Intellectual and Religious Movements
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Transcript of Intellectual and Religious Movements
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Intellectual and Religious Movements
• AP US History Review
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Deism
• Product of Enlightenment thinking• John Locke
• God as creator, but otherwise removed from human affairs
• Major influence on thinking of Founding Fathers and documents
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First Great Awakening
• 1720-1740
• Emphasized personal relationship with Christ over church ritual
• Jonathan Edwards• Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
• Benefits Baptists and Methodists
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Republican Motherhood• Modern term for the early Republic belief that women
must represent ideals of republicanism
• Women should have access to more education so as to raise republican sons
• But sphere is the home and no property rights
• Leads to educated women who start abolitionism
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Second Great Awakening • 1790-1840
• Protestant revival throughout US• Evangelical• Church membership soars
• New churches• Mormons• Shakers
• Feeds into Temperance and Abolitionism
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Romanticism• Artistic and literary movement of the early 19th century
• Rejects rationality and embraces emotion - even dark ones (horror) - and nature
• Washington Irving - Legend of Sleepy Hollow
• James Fenimore Cooper - Last of the Mohicans
• Edgar Allan Poe
• Hudson River School
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Transcendentalism• 1820s-1840s
• Belief in inherent goodness of people and nature
• Both organized religion and political parties corrupt the purity of the individual
• Ralph Waldo Emerson - Nature
• Henry David Thoreau - Walden; Civil Disobedience
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Utopianism
• Experiments in communal living based on religious or socialist principles
• New Harmony, Indiana - Robert Owen
• Brook Farm, Mass. - George & Sophia Ripley
• Burned over district - western NY state
• Edward Bellamy - novel: Looking Backward
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Mormonism• Began in 1820s in Western NY - Joseph Smith
• New gospel revealed in Book of Mormon
• 1830s persecuted in Missouri
• 1840s Brigham Young brings Mormons to Utah
• 1857 Utah War
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Abolitionism• Worked to limit and eradicate slavery in the US
• Many were Quakers• Many women:
• Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth
• American Colonization Society - Liberia
• William Lloyd Garrison - The Liberator
• Harriet Beecher Stowe - Uncle Tom's Cabin
• Frederick Douglass
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Cult of Domesticity• 19th Century
• Women must exhibit "four virtues”• Piety• Purity• Submission• Domesticity
• Married women should not work nor have life outside the home
• Feminists viewed as mentally ill
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Women's Rights• Challenged Cult of Domesticity
• Began advocating for women to keep property in marriage
• Seneca Falls Convention, 1848• Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B.
Anthony
• Declaration of Sentiments• demands suffrage and property rights
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Nativism• 1850s
• (Native) American Party: "Know Nothings"
• Belief that Irish and German immigrants were overwhelming the country
• William Poole; Millard Fillmore
• Successors: Ku Klux Klan; American Protective Society
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Social Darwinism
• Belief that economic success was evidence of moral character and superiority
• Used to justify excessive wealth of Gilded Age rich
• Adherents believed it was wrong to help the poor or weak
• Herbert Spencer, Thomas Malthus, William Graham Sumner
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Third Great Awakening• 1850s-1900s
• Protestant revival - social activism
• Josiah Strong - Our Country
• Felix Adler - Society for Ethical Culture
• New sects• Christian Scientists• Pentecostals• Jehovah's Witnesses
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Social Gospel• Late 19th - early 20th centuries
• Protestant movement that reacted against poverty, slums and ignorance
• Settlement House Movement • Jane Addams
• YMCA
• Salvation Army
• Progressivism
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Realism• Late 19th - early 20th centuries
• Movement to represent subjects truthfully, without artistic conventions or flowery language
• Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain) - Huckleberry Finn
• Stephen Crane - The Red Badge of Courage
• Ashcan School