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Integration of Geosciences and Engineeringscholar.cu.edu.eg/sayyouh/files/3.integration_of... ·...
Transcript of Integration of Geosciences and Engineeringscholar.cu.edu.eg/sayyouh/files/3.integration_of... ·...
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Integration of Geosciences
and Engineering
03/01/2018
Dr.M.Helmy Sayyouh Petroleum Engineering
Cairo University
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It was stated previously that:
"It is the responsibility of industry managers to
encourage full coordination of geologists,
geophysicists, and petroleum engineers to
advance petroleum exploration, development,
and production."
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The concept of increased interaction between
geologists and reservoir engineers through
multifunctional team and cross training between the disciplines was already
presented.
Very seldom does a production geologist get
in depth experience in reservoir engineering
and vice versa .
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Integrated reservoir management training for geoscientists and engineers offered by many major oil and gas companies is designed to address these needs.
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Three case histories where the geology and reservoir engineering relationship was promoted through both a team approachand an individual approach were studied.
The results of the three cases (project-based approach, team-based approach, and multi-skilled individual approach) were very positive.
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Synergy and team concepts are the
essential elements for integration of
geosciences and engineering.
It involves people, technology, tools,
and data.
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Success for integration depends on:
Overall understanding of the reservoir
management process, technology, and tools
through integrated training and integrated job
assignments.
Openness, flexibility, communication, and
coordination.
Working as a team.
Persistence.
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It is essential that geological and
engineering ideas and reasoning be
incorporated into all seismic results if
the full economic value of the seismic
data is to be realized.
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Seismologists may overlook a
possible extension in a proven area
because of their unfamiliarity with
the detailed geology and
engineering data obtained through
development.
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Geological and engineering data should be
reviewed and coordinated with the
geophysicists to determine whether or not an
extension is possible for the drilling of an
exploratory well.
Most of the difficulties encountered in
incorporating geological and engineering
knowledge into seismic results and vice versa
may be averted by an exchange of these
ideas between the three disciplines.
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A 3D-seismic analysis can lead to
identification of reserves that may not be
produced optimally by the existing
reservoir management plan.
It can save costs by minimizing dry holes
and poor producers.
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The initial interpretation of a 3D-seismic survey affects the original development plan.
With the development of the field, additional information is collected and is used to revise and refine the original interpretation.
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The geophysicists interpretation of the 3D-
seismic data may be combined with the
other relevant information regarding the
reservoir (i.e., trap, fault, fracture pattern,
shapes of the deposits).
The reservoir engineer can use the seismic
volume to understand lateral changes.
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The 3D-seismic analysis can be used to
look at the flow of fluids in a reservoir.
It has been successfully applied in
thermal recovery projects.
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High frequency seismic waves
capable of traveling long inter-well
distances can be generated without
damaging the bore hole.
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Current applications focus on the monitoring of enhanced oil recovery processes, but most important is the potential of the method to improve our geological knowledge of the reservoir.
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Most cross-well seismic surveys have been done for the purpose of mapping steam zones in steam flood operations.
The presence of live steam in the reservoir sharply reduces the wave velocity.
For high-gravity oils in unconsolidated sand reservoirs the seismic wave velocity decreases significantly with increased temperature.
Seismic velocities can be used as a measure of reservoir temperature and/or an indicator of live steam within the reservoir.
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A number of oil fields in the San Joaquin Valley of
California are characterized by high-gravity oil and
shallow, unconsolidated reservoir rocks (e.g., Midway
Sunset).
Many of these fields, including Midway Sunset, have
undergone years of steam drive to enhance oil
recovery.
Although most of this steam drives programs have been
successful, there are common problems of poor sweep
efficiency, gravity override, and steam channeling
through zones of high permeability.
It may be possible to reduce these problems by
injecting foam along with the steam in order to partially
plug these high-permeable zones.
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It is important to establish the location of the steam front during the course of the steam drive and to determine the effectiveness of the foam injection in altering any undesirable steam movement.
Temperature-monitoring wells are drilled. However, they are expensive
Since seismic velocities are a sensitive function of temperature and phase of the reservoir fluids, and since surface seismic data is of very poor quality at Midway Sunset, cross-well seismic tomography surveys have been conducted in order to map the steam front.
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The geological activities required for constructing
realistic mathematical reservoir models was
determined.
These models are used increasingly to evaluate both
new and mature fields and to determine the most efficient management scheme.
The geologist must develop quantitative data. It is
important that the geologist and the engineer understand each other's data.
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Both engineering and geological
judgment must guide the development
and use of the simulation model.
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The geologist usually concentrates on the rock attributes in four stages:
Rock studies establish lithology and determine depositional environment, and reservoir rock is
distinguished from non-reservoir rock.
Framework studies establish the structural style and
determine the three-dimensional continuity
character and gross-thickness trends of the
reservoir rock.
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Reservoir quality studies determine the framework variability of the reservoir rock in terms of porosity, permeability, and capillary properties.
Integration studies develop the hydrocarbon pore volume and fluid transmissibility patterns in three dimensions.
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The geologist requires input and feedback from
the engineer.
Core analysis measurements of samples
selected by the geologist provide data for the
preliminary identification of reservoir rock
types.
Well test studies aid in recognizing flow
barriers, fractures, and variations in
permeability.
Simulation studies can be used to test the
physical model against pressure-production
performance; adjustments are made to the
model until a match is achieved.
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The geological models are directly interfaced to the reservoir simulator.
The reservoir engineer utilizes the complex reservoir description provided by the geologist for field development planning.
The reservoir engineer routinely and readily updates the model with new data or interpretations and quickly provides consistent maps and cross-section.
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The geologist can input structural and
stratigraphic concepts as a series of computer
grids honoring the geologic tops.
Interpolations of logged porosity and other data
from wells are controlled by this stratigraphic
framework and fill a 3-D matrix of cells.
Additional geological features critical to
reservoir performance can be added to
complete the geologist's picture of the reservoir.
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Excellent example of synergistic combination of geo-
statistics, 3-D seismic data, and well log data which contributed to the success in pinpointing infill drilling
targets in Kingdom Abo field in Terry County, Texas.
In this project, geo-statistics is a powerful tool for
reservoir characterization. It utilizes all well data in a
manner that adheres to a model based on statistical
and user defined spatial correlations.
When coupled with 3-D seismic, the end product is an
interpretation of the reservoir that can be used to
pinpoint additional development drilling locations.
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