`bssbs jguh`n aì~lbmnb tblg}bm }i }jb b`nh`bbth`n g`m sglbs ie }jb gccrsbm vtimrc}s$ ~ji

$gvvbgt }i db licg}bm clisbt }i Mblg~gtb1$ vthkgthlx, }jbsb ~h}`bssbs gvvbgt }i db mhs}thdr}its eit

Mbeb`mg`}s. vtimrc}s *MH 54 g} 7=(

Mbeb`mg`}s gssbt} }jg} $}jb }ircjs}i`b eit ~h}`bss gughlgdhlh}x hs ~jb}jbt g ~h}`bss hs

~h}jh` }jb cirt}.s srdvib`g vi~bt$ *MH 5> g} :( Ji~bubt, }jb bz}b`} ie }jb Cirt}.s srdvib`g

vi~bt hs tblbug`} i`lx }i b`srth`n }jg} ~h}`bssbs cikb }i Mblg~gtb }i }bs}hex g} }thgl. Bubtx

~h}`bss. mbvish}hi` }bs}hki`x cg` db cikvbllbm dx sikb cirt} Sbb nb`btgllx Ebm T. Chu Vtic

=2*d(*4( *vtiuhmh`n }jg} srdvib`g kgx db sbtubm g} g`x vlgcb ~h}jh` }jb mhs}thc} ie }jb hssrh`n

cirt} it ir}shmb }jg} mhs}thc} ~h}jh` 766 khlbs ie }jb vlgcb svbchehbm eit }jb mbvish}hi`, jbgth`n,

}thgl, vtimrc}hi`, it h`svbc}hi`(

H} hs iubt~jblkh`nlx lhablx, ji~bubt, }jg} g`x ebmbtgl chuhl lh}hng}hi`+ h`clrmh`n }jb

h`s}g`} cgsb+ ~hll ì} gc}rgllx ni }i }thgl Eit h`s}g`cb, mrth`n }jb }~blub+ki`}j vbthim b`mh`n

Or`b 36, 4676, ie}jb 482,=88 ebmbtgl chuhl cgsbs }jg} ~btb }btkh`g}bm, i`lx 3,347 tbgcjbm }thgl

Sbb RS Cirt}s, S}g}hs}hcgl ]gdlbs eit }jb Ebmbtgl Ormhchgtx, Or`b 36, 4676, ]gdlb C+= g} 3>=

]jg} hs, i`lx 77" ie ebmbtgl chuhl cgsbs jgm g }thgl ]jb sgkb mg}g sji~ }jg} gki`n }jbsb ebmbtgl

chuhl cgsbs, 4,>55 ~btb vg}b`} cgsbs, g`m ie }jbsb i`lx :5 +i t 37" +tbgcjbm }thgl Sbb hm. g} 381

sbb glsi Hkvtiuh`n Ebmbtgl Cirt} Gmormhcg}hi` ieVg}b`} Cgsbs? Jbgth`n Dbeitb }jb Srdcikk.

=Gughlgdlb g}

j}}v?))~~~rscirt}sniu)rscirt}s)S}g}hs}hcs)S}g}hs}hcgl]gdlbsEit]jbEbmbtglOrmhchgtx

)4676)C6=Or`76vme *lgs} uhsh}bm Or`b 8, 4677(

7:



i` Cirt}s, }jb H`}bt`b}, g`m H`}bllbc}rgl Vtivbt}x ie jb Jirsb Cikk. i` }jb Ormhchgtx, 7687j

Ci`n. 5+> *4662( *s}g}bkb`} ie Ahkdbtlx G. Kiitb, ì}h`n gdir} 3666 vg}b`} cgsbs gtb ehlbm

g``rgllx g`m i`lx 3" ni }i }thgl(.

He }jhs cgsb }rt`s ir} }i db i`b ie }jb s}g}hs}hcgllx tgtb cgsbs }i ni }i }thgl, h} hs gl~gxs

visshdlb, he ì} lhablx, }jg} }jhtm+vgt}x egc} ~h}`bssbs ~h}j kg}bthgl, ì`+crkrlg}hub buhmb`cb ~hll

uilr`}gthlx gvvbgt g} }thgl. Sbb GMB Citv., 73: E.Srvv.4m g} 2>6 *$Vtbuhirs mbchshi`s h` }jhs

cirt} jgub srnnbs}bm }jg} }jb db}}bt gvvtigcj hs }i tbcin`hzb }jg} ~h}`bssbs jgub g`m ~hll gvvbgt

jbtb ~h}jir} jguh`n }i db srdvib`gbm.$(.2 Jbtb, }jbtb hs ì buhmb`cb etik ~jhcj }jb Cirt} cg`

ci`clrmb }jg} `bcbssgtx }thgl ~h}`bssbs ~hll tbersb }i gvvbgt h` Mblg~gtb eit }thgl ~h}jir} g

srdvib`g. He srcj ~h}`bssbs ~hll ì} gvvbgt g} }thgl, }jbht }bs}hki`x cg` gl~gxs db cikvbllbm

}jtirnj g mbvish}hi`, dx sbtuhcb ie g ì}hcb ie mbvish}hi` g`m bèitcbkb`} ie srcj dx g cirt}

~h}j orthsmhc}hi` iubt }jb ~h}`bss g} hssrb. ^jhlb mbvish}hi` }bs}hki`x hs ì} g cikvlb}b

srds}h}r}b eit lhub }thgl }bs}hki`x, sbb H` tb MUH H`c., 466= ^L 7=8:283, g} /4 *M. Mbl. Or`b 43,

466=( *$Q][jb Cirt} ì}bs }jg} h} jgs vtbuhirslx tbobc}bm }jb gtnrkb`} kgmb dx Vlgh`}hee }jg}

mbvish}hi` }bs}hki`x kgx sbtub gs g` gmbwrg}b srds}h}r}b eit kg}bthgl ì`+vgt}x ~h}`bssbs }jg} g

vgt}x hs r`gdlb }i vticrtb eit }thgl.$(, h} hs g eglldgca }jg} h` glkis} gll h`s}g`cbs ~hll vtbub`} g

khscgtthgnb ie rs}hcb.

I` }jb ~jilb, }jb ciùb`hb`cb }i }jb ~h}`bssbs eguits }tg`sebt, dr} }jb Cirt} ~hll nhub

2Dr} sbb @hlssb` u. Bubtdth}b, H`c., 4667 ^L 3=35:385, g} /4 *M. Mbl. Ebd. 75, 4667( *$G

vgt}x ̀ bbm ì} gllbnb }jg} g ~h}`bss mbeh`h}blx ~hll db r`gughlgdlb eit }thgl1 tg}jbt, h} hs sreehchb`}

eit vrtvisbs ie ub`rb }tg`sebt g`glxshs he }jb ~h}`bss hs ì} srdobc} }i g cirt}.s srdvib`g

vi~bt.$( *h`}bt`gl ch}g}hi`s ikh}}bm(.

78



}jhs egc}it lh}}lb ~bhnj}5 Sbb nb`btgllx Khcti`, 5=2 E3m g} 7334 *$]jb mhs}thc} cirt} glsi vih`}bm

ir} }jg} }jb ciùb`hb`cb ie }jb ~h}`bssbs mhm ì} eguit bh}jbt eitrk, dbcgrsb kis} ie }jb

~h}`bssbs ~btb bkvlixbbs ie it ci`srl}g`}s }i }jb vgt}hbs g`m cirlm }jbtbeitb db b`cirtgnbm }i

}bs}hex h` bh}jbt eitrk, bub` he }jbx cirlm ì} db cikvbllbm }i }bs}hex h` Mblg~gtb ]jhs ~gs

cittbc}$(

Licg}hi` ie tblbug`} buhmb`cb

@bz} }jb Cirt} ci`shmbts $}jb licg}hi` ie diias g`m tbcitms *shkhlgtlx lhkh}bm }i }jb

bz}b`} }jg} }jb ehlbs cirlm ì} db vtimrcbm h` }jb gl}bt`g}hub eitrk($ Orkgtg, 22 E3m g} :>8

$H` vg}b`} hèth`nbkb`} cgsbs, }jb drla ie }jb tblbug`} buhmb`cb rsrgllx cikbs etik }jb gccrsbm

hèth`nbt Ci`sbwrb`}lx, }jb vlgcb ~jbtb }jb mbeb`mg`}.s micrkb`}s gtb abv} ~bhnjs h` eguit ie

}tg`sebt }i }jg} licg}hi`$ H` tb Nb`b`}bcj, H`c., 255 E3m 733:, 73=2 *Ebm Cht 4668( Xb} }jhs

egc}it hs ie}b` ì} b`}h}lbm }i krcj ~bhnj}, nhub` }jb cikdh`g}hi` ie }jb ]jhtm Chtcrh}.s bkvjgshs

i` ~jb}jbt }jb ehlbs cirlm db vtimrcbm h` bgcj ie }jb eitg g} hssrb g`m $tbcb`} }bcjìlinhcgl

gmug`cbs$ G.eexkb}thz, 4: E. Srvv 4m g} 46: $^h}j `b~ }bcjìlinhbs eit s}ith`n g`m

}tg`skh}}h`n hèitkg}hi`, }jb drtmb` ie ng}jbth`n g`m }tg`skh}}h`n micrkb`}s 3,666 khlbs hs

vtidgdlx ì} shn`hehcg }̀lx kitb }jg` h} hs }i }tg`svit} }jbk 36 khlbs$ GMB Citv., 73: E. Srvv

4m g} 2>71 sbb glsi Cxvtbss Sbkhci`mrc}it, 4667 ^L 757>7:5, g} /3 *$Gmug`cbs h` }bcjìlinx

jgub shn`hehcg`}lx lbssb`bm }jb drtmb` ie lh}hng}h`n h` g mhs}g`} mhs}thc} ]jbsb }bcjìlinhbs jgub

5]jbtb gtb mbchshi`s etik }jhs Mhs}thc} }jg} gccitm }jhs egc}it krcj ntbg}bt ~bhnj} Sbb,

b.n., H` tb MUO, H`c., 466= ^L 7=8:283, g} /4 *$Q][jb Cirt} ci`clrmbs }jg} }jb vtbsb`cb ie . . .~h}`bssbs . . . Q~ji[ tbshmb ir}shmb ie }jb srdvib`g vi~bt ie }jb Cirt}, ~bhnjs jbguhlx h` eguit

ie }tg`sebtth`n }jhs gc}hi`$(1 G.eexkb}thz, 4: E. Srvv4m g} 46= *s}g}h`n }jg} h`}btbs}s ie ~h}`bssbs

~ji ~btb tbshmb`}s ie Cglheit`hg, g`m }jrs ir}shmb scivb ie }jhs Cirt}.s srdvib`g vi~bt, $~bhnj

jbguhlx h` eguit ie }tg`sebt$(

46



sjit}b`bm }jb }hkb h} }gabs }i }tg`sebt hèitkg}hi`, tbmrcbm }jb drla it shb ie micrkb`}s it

}jh`ns i` ~jhcj hèitkg}hi` hs tbcitmbm . . . g`m jgub li~btbm }jb cis} ie kiuh`n }jg}

hèitkg}hi` etik i`b vlgcb }i gì}jbt$( *h`}bt`gl ch}g}hi`s g`m wri}g}hi`s ikh}}bm(

Jbtb, Mbeb`mg`}s ci`}b`m }jg} $}jb tblbug`} micrkb`}s g`m ~h}`bssbs gtb glkis} b`}htblx

licg}bm h` it clisb }i }jb @it}jbt` Mhs}thc} ie Cglheit`hg$ *MH == g} 7:( Ert}jbt, h` Mbeb`mg`}s.

uhb~, dbcgrsb $gll }jb vgt}hbs gtb jbgmwrgt}btbm bh}jbt h` Cglheit`hg it i` }jb ^bs} Cigs},$

}tg`sebt }i }jb @it}jbt` Mhs}thc} ~hll $lbssb` }jb bzvb`sb g`m mhstrv}hi` }i }jb vgt}hbs. drsh`bss

ivbtg}hi`s$ *'m.( H` tbsvi`sb, Vlgh`}hees bkvjgshb }jg} Mbeb`mg`}s jgub ì} hmb`}hehbm g`x

buhmb`cb }jg} ~hll db bsvbchgllx mheehcrl} }i }tg`svit} *MH 54 g} 72( Vlgh`}hees glsi ci`}b`m }jg}

kg`x tblbug`} micrkb`}s ~hll db eir`m clisbt }i Mblg~gtb }jg` }i Cglheit`hg *'m. g} 72+75(

H` LhàYGYKbmhg, }jb Ebmbtgl Chtcrh} s}g}bm? $^jhlb gmug`cbs h` }bcjìlinx kgx gl}bt }jb

~bhnj} nhub` }i }jbsb egc}its, h} hs hkvtivbt }i hnìtb }jbk b`}htblx$ 554 E3m g} 744= Ge}bt

ci`shmbth`n }jb licg}hi` ie }jb tblbug`} buhmb`cb, }jb gdsb`cb ie g`x h`mhcg}hi` *vgt}hcrlgtlx

nhub` }bcjìlinhcgl gmug`cbs( }jg} h} ~hll db drtmb`sikb }i dth`n tblbug`} buhmb`cb }i Mblg~gtb

it }jb @it}jbt` Mhs}thc}, g`m }jb ]jhtm Chtcrh}.s cjgtgc}bthg}hi` ie }jhs egc}it, }jb Cirt}

ci`clrmbs }jg} jbtb }jb licg}hi` ie tblbug`} buhmb`cb eguits }tg`sebt, dr} }jhs egc}it sjirlm db

nhub` lh}}lb ~bhnj}

Vrdlhc H`}btbs} Egc}its

Bèitcbgdhlh}x ie ormbkb`}

]jbtb hs ì srnnbs}hi` }jg} g ormnkb`} ~irlm db r`bèitcbgdlb h` bh}jbt }jb Mhs}thc} ie

Mblg~gtb it }jb @it}jbt` Mhs}thc}

47



Vtgc}hcgl ci`shmbtg}hi`s

]jb Cirt} glsi }gabs gccir`} ie$vtgc}hcgl ci`shmbtg}hi`s }jg} cirlm kgab }jb }thgl bgsx,

bzvbmh}hirs, it h`bzvb`shub$ Orkgtg, 22 E3m g} :>8 H` }jhs cgsb, }jb i`lx vtgc}hcgl

ci`shmbtg}hi` }jg} kbth}s mhscrsshi` hs }jb s}g}rs ie }jb Zhlh`z Cglheit`hg Gc}hi` Zhlh`z jgm h}s

ivvit}r`h}x }i vbtsrgmb }jb @it}jbt` Mhs}thc} }jg} h}s cgsb sjirlm vticbbm h` }jb @it}jbt`

Mhs}thc}, tg}jbt }jg` jbtb H` mbchmh`n, h`s}bgm, }i }tg`sebt }jb Cglheit`hg Gc}hi` jbtb, }jb

@it}jbt̀ Mhs}thc} ci`shmbtbm sikb ie }jb sgkb egc}its }jhs Cirt} hs ì~ dbh`n gsabm }i ci`shmbt

G} }jhs vih`}, gll ie }jb hssrbs tblg}h`n }i Vlgh`}hees. vg}b`} hèth`nbkb`} clghks gngh`s} gll eirt

Mbeb`mg`}s gtb vb`mh`n h` }jhs Mhs}thc}, sikb jguh`n dbb` }tg`sebttbm jbtb etik }jb @it}jbt`

Mhs}thc} H` }jhs vis}rtb, vtgc}hcgl ci`shmbtg}hi`s eguit abbvh`n }jbsb cgsbs jbtb tg}jbt }jg`

}tg`sebtth`n }jbk }i *g`m h` sikb tbsvbc} dgca }i( }jb @it}jbt` Mhs}thc}

Gmkh`hs}tg}hub mheehcrl}hbs h` g;b}}h`4 cgsb }i }thgl

]jb Cirt} `bz} }rt`s }i }jb $tblg}hub gmkh`hs}tg}hub mheehcrl}x h` }jb }~i eitg tbsrl}h`n

etik cirt} ci`nbs}hi`$ Orkgtg, 22 E3m g} :>8 Vgt}hcrlgtlx nhub` }jg} }jhs Cirt}+ eit }jb ehts}

}hkb h` `bgtlx ehub xbgts+ ì li`nbt jgs g ormhchgl ugcg`cx, }jb Cirt} hs ì} vbtsrgmbm }jg}

gmkh`hs}tg}hub mheehcrl}hbs mrb }i cirt} ci`nbs}hi` eguit }tg`sebt Sbb ]bz}ti` H`ìug}hi`s, H`c. u.

]jb ]gti Ci., 4662 ^L 4546785, g} /3 *M Mbl Ic} 7=, 4662( *$Q][jb cirt} hs ì} vbtsrgmbm

}jg} g`x mhsvgth}x h` cirt} ci`nbs}hi`, }i }jb bz}b`} }jbtb hs g`x, ~hll db si ntbg} gs }i ~bhnj

s}ti`nlx h` eguit ie g }tg`sebt$( H`s}bgm, }jhs egc}it hs b̀r}tgl

Licgl h`}btbs}s h` mhsvr}b

H` vg}b`} lh}hng}hi`, }jb licgl h`}btbs} egc}it hs }xvhcgllx `br}tgl, $dbcgrsb vg}b`} hssrbs mi

ì} nhub thsb }i g licgl ci`}tiubtsx it hkvlhcg}b licgl h`}btbs}s$ ]thS}tg}g ]bcj., H`c. u. Bkrlnb`

44



Lgds., H`c., 23> E. Srvv 4m 532, 5=3 *M Mbl 466:(1 sbb glsi H` tb Ji.eekg`+Lg Ticjb H`c., 2:>

E3m 7333, 733: *Ebm Cht 4668( *$^jhlb }jb sglb ie g` gccrsbm vtimrc} ieebtbm `g}hi`~hmb mibs

ì} nhub thsb }i g srds}g`}hgl h`}btbs} h` g`x sh`nlb ub`rb, he }jbtb gtb shn`hehcg`} ci``bc}hi`s

db}~bb` g vgt}hcrlgt ub`rb g`m }jb bub`}s }jg} ngub thsb }i g srh}, }jhs egc}it sjirlm db ~bhnjbm h`

}jg} ub`rb.s eguit$(1 Vtgzght, 466= ^L ::3382, g} /4 *$Vg}b`} cgsbs gtb bzvlhch}lx ebmbtgl hssrbs

g`m }jb thnj}s mb}btkh`bm }jbtbr`mbt gtb `g}hi`gl h` scivb$(

Mblg~gtb jgs g s}ti`n h`}btbs} h` gmormhcg}h̀ n mhsvr}bs gki`n h}s citvitg}b ch}hb`s ]jb

h`s}g`} cgsb hùilubs lh}hng}hi` silblx gki`n Mblg~gtb citvitg}hi`s Sbb nb`btgllx Gr}imbsa

Cg`. u. Gsshkhlg}b, H`c, 4668 ^L 3727645, g} /8 *M Mbl Sbv 48, 4668( *$Mblg~gtb clbgtlx jgs

g srds}g`}hgl h`}btbs} h` gmmtbssh`n lg~srh}s dtirnj} gngh`s} Mblg~gtb citvitg}hi`s$(1

Kgllh`catim}, 5>6 E. Srvv 4m g} 32> *sgkb( ]jb @it}jbt` Mhs}thc} glsi jgs g` h`}btbs} h` }jhs

lh}hng}hi`, nhub` }jb vtbsb`cb ie gll ie }jb vgt}hbs h` }jg} Mhs}thc}, bh}jbt }jtirnj kgh`}b`g`cb ie

ieehcbs it i}jbt egchlh}hbs g`m sglbs ie}jb gccrsbm vtimrc}s }jbtb H` }jb Cirt}. s uhb~, }jhs egc}it

hs `br}tgl

Vrdlhc vilhcx

Gs }jhs Cirt} jgs tbcb`}lx s}g}bm, $Q}[jb vrdlhc vilhcx ie Mblg~gtb b`cirtgnbs }jb rsb dx

Mblg~gtb citvitg}hi`s ie Mblg~gtb gs g eitrk eit tbsilr}hi` iedrsh`bss mhsvr}bs$ ^gcij Ci.

u. Ahg`hz H`c., 4674 ^L >65>3, g} /5 *M Mbl Og` 8, 4674(1 sbb glsi hm. g} /5 ̀8 ]jhs egc}it

mhseguits }tg`sebt, gl}jirnj }jb Cirt} nhubs h} kh`hkgl ~bhnj}

O r m p b s . egkhlhgth}x ~h}j s}g}b lg~ h` mhubtsh}x cgsbs

]jhs hs ì} g mhubtsh}x cgsb H`s}bgm, gs }jb Ebmbtgl Chtcrh} jgs idsbtubm, $Qv[g}b`} clghks

gtb niubt`bm dx ebmbtgl lg~, g`m gs srcj di}j Qcirt}s gtb[ cgvgdlb ie gvvlxh`n vg}b`} lg~ }i

43



hèth`nbkb`} clghks$ H` tb ]S ]bcj RSG Citv., 227 E3m 7372, 7346 *Ebm Cht 466:( *h`}bt`gl

wri}g}hi` kgtas ikh}}bm( ]jhs egc}it, }jb`, hs `br}tgl

Mbeb`mg`}s Jgub Eghlbm ]i Vtiub }jb Egc}its S } t i ` p ? H x Eguit ]tg`sebt

Iubtgll, }jb eilli~h`n h`}btbs}s ~bhnj gngh`s} }tg`sebt? Vlgh`}hees cjihcb ie eitrk,

vtgc}hcgl ci`shmbtg}hi`s, g`m vrdlhc vilhcx ]jb eilli~h`n h`}btbs}s ~bhnj h` eguit ie }tg`sebt?

Mbeb`mg`}s. cjihcb ie eitrk, licg}hi` ie ivbtg}hub bub`}s, ciùb`hb`cb ie }jb vgt}hbs,

ciùb`hb`cb }i ~h}`bssbs, g`m licg}hi` ie tblbug`} buhmb`cb I}jbt egc}its gtb `br}tgl I` }jb

~jilb, }jb`, tbcin`hh`n }jb gvvtivthg}b ~bhnj} }i db ntg`}bm }i bgcj egc}it, }jb Cirt} ci`clrmbs

}jg} Mbeb`mg`}s jgub eghlbm }i sg}hsex }jbht drtmb` ie sji~h`n }jg} }jb dglg`cb ie ciùb`hb`cb

egc}its g`m h`}btbs}s ie ors}hcb ~bhnj s}ti`nlx h` eguit ie}tg`sebt Sbb H` tb Zie}, H`c., =32 Ebm

Gvvz 8=:,4677 ^L 3565:=>, g} /7 *Ebm Cht Grn 7>, 4677( *ì`+vtbcbmb`}hgl( *mb`xh`n

kg`mgkrs g`m s}g}h`n, $]jb ]jhtm Chtcrh} jgs jblm }jg} .r`lbss }jb dglg`cb ie ciùb`hb`cb ie }jb

vgt}hbs hs s}ti`nlx h` eguit ie mbeb`mg`}, }jb vlgh`}hees cjihcb ie eitrk sjirlm vtbughl.$(

*wri}h`n Sjr}}b, =37 E4m g} 42(>

>l` gmmh}hi` }i LhàYGYKbmhg, sbubtgl i}jbt tbcb`} ivh`hi`s etik }jb Ebmbtgl Chtcrh} jgub

eir`m g` gdrsb ie mhsctb}hi` h` g mhs}thc} cirt}.s mb`hgl ie g ki}hi` }i }tg`sebt g vg}b`}

hèth`nbkb`} gc}hi` Sbb H` tb Khctisie} Citv., 536 E3m 7357 *Ebm Cht 4677( *ntg`}h`n

kg`mgkrs(1 H` tb Gcbt Gkbthcg Citv., 545 E3m 7424 *Ebm Cht 4676( *sgkb(1 H` tb Jieekg`+Lg

Ticjb H`c., 2:> E3m 7333 *Ebm Cht 4668( *sgkb(1 H` tb Nb`b`}bcj, H`c., 255 E3m 733: *Ebm

Cht 4668( *sgkb(1 H` tb ]S ]bcj RSG Citv., 227 E3m 7372 *Ebm Cht 4668( *sgkb( ]jb Cirt}

jgs ci s̀hmbtbm }jbsb cgsbs g`m ci`clrmbs }jg} }jbx mi ì} geebc} }jb eitbnih`n g`glxshs Bgcj ie

}jbsb cgsbs gtisb h` }jb ci`}bz} ie g vb}h}hi` eit kg`mgkrs }i }jb Bgs}bt` Mhs}thc} ie ]bzgs

Bgcj, }jbtbeitb, gvvlhbm Ehe}j Chtcrh} lg~ Sbb nb`btgllx Khcti`, 5=2 E3m g} 7337 *$]jhs Cirt}

tbuhb~s }jhs hssrb Qhb, }tg`sebt[ r`mbt }jb lg~ ie }jb tblbug`} tbnhi`gl chtcrh}$( ]tg`sebt

g`glxshs r`mbt }jb lg~ ie }jb ]jhtm Chtcrh} mheebts etik }jg} h` }jb Ehe}j Chtcrh} h` g} lbgs} }jb

eilli~h`n shn`hehcg`} tbsvbc}s? *h( vlgh`}hees cjihcb ie eitrk hs bzvlhch}lx g egc}it }i db ~bhnjbm

*g`m ~bhnjbm jbguhlx( h` }jb ]jhtm Chtcrh}, ~jhlb h` }jb Ehe}j Chtcrh} h} hs bttit }i ci`shmbt

vlgh`}hees vtbebtb`cb gs g sbvgtg}b egc}it, sbb ]S ]bcj, 227 E3m g} 7346 *$Ehe}j Chtcrh} vtbcbmb`}

clbgtlx eitdhms }tbg}h`n }jb vlgh`}hees cjihcb ie ub`rb gs g mhs}h`c} egc}it h` }jb ® 7=6=*g(

4=



Zhlh`z ]tg`sebt Ki}hi`

G} }jb }hkb Zhlh`z ehlbm h}s Zhlh`z Ki}hi` }i ]tg`sebt, h} gtnrbm }jg} }jb Zhlh`z Cglheit`hg

Gc}hi` ~gs $ehts} ehlbm$ g`m, gccitmh`nlx, Vlgh`}hees. clghks vb`mh`n h` }jhs Mhs}thc} gngh`s} Zhlh`z

sjirlm jgub dbb` }tg`sebttbm }i }jb @it}jbt` Mhs}thc} *MH 3>( Srdsbwrb`}lx, ji~bubt, vit}hi`s

ie }jb Zhlh`z Cglheit`hg Gc}hi` ~btb }tg`sebttbm jbtb *MH >2( H` Mbeb`mg`}s. lb}}bt gmmtbssh`n

}jb hkvgc} ie }jg} }tg`sebt i` }jb Zhlh`z ]tg`sebt Ki}hi`, Mbeb`mg`}s, ~jhlb gssbt}h`n }jg} }jb

Zhlh`z ]tg s̀ebt Ki}hi` hs ì} kii}, vtiuhmbm ì gtnrkb`} eit }jb ci`}h`rbm tblbug`cb ie

Zhlh`z.s ehts}+}i+ehlb ci`}b`}hi` *MH >>( G} }jhs vih`} }jb Cirt} eh`ms ì dgshs }i }tbg} }jb

Zhlh`z Ki}hi` }i ]tg`sebt g`x mheebtb`}lx }jg` }jb Ithnh`gl Mbeb`mg`}s. Ki}hi` }i ]tg`sebt Eit

}jb tbgsi`s gltbgmx bzvlgh`bm, di}j ki}hi`s ~hll db mb`hbm

Zhlh`z Ki}hi` ]i Mhskhss

Zhlh`z jgs kiubm }i mhskhss }jb gc}hi` }tg`sebttbm etik }jb @it}jbt` Mhs}thc}, ~jhcj hs

vb`mh`n g} CG @i 77+555+LVS *MH 87( H` }jb gl}bt`g}hub, Zhlh`z sbbas ci`silhmg}hi` ie}jg}

}tg`sebttbm gc}hi` ~h}j }jb h`s}g`} gc}hi` *Om.( Vlgh`}hees mi ì} ivvisb ci`silhmg}hi` *MH 83(:

Gccitmh`nlx, dbcgrsb }jb }~i gc}hi`s vb`mh`n dbeitb }jhs Cirt} hùilub khttit+hkgnb clghks

g`glxshs$(1 *hh( h` }jb tbcb`} Ebmbtgl Chtcrh} cgsbs, }jb vgt}hbs nb`btgllx ~btb ì} h`citvitg}bm h`

]bzgs, ~jbtbgs jbtb }jb Vlgh`}hees g`m Mbeb`mg`}s gtb Mblg~gtb citvitg}hi`s, sbb Khcti`, 5=2

E3m g} 7334 *$QN[hub` }jg} di}j vgt}hbs ~btb h`citvitg}bm h` Mblg~gtb, }jbx jgm di}j ~hllh`nlx

srdkh}}bm }i srh} }jbtb, ~jhcj ~bhnjs h` eguit ie abbvh`n }jb lh}hng}hi` h` Mblg~gtb$(1 g`m *hhh(

}jb Ehe}j Chtcrh} jgs b`mitsbm g $766+khlb trlb,$ ~jhcj vtiuhmbs }jg} $~jb` }jb mhs}g`cb db}~bb`

g vlgh`}hees cjisb` ub`rb eit }thgl g`m }jb vi}b`}hgl }tg`sebtbb ub`rb hs kitb }jg` 766 khlbs, }jb

egc}it ie h`ciùb`hb`cb }i ~h}`bssbs h`ctbgsbs h` mhtbc} tblg}hi`sjhv }i }jb gmmh}hi`gl mhs}g`cb }i

db }tgublbm,$ ]S ]bcj, 227 E3m g} 7346 *h̀ }bt`gl ch}g}hi`s g`m wri}g}hi` kgtas ikh}}bm(1 sbb glsi

Nb`b`}bcj, 255 E3m g} 73=3, ~jhlb ì srcj trlb jgs dbb` tbcin`hbm h` }jb ]jhtm Chtcrh}

:Vlgh`}hees mhm bzvtbss ci`cbt` }jg} ci`silhmg}hi` ì} db g dgshs }i mblgx b`}bth`n g

Scjbmrlh`n Itmbt *MH 83(

42



db}~bb` }jb sgkb vgt}hbs, ci`cbt` eirt ie }jb sgkb vg}b`}s, g`m h`uilub }jb sgkb cir`sbl, }jb

Cirt} ~hll itmbt }jg} }jbx db ci`silhmg}bm Sbb Ebm T. Chu Vtic =4*g(

Ci`clrshi`

Gccitmh`nlx, }jb Cirt} ~hll bzbtchsb h}s mhsctb}hi` g`m mb`x Mbeb`mg`}s. ki}hi`s }i

}tg`sebt Ert}jbt, }jb Cirt} ~hll ntg`} Zhlh`z.s tbwrbs} }i ci`silhmg}b G` gvvtivthg}b Itmbt

eilli~s

45



H@ ]JB R@H]BM S]G]BS MHS]THC] CIRT]

EIT ]JB MHS]THC] IE MBLG^GTB

H@]BLLBC]RGL UB@]RTBS H LLC, B] GL,

Vlgh`}hees,

u. Chuhl Gc}hi` @i 76+7652+LVS

GL]BTG CITVITG]HI@, B] GL,

Mbeb`mg`}s

ITMBT

3t.l

G} ^hlkh`n}i` }jhs4 mgx ie Og`rgtx, 4674,

Eit }jb tbgsi`s sb} eit}j dx }jb Cirt} h` }jb Kbkitg`mrk Ivh`hi` *MH 85(,

H] HS JBTBDX ITMBTBM }jg}?

7. Mbeb`mg`}s. ki}hi`s }i }tg`sebt *MH 35, =3( gtb MB@HBM

4. Mbeb`mg`} .s ki}hi` }i mhskhss it ci`silhmg}b *MH 87( hs MB@HBM gs }i

mhskhssgl g`m NTG@]BM gs }i ci`silhmg}hi` Chuhl Gc}hi` @is 76+7652+

LVS g`m 77+555+LVS gtb jbtbdx ci`silhmg}bm eit gll vrtvisbs Jbtbge}bt,

gll vgvbts sjgll db ehlbm h` Chuhl Gc}hi` @i 76+7652+LVS

Mblg~gtb cir`sbl gtb tbkh`mbm ie }jbht idlhng}hi`s }i h`eitk ir}+ie+s}g}b cir`sbl

ie }jhs Itmbt ]i guihm }jb hkvish}hi` ie sg`c}hi`s, cir`sbl sjgll gmuhsb }jb Cirt} hkkbmhg}blx

ie g`x vtidlbks tbngtmh`n cikvlhg`cb ~h}j }jhs Itmbt

e p V . a R@H]BM S]G]BS MHS]THC] ORMNB

Intellectual Ventures I LLC, et al. v. Altera Corporation, et al., C.A. No. 10-1065-LPS

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Transcript of Intellectual Ventures I LLC, et al. v. Altera Corporation, et al., C.A. No. 10-1065-LPS