Integrative public transport in a segmented city ...Integrative public transport in a segmented...
Transcript of Integrative public transport in a segmented city ...Integrative public transport in a segmented...
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Integrative public transport in a segmented city: reflections from Jerusalem
Galit Cohen-Blankshtain
The Hebrew University, Jerusalem Visiting scholar at the Geography, Environmental Sciences, and Marine Resource
Management Oregon State University
Eran Feitelson The Hebrew University, Jerusalem
OSU seminar February, 2017 1
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outline
• Methodological aspect: learning from extreme cases
• Conceptual aspects of transport policy: responsiveness, choice and captive users and integration
• Case study: Jerusalem • General observations
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Methodological perspective
What can we learn from extreme case study?
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Universal transport planning
Uniform planning discourse and practice • similar goals (changing uniformly with time) • Similar models with similar assumptions • Transferability of models
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In the last 30 years : the sustainable transport paradigm
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Aiming at sustainable transportation
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Economic
Equity Environment
Public transportation
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Some Basic Premises of Public Transport (PT) planning
• City or metropolis are taken as one transport market
• Travel markets are segmented primarily by type of trip, socio-demographic factors, life styles
• Responsiveness (market orientation) is advocated to increase PT usage, mainly among choice users
• Integration is a prime principle to increase efficiency and service quality in PT
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Responsiveness vis-à-vis integration
• Responsiveness: attracting users (by definition choice users)
to public transport by responding their travel needs
• Integration: creating unified system (from user’s perspective) to reduce door-to-door transition cost
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Responsiveness vis-à-vis integration
• Responsiveness: attracting users (by definition choice users) to public transport by responding their travel needs
• Integration: creating unified system (from user’s perspective) to reduce door-to-door transition cost
Which segments will have responsive service? Captive / choice user
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The case of Jerusalem
• What happens when the system becoming integrative?
• Who are the captives and who have choice? • Who will get responsive service?
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Jerusalem: Some Exceptions
• Comprised of four ‘cities’ in one: • A Jewish-Zionist city • A Palestinian city • A Jewish Ultra-Orthodox city • The tourists’ city
Total population: 830,000 inhabitants
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Jerusalem: Some Exceptions
• Comprised of four ‘cities’ in one: • A Jewish-Zionist city • A Palestinian city • A Jewish Ultra-Orthodox city • The tourists’ city
The capital of Israel Most of the Government offices Universities, research institutions, high tech and bio-medicine industries
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Jerusalem: Some Exceptions
• Comprised of four ‘cities’ in one: • A Jewish-Zionist city • A Palestinian city • A Jewish Ultra-Orthodox city • The tourists’ city
My office…
al haram al Sharif (Dom of the Rock) No citizenship, but residency
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Jerusalem: Some Exceptions
• Comprised of four ‘cities’ in one: • A Jewish-Zionist city • A Palestinian city • A Jewish Ultra-Orthodox city • The tourists’ city
Jerusalem as holy place, the messiah will come to Jerusalem.
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3 cities within one Jerusalem
dominated by UO Medium domination of
UO Zionist-Jewish
Palestinians
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3 cities within one Jerusalem
dominated by UO Medium domination of
UO Zionist-Jewish
Palestinians
Commercial centers
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Historical development of PT in Jerusalem since 1967
The Jewish-Israeli side
• Until late 1980s service to all city parts (including limited service to East Jerusalem
• Radial System that evolved gradually centered on CBD
• Deteriorating Level of service • In 1990s:
– Separate line for UO areas – Stopped operating at East
Jerusalem
The Palestinian side
• The former Jordanian system continued until the 1980s
• Emergence of Informal jitney services and deteriorating services
• In the 2000s: – New improved coordinated
system
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Public transport at the beginning of 2000s
Jewish-Israeli
» 50 bus routes in Jerusalem with a fleet of 600 buses all though Jaffa Street
» Declining LOS, declining patronage
Palestinian • Association of 15 companies • Registered lines • New Fleet, mostly small buses (20
seats), Fixed times and stations
Ultra-Orthodox (UO) • 7 bus routes with de-facto gender separation
serving approximately 45,000 daily trips. • 21 inter-city bus routes for the UO population
originating from Jerusalem with stops in UO neighborhoods.
• Different peak hours
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The new light rail
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The new LRT based system Integration
• Feeders system with transfers between LRT and buses (operators’ vs. useres’ perspective
• BOT agreement precludes parallel lines, annuls many old, direct lines. First at the Western neighborhoods and after that in the North
• Less flexible system (LTR, BOT) • Mixture of users from all three
groups (pros and cons) • Comprehensive system
Responsiveness • UO bus lines were not affected
(lobbying and political pressure)
• Palestinian bus lines were not affected (too sensitive, already gone through major reform)
• Jewish-Zionist neighborhoods bear the elimination of some direct bus services
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The new LRT based system Integration
• Feeders system with transfers between LRT and buses (operators’ vs. useres’ perspective
• BOT agreement precludes parallel lines, annuls many old, direct lines
• Less flexible system (LTR, BOT)
• Mixture of users from all three groups (pros and cons)
• Comprehensive system
Responsiveness • UO bus lines were not
affected (lobbying and political pressure)
• Palestinian bus lines were not affected (too sensitive, already gone through major reform)
• Jewish-Zionist neighborhoods bear the elimination of some direct bus services
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Responsiveness to whom?
• JUO: low car ownerships, low income, low drivers licenses
• Palestinians: low car ownerships, low income, low drivers licenses
• Jewish Zionist: high car ownership levels
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Jewish-Zionist sector starts play politics…
• North Jerusalem neighborhood managed to elect a representative at the city council to block the planned bus reform (cancelling bus routes that partially paralleled LTR
• NGOs activity to add bus services • Palestinian riots in Jerusalem on 2014
targeting the LRT at Shoafat
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Results:
• The comprehensive transport plan is changed: – The “North phase” is not implemented: buses
operate along the LRT – Additional bus lines are added, other changed
routes
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New thinking of captive and choice users • Choice between different operators
– JUO threats to use competitors
• Choice between different modes – Palestinians hidden choice to use jitney services
• Choice between public transport and private cars
• Jewish Zionist with car access • Captive: most unorganized Jewish Zionist
without car access
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Who get responsiveness?
• Groups that has credible exit options from the public transport system either by political power to provide alternative public transport services (JUO) or exit to the illegal low-entry cost jitney services (Palestinians)
• If minorities (even poor ones) have exit option they are not captive, and they are likely to receive attention and responsiveness
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And generally speaking…
• Define captivity and choice with a wider perspective
• Integration may contradict responsiveness efforts
• Integrative Public transport planning is not an exercise in optimization. It have to take into account community structure and power relations, particularly in segmented cities (but not only).
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