INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY

GROUP MEMBERS:

Anoosha Mumtaz Nimra Parveez Pakeeza Arif Sarah Tariq Sehar  Eida Urooj Pervaiz

OBJECTIVES:Prevalence EtiologySuicide risk Resources and research Case dealing

PREVALENCE RATE OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY:

• According to DSM-5 prevalence rate of intellectual disability is

approximately 1%.

• Prevalence rate vary bye age.

• Prevalence for severs intellectual disability is approximately 6 per 1000.

PREVALENCE RATE IN ASIA:

The prevalence of intellectual disability in Asia approximately at 0.06-1.3%, with the exception being China at 6.68%. The prevalence ranged from 4.4 to 48.3%.

Community management of intellectual disabilities in Pakistan a mixed methods study done by Mirza, Tareen A, Davidson LL and Rahman A In Pakistan reported 19.1/1000 for serious ID to 65/1000 for mild ID.

PREVALENCE ESTIMATES FROM DIFFERENT COUNTRIES:

Countries Prevalence rate (1000 per)

Australia (i998 ) 3.3

Canada (2002) 7.2

China (2008 ) 9.3

Norway (1998 ) 5.6

USA (1995) 6.2

PREVALENCE RATE ACCORDING TO WHO:

The WHO estimate the prevalence of intellectual disability to be between 1% and 3%.

It is reported that severe intellectual disability was three time more South Asian.

ID three time higher among the Asian community in comparison to the non-Asian community.

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS:

Highest prevalence was seen in child and adolescent population.

A higher ID has been found among male versus female children, approximately 1:5.1.

ID Two times more in low and middle income countries compared to high income countries.

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS:

Etiology

INFECTIONS AND TOXIC AGENTS:

Viral encephalitis or genital herpes Syphilis or HIV-I german measles during

pregnancy Carbon monoxide and lead may cause brain

damage during fetal development or after birth. An excess of alcohol during pregnancy may lead to

congenital malformations From incompatibility in blood types between mother

and fetus

TRAUMA ( PHYSICAL INJURY)

Bleeding within the brain

Hypoxia

IONIZING RADIATIONS:

Radiation may act directly on the fertilized ovum or may produce gene mutations in the sex cells.

MALNUTRITION:

Protein deficiency

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS:

Poverty

Family history

BEHAVIORAL

Impulse control -> frustration tolerance

Low self esteem

GESTALT:

People with intellectual disability are unable to

integrate behaviors , feeling, thinking and their actions and intentions are not aligned for

optimal mental health.

PSYCHOANALYTIC

Early disturbance affects the individual’s experience which leads to disturbed ego structures and ego functions.

Examples include: a poorly harmonic identity, frequent bad control of impulses, and/or difficulties tolerating loneliness.

SUICIDAL RISKS

People with ID have a higher incidence of depression

Suicide attempts in this population seem much lower, but they do occur.

Sternlicht et al reviewed the charts for all residents of a state school for persons with ID and found 12 adolescents (mean IQ 63, range 48–79), who had attempted suicide or revealed suicidal ideation.

SUICIDAL RISKS

PITTSBURGH MEDICAL CENTER STUDY BY HARDAN AND SAHL

A retrospective study of 233 patients

12-month period (children and adolescents with developmental disorder)

47 (20%) (34 males, 13 females, mean age 10, and range 4–18 years) had a past or present history of suicide ideation or attempt .

Out of 47 44 had thoughts of suicide Eight had made threats Eight had made a suicidal attempt. Out of the 47 17 (36%) were mild Five (11%) were with moderate intellectual disability. And 22 were affected with severe/profound intellectual disability but only eight had made attempts. 4/233 cases could be said that the patient had the concept of death. In this study there was no mention of past or present physical or sexual

abuse, but that does not mean that it did not take place.

PITTSBURGH MEDICAL CENTER STUDY BY HARDAN AND SAHL

RESEARCHES CONDUCTED ON SUICIDAL RATES OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY AFFCETED POPULATION IN

PAKISTAN: Research conducted reveals that :

80% of people suffering from mental disorders such as schizophrenia, depression & mainly with intellectual disability who commit suicide are the ones who are living in

Low & middle-income cities.

Another research reveals that:

10%–66% suffers from mild to moderate intellectual disability

0.1% from severe disability

IS SUICIDAL RISKS HIGHER IN MALES OR FEMALES? W.R.T INTERNATIONAL & PAKISTANI STUDY:

A 35-year follow-up study from Finland reveals:

That the suicidal rates are significantly low among :

males with IDD, at only one-third of the general population risk

WHILE

females with IDD are at higher suicide risk in general.

Study conducted in Faisalabad (PAKISTAN) (1998 to 2001) revealed

That the suicide rate of 1.12 per 100 000 was measured which had:

male preponderance as compared to women.

The peak incidence was:

more in men aged 20–29 years.

RESOURCE CENTERS AND RESEARCHES

RESOURCE CENTERS AND RESEARCH

More than two fifths of the total disabilities are due to mental illnesses. Between 5-15 % of people with an intellectual disability show behaviors of concern. Out of which only 2-20 % actually receive any kind of behavioral support.

RESOURCE CENTERS AND RESEARCHES:

In order to help the intellectually disabled people to be able to live independently a number of schools, institutes and organizations have been set up to provide them with the required facilities.

Aim: To create awareness.

PARENTS AS PARTNERS:

Parents to be well versed of their child’s disability.

To be able to provide a wealth of information for the planning of the child’s educational journey.

Parents’ perspective on child’s intellectual disability: a case study of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan.[University of Peshawar]

AREAS OF FOCUS

FACILITIES AVAILABLE

Individualized educational program, communication, vocational training, speech therapy, social training.

People with intellectual disabilities if receive adequate guidance and support can make great use of their abilities and skills.

CASE DEALING

PREVENTIVE CARE:

Adaptive equipment

Written plans

Psychological treatments

CASE MANAGEMENT:

Family support

Vocational programs

Day programs

Residential options

Early intervention

Special education

Transition services

The more you know the better advocate you can be for your child

Give Your child Their space

Provide guidance when it’s needed

Stay involved and build social skills of your child

Get to know other parents of intellectually disabled children

INDIVIDUALIZED FAMILY SERVICES PLAN

SPECIAL EDUCATION AND RELATED SERVICES

TRANSITION PLANNING:

TIPS FOR TEACHERS:

Learn as much as you can about intellectual disability

Recognize that you can make an enormous difference in this student’s life! 

Be a part of student’s IEP team, and If you are not part of the student’s IEP team, ask for a copy of his or her IEP

Be as concrete as possible

Break longer, new tasks into small steps

immediate feedback

Teach the student life skills 

Work together with the student’s parents and other school personnel

TIPS FOR PARENTS:

Meet with the school and develop an IEP to address your child’s needs

Learn about intellectual disability

Be patient, be hopeful

Give your child chores

Give your child frequent feedback.

Find out what skills your child is learning at school. 

Parents Group

Take pleasure in your beautiful one