INTELLIGENCE DEFINED

1. Webster defines intelligence as:Intelligence is the capacity for understanding and for other forms of adaptive intellect of behaviour; the mind in operation.Knowledge of an event, circumstances, etc., received or imparted; the gathering or distribution of information; the staff of persons engaged in obtaining such information.

2. PsychologyIntelligence is the capacity of a person to adjust to new situations through the use of what has been previously learned.

3. Government Commission Task Force It means the collection, processing, collation, interpretation, evaluation and dissemination of information, with reference to national security. In certain context, it may also mean the network or the system for the collection, collation, interception, evaluation, processing, and dissemination of information. ‘ The term as used here doesn’t include any police powers or authorities, any investigative function other than those involve in the collection of information nor any function involved in the enforcement of laws, orders, or regulation.

4. Dictionary of Military TermsIntelligence is the end product resulting from the collection, evaluation, analysis, integration and interpretation of all available information which may have immediate or potential significance to the development and execution of plans, policies and programs of the users. 

Objective of IntelligenceThe fundamental objective of

intelligence is to ensure balanced and timely decision-making.

Function of Intelligence in General3. The dissemination of intelligence to those who need it.

4. Counter intelligence – it is known as negative intelligence. It is an activity dedicated to the concealment and protection of one’s own information from the adversary intelligence operation. It is a defensive function of intelligence.

Function of Intelligence in General1. The collection or procurement of information2. The evaluation of the information which then become intelligence

Other Functions of Intelligence1. To procure and obtain political, economic, psychological, sociological, military and other information, which may bear upon, national interest and which had been collected by the different governmental department and agencies.2. To serve all branches of the government3. To collect, when necessary, supplemental information whether at its own instance or at the request of any governmental agency and official from other various sources.4. To integrate, analyse process and disseminate to authorized governmental agencies and officials in the form of report or strategic interpretative studies.

Principles of Intelligence1.General – ‘Principles’ are fundamental guides to action, broad statements of truth from which others are derived.

2. Criteriaa. Universality of application – it should apply to as many

phases and aspects of intelligence as possible. It should guide not only the production of intelligence but also the related activities essential to the process as well as the organization and thought and actions of the individual composing it.

b. It must be broad – truly a general rule. It should form the basis for a formulation of results and subsidiary guides. It must be important, indeed essential, to intelligence - If a guide is truly important and essential, then its violations should bring its own immediate penalties.They must not be mutually exclusive; instead each should complement the other.

3. Doctrine (rules)

Exists the essential of unity between knowledge and action; that knowledge enhances the effectiveness of action – and minimizes the chances of error.The Principles4. Objectivity

In Intelligence, only the well guided succeed. It is a basic intelligence concept that there is unity between knowledge and action. It follows therefore that intelligence should interact and condition the decision. Intelligence must be adapted to the needs of the decision; it is both giver and taker. Action or decision is planned by knowledge and guided by it at every step.

5. InterdependenceIntelligence is artificially subdivided into components

elements to insure complete coverage, eliminate duplication and to reduce the overall task or manageable sizes. Nevertheless, each subdivision remains as essential part of unity; contributes proportionately to the end result; possesses a precise interrelationship; and interacts with each other so as to achieve a balanced and harmonious

6. Continuity intelligence must be continuous. It is necessary that

coverage be continuous so that the shape of what happens today could be studied in the light of what was happened before, which in turn would enable us to predict the shape of things to come.

Communication Intelligence adequate to their needs must be

communicated to all the decision makers in manner that they will understand and form that will permit its most effective use.

Usefulness Intelligence is useless if it remains in the

minds, or in the files of its collectors or its producers. The story must be told and it must be told well. The story must be convincing and to be convincing it must not only be plausible or factual

but its significance must be shown.

Selection In intelligence should be essential and pertinent to the

purpose at hand. Intelligence involves the planning through a maze of information, the considering and innumerable number of means or of picking the most promising of a multitude of leads. The requirement of decision-making covers very nearly the entire span of human knowledge. Unless there is selection of only the most essential and the pertinent, intelligence will go off in all directions in one monumental waste of effort.

Timeliness Intelligence must be communicated to the

decision maker at the appropriate time to permit is most effective use. This is one of the most important and most obvious, for intelligence that is too soon or too late are equally useless. Timeliness is one principle that complements all the others.

Security – Security is achieved by the measures which intelligence takes to protect and preserve the integrity of its activities. If intelligence has no security, it might be as well being run like a newspaper to which it is similar.

THE INTELLIGENCE OFFICERAttributes Common to Intelligence Directors1. Exceptional organizing ability2. Ability for intelligence work3. Prodigious memory and a sense of history4. Broad knowledge of many subjects, include complex technical matters.5. Insatiable curiosity6. What might be called ‘intellectual ruthlessness and cold cynicism’

General Qualification of an Intelligence Officer1. College graduate2. Passed prescribed test for intelligence officer (IO)3. Passed background investigation (BI)4. Good moral character5. Loyal to Republic of the Philippines6. No undesirable trait such as gambling, excessive drunkenness, indebtedness, drug addiction, etc.7. Passed by screening committee

Desirable Qualities of an Intelligence Officer1. Knowledge ability – intelligence and mental capacity2. Perceptive about people – good judge of character3. Flexibility/Adaptability – able to work with others4. Can distinguish between fact and fiction; between essentials and non-essential.5. Possess inquisitiveness or an inquiring mind.6. Have ingenuity – able to improvise, looks for solutionsObservant and alert – able to improvise, looks for solutions7. Able to express ideas clearly, briefly and interestingly. 8. Discipline – susceptibility to operational control; good sense of time.9. Patient and hardworking 10. Good memory 11. Integrity12. Objectivity – should not carried away by prejudice or bias13. Discreet – knows when to keep mouth; does not brag about what he knows or important connections.

POLICE INTELLIGENCEIt is the end product resulting from the collection,

evaluation, analysis, integration and interpretation of all available information regarding the activities of criminal and other law violators for the purpose of affecting criminals and other law violators for the purpose of affecting their arrest, obtaining evidence, and forestalling plan to commit crime.Purposes of Police Intelligence1. Check the condition of the community relating to crime, vice, juvenile delinquency and indications of subversion and insurgency.2. Determine through counter intelligence applicants matters pertaining to personnel security, physical security and document security of the police organization.3. Determine the follow-up leads and helps in the solution of individual criminal cases.4. Identify criminal elements and other law breakers as well as their associates.

5. Assists in the arrest of wanted criminals and those wanted under RA 1700 otherwise known as the Anti-Subversion Law.6. Check on the quality and effectiveness of the operation of the police (PNP) forces.7. Check on the security conditions of PNP Personnel, funds equipment and materials.8. Help in crime control prevention.9. Serve as a tool of management for planning and organizational employment purposes

Cardinal Principle in Police IntelligenceA cardinal principal in police intelligence at all

levels is the proper, economical and most productive use of personnel resources and equipment employed and/or utilized in planning the collection of information and dissemination of intelligence. To pursue these ends, heads of the PNP commands in the zone/regional, provincial, district and station levels shall maintain a harmonious working relationship with other civilian intelligence agencies. Liaison with these agencies will be encouraged at all times and as necessary to effect coordination of intelligence operations.

The Principle Areas of Interest in IntelligenceThe information that nations need for the conduct of their

foreign relations and domestic affairs is vast as to both type and subject. We live today in a highly complex world in which competition is accurate and often ruthless. No nation today can any longer exist in an isolated position, sealed off from the rest of the world or projected automatically by natural barriers. Every nation must, of necessity, fit itself into the global pattern that technological progress has forced upon the world.

Communications and transportation have so much shrunk that world that even a small and remote country may find itself in the direct path of military conquest or political or economic aggression. The unilateral proclamation neutrality in no longer sufficient to guarantee the invariability of a nation. In the past, neutrality is frowned upon by the great powers, which demand that all countries of the world choose sides.

As long as they remain, nations that have expansionist aspiration and ides of aggrandizement or paranoiac grievances, other nations are in danger of being outwitted in diplomacy or infiltrated by economic and political influence or even attacked by military force without warning.

Behind the shadow of military threat lies, therefore, some very different aspects of intelligence which though not so precisely definable, are specially important to a comprehensive interpretation and understanding of nation under/ over position in the over-shrinking world today.

To illustrate this point, an outline of the major consideration of intelligence may appear in this form:Military – offensive and defensive tactics, war plans, strategic concepts and tactical principles, organizations installations, industrial lease, armed forces, command structure, command personnel, material, tactics, morale,General – topographical and hydro graphic characteristics, historical backgroundsDiplomatic – foreign policies, alliances, diplomatic establishments, foreign service personnel, technique of conducting foreign relationsPolitical – ideology, traditions, institutions, personalities, area of frictionEconomic – Financial – Monetary policies, Currency structure, Transactions, Institutions, Personalities

Commercial – trade policies, markets, trading methods, price policies, personalitiesIndustrial – structure of Capacity, manufacturing plants and processes, raw material, energy rotations, labor relations, personalitiesMining – Mineral Resources, Production method, OutputAgriculture – policies, crop structure, cultivation method, mechanization, financing, specific characteristics of rural populationCommunications and Transportation – telephones, telegraphs, wireless, railways, shipping, automobiles and trucks, highways, aviation, ownership, policies, organization, personnelSocial – nationality structure, classes and caste, historical factors, census, personal aspects, characteristics and mentality of people forces, social legislation, radio, television, press, motion pictureIntelligence – Organizations, Methods and Personnel of Competing Intelligence system 

Immediate Area and Interest in Police Intelligence1. Crime prone community relating to vices, juvenile delinquency, crime and indication of subversion and insurgency.2. All matters pertaining to personnel security, physical security, and classified documents.3. Cases under follow-up4. Personalities directly or indirectly involved in criminal activities. 5. Personalities, places, events involved in insurgency and subversion.6. Police operation regarding its effectiveness and quality7. Police personnel, its equipment, funds and materials8. Aspect of crime prevention and control9. Aspect of management for planning and organization improvement purposes.10. And other as directed by higher authorities

General Activities in Police IntelligenceStrategic Intelligence – the intelligence information which primarily long range in nature with little practical immediate operation value.Line Intelligence – which is of an immediate nature and necessary for more effective police planning and operationNational Intelligence – it is the integrated product of intelligence developed by all the governmental branches, departments concerning the broad aspect of national security and policy. It is concerned to more than one department or agency and it is not produced by single entity. It is used to coordinate all the activities of the government in developing and executing integrated and national policies and plans.

Counter Intelligence – phase of Intel covering the activity devoted in destroying the effectiveness of hostile foreign activities and to the protection of info against espionage, subversion and sabotage. Undercover Work – is an investigative process in which disguises and pretext cover and deception are used to gain the confidence of criminal suspects for the purpose of determining the nature and extent of any criminal activities that maybe contemplating or perpetuating.

Functional Classification of Police Intelligence1.Criminal Intelligence (CRIMINT) – production of intelligence essential to the prevention of crimes and the investigation, arrest, and prosecution of criminal offenders.

2. Internal Security Intelligence (INSINT) – refers to the knowledge essential to the maintenance of peace and order. 3. Public Safety Intelligence (PUSINT) – refers to the knowledge essential to ensure the protection of lives and properties.

Forms of Intelligence1. Sociological Intelligence – deals with the demographic and psychological aspects of groups of people.Population and manpowerCharacteristic of the peoplePublic opinion – attitude of the majority of the people towards matter of public policy.Education – based of literacy rate2. Biographical Intelligence – deals with individual’s personalities who have actual possession of power.3. Armed force Intelligence – deals with the armed forces of the Nation.Positions of Armed Forces Constitutional and legal basis of its creation and actual role.Organizational structure and territorial dispositionMilitary manpower recruitment.Order of Battle4. Geographical Intelligence – deal with the progress of research and development as it affects the economic and military potential of a nation.

TYPES OR KINDS OF INTELLIGENCE1. STRATEGIC INTELLIGENCE – An intelligence data that are not of an immediate value. It is usually descriptive in nature, accumulation of physical description of personalities, modus operandi. It does not have immediate operational value bat rather long range that may become relevant to future police operations.2. LINE INTELLIGENCE – It is the kind of intelligence required by the commander to provide for planning and conduct tactical and administrative operation in counter insurgency. This pertains to knowledge of People, Weather, Enemy and Terrain (PWET) used in planning and conducting tactical and administrative operation in a counter insurgency.

Intel information to be determined in Line Intelligence are:PEOPLE – Living condition of the people, Sources of income, Education of the people, Governmental livelihood projects, Extent of enemy influenced to the peopleWEATHER – Visibility, Cloudy, Temperature, Precipitation (rain), WindENEMY – Location of the enemy, Strength of the enemy, Disposition, Tactical capability, Enemy vulnerabilityTERRAIN – relief and drainage system, Vegetation, Surface material, Man-made features.

Five Military aspects of terrain are:1. Cover and concealment2. Obstacle3. Critical key terrain features4. Observation and fields of fire5. Avenues of Approach.

3. COUNTER INTELLIGENCE (CI)This kind of intelligence covers the activity devoted in

destroying the effectiveness of hostile foreign activities and to the protection of info against espionage, subversion and sabotage.Three Activity of CI1. Protection of information against espionage2. Protection of personnel against subversion3. Protection of installations and material against sabotage.

Two General Types of CI1. Passive Measures – are those measures, which seek to conceal info from the enemy.2. Active Measures – are those measures, which seek actively, block the enemy’s efforts to gain info or engage in espionage subversion or sabotage..

COUNTER INTELLIGENCE is also known as Negative Intelligence. Negative Intelligence is a generic term meaning three different things:1. Security Intelligence – means that the total sum of efforts to counsel the national policies, diplomatic decisions, military data, and any other information of a secret nature affecting the security of the nation form unauthorized persons. Its effort is to deny information to unauthorized persons by restricting to those who are explicitly authorized to possess it.2. Counter Intelligence – is the organized effort to protect specific data that might be of value to the opponent’s own intelligence organization.Some of its functions are:By censorship of the following – Correspondence, Broadcast, Telecast, Telephone conversations, Telegrams and cables, etcIt aims to prevent the dissemination of any information that might aid an opponentMaintenance of files of suspectSurveillance of suspectsMail reading, Wiretapping and recordingInfiltration of the enemy intelligence organized to procure information about its method, personal, specific operations and interest.

3. Count-Espionage – in counter-espionage, negative intelligence becomes a dynamic and active effort. Its purpose is to investigate actual or theoretical violation of espionage laws, to enforce those laws and to apprehend any violators. It is a job to catch spies. It is basically a police function.According to Sir Bassil Thompson – former chief of Scotland Yard Criminal Investigation Division:

‘ A basic requirement of a secret agent is disguise himself and his mission. Much of his training and basic skill is dedicated to concealment. He is supposed to be supplied with a fool proof cover story and good documents. He must be a man of exception ability or else he would not be chosen for this intricate job. The trapping of the dark intruder is a formidable talk.’The aim of Counter-Espionage is to locate the enemy, to identify the enemy, and to neutralize the enemy.

Five Importance of Effective CI1. Denies info to the enemy2. Reduces the risk of a command3. And in achieving surprises4. Increases the security of the command5. Decreases the enemy ability to create info about our forcesFive Categories of CI Operation1. Military Security – it encompasses the measures taken by a command to protect itself against espionage, enemy operation, sabotage, subversion or surprise.Examples are:Secrecy disciplineSpecial safeguarding of classified info.Security of troop movementSpecial handling of weather & escapesCounter subversion with in the armed forcesTactical measures in combat area

2. Port Frontier and Travel Security – has to do with the application of both military and civil security measures for CI control at point of entry and departure, international borders or boundariesExamples are:

Security screening and control of frontier Security control merchants, seaman and crew of commercial aircraft, Security control of frontier crossing point, Security control of seaports3. Civil Security – it encompasses active and passive CI measures affecting the non-military nationals permanently or temporarily residing in an areas under military jurisdiction.Examples are:Systematic registration of civilians and aliensControl of circulation, Curfew,Surveillance of suspected political organizationsSecurity screening of labor, Issuance of passes and permitsControl of internal commerce

4. Censorship – it is the control and examination of the Civil National, Armed forces, Field press, and POWs.5. Special Operations – counter subversion, sabotage and espionageWhat is CI Operation?

CI operation is also called CI Investigation. It is an activity that constitutes the value of the CI workload, worldwide and includes specific investigation of individual and incidence which for the most part are conducted in an overt but discreet manner.Three Categories of CI Measure

1. Denial Measure – Secrecy discipline, document security, Camouflage and concealment, Communication security, Military censorship, Counter reconnaissance

2. Detection Measure- PSI, security tag or pass card, Challenge or password, Reconnaissance

3. Deception Measures – Trick – use of escape and evasion, Dummy position, Fabricated info

CI Branch and FunctionsCI Mission1. Detection – Identify the threat2. Evaluation – analysing the data plan3. Counter action and Prevention – recommended counter measures in neutralizing the target.Categories of CI Operation

Counter Human Intel (HUMINT) – seeks to overcome enemy attempts to use human sources to collect information or to conduct sabotage and subversion which includes CI Special Operations, Liaison, Counter Security, CI Screening, CI Screening

Counter Imagery Intel (IMINT) – Includes action taken to determine enemy SIGINT and related EW capabilities and activities. These actions include surveillance radar, photo thermal and infrared systems. Successful; counter – IMINT operations rely heavily on pattern and movements analysis and evaluation.

Counter Signal Intel (SIGINT) – Determine enemy SIGINT and related EW capabilities and activities, assess friendly operations to identify patterns, profiles and develop, recommended and analyse counter measures.Functions of CI Personnel1. Identify insurgent indicators2. Construct a database on insurgent infrastructure.3. Analyse current intelligence infrastructure trends.4. Recommend CI targets to exploitation5. Recommend specific operations on specific CI targets.6. Recommended population/ resources control measures. 7. Ensures installation base security8. Conduct liaison with other agencies