Integrating AT and AAC throughout the classroom
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Transcript of Integrating AT and AAC throughout the classroom
Integrating AT and AAC
throughout the throughout the
classroom
Charlene CullenSpeech Pathologist
Speech Language and AAC Consultant
Today’s Outline
9 – 10.30 Introduction
SETT framework
Visual Supports
11 – 12.30 iPads in special education
1.30 – 3.00 AAC
3.30 – 5.00 A typical day
It Can’t Teach
Student
Environment
Tasks
Tools
• What are the student’s
current abilities?
• What are the student’s
special needs?
• What are the functional
areas of concern?
• What are the other students • What are the other students
doing that this student
needs to be able to do?
• What does the student
need to be able to do that
is difficult or impossible to
accomplish independently
at this time?
• What activities take place in the environment?
• Where will the student participate?
• What is the physical arrangement?
• What activities do other students do that this student
• What activities do other students do that this student cannot currently participate in?
• What assistive technology does the student currently use?
•What specific tasks occur in the environments?
•What activities is the student expected to do?•What activities is the student expected to do?
•What does success look like?
•Tools - no/low to high-tech.
•Tools must be student
centered and task oriented
and reflect the student’s
current needs.
•Describe tool features that
are needed rather than brand are needed rather than brand
names.
•Consider the cognitive load
required
•What are the training
requirements for students and
staff?
Inclusive Technologies Continuum
Low/NoLow/No MidMid HighHighLow/NoLow/No MidMid HighHigh
Least restrictive Most restrictive
Access to books – Low/Lite Tech solution.
Assistive Technology Continuum
Access to books – Mid Tech solution.
Assistive Technology Continuum
http://tarheelreader.org
Access to books – High Tech solution.
Assistive Technology Continuum
Getting organised
Getting Organised
• What do we need to do to make the school
day successful?
• Clear workspaces
• Schedule ready to go• Schedule ready to go
• Batteries checked
What are Visual Supports?
Things that we SEE to
enhance the
communication process.communication process.
Why Visual Supports?• Some people find the world to be chaotic.
• Expectations and demands they cannot
understand may confuse them.
• Verbal instructions and explanations are often
not adequate to provide the information
needed in order to comprehend.needed in order to comprehend.
• These people (and others) often need the
support of having information presented in
visual form.
• Some people learn best through what they
see, and using visual strategies builds on this
strength.From “Visual Strategies”
Pennsylvania Department of Education, 2000
Why Visual Supports?
•Many people are not easily able to understand
spoken directions.
•It is not always obvious that a person is having
difficulty because they may be quite adept at difficulty because they may be quite adept at
following environmental cues.
I hear and I forget
I see and I rememberI see and I remember
I do and I understand
Making a Paper Plane
What visual supports do you
use? use?
• Body Movement: such as body language,
natural gesture, key-word sign
• Environmental cues: such as objects and
signs e.g. logos, labels
• Traditional tools for organisation of
Types of Visual Supports
• Traditional tools for organisation of information: such as calendars, shopping
lists, recipes, instruction manuals
• Specialised communication aids and
materials: such as picture stories, behaviour
scripts, activity schedules
Visual Support Continuum
Real objectsColoured photos
Black & white photos
Object symbols
Black & white photos
Line drawings
Sign LanguageWritten words
Communication is...
Use of speech with..
�gesture
� sign
�object symbols�object symbols
�photos
�pictures
… selected according to the person’s
comprehension skills and communication needs
Visual supports are helpful in
many ways….
• They may improve a student’s behaviour
by clearly showing expectations and
visually depicting what will happen next.
• They allow people to function more • They allow people to function more
independently and gain confidence.
• They improve the student’s ability to
understand!
Timetables, Activity Schedules,
Calendar Boxes
• Backs up verbal with visual information
• Provides consistent cues about daily routine
• Teaches that symbols (3D or 2D) can
represent daily activitiesrepresent daily activities
• Encourages participation in planning &
choice-making
• Ongoing strategy (we all rely on visual
supports)
Visual Strategies
Timetables & Schedules
Class Timetable
Mini Schedule
Boardmaker
• Formal strategies to indicate
- Completion of a task
- Break needed
- Need to avoid/escape activity
• Finished mat - checkered placemat
Finished Strategies
• Finished mat - checkered placemat
• Finished box - may incorporate checkered
icon
• Finished symbols - eg. check icon, finish
sign, abstract symbols
Augmentative Resources
http://www.spectronicsinoz.com/catalogue/au
gmentative-resources-and-products
Symbols
• PCS Classic and PCS Thinline
• Symbolstix
• Widgit
www.google.com.au
www.flickr.com
• Are a tool for helping people to control or
redirect behaviour
• Identifies the consequence of the behaviour
• Acts as a visual reminder - content is
important
Social Stories
important
• Use consistent language across changing
communication partners
• Remind, Rehearse, Review
• The situation is described in detail and focus is given to a few key points: the important social cues, the events and reactions the individual might expect to occur in the situation, the actions and reactions that
Social Stories
situation, the actions and reactions that might be expected of him, and why.
• The goal of the story is to increase the individual’s understanding of, make him more comfortable in, and possibly suggest some appropriate responses for the situation in question.
Social Stories
Input Before Expecting Output
Others need to use the visual
support to communicate with support to communicate with
the person before expecting
the person to use it.
What do you need for a visual
support to work?
An opportunity to learn and to
use the visual supportuse the visual support
at many times,
with many partners,
in many situations!
Introduction to the iPad/iPod in the
classroom
The iPad
• Engagement
• Portable
• Mainstream device• Mainstream device
• Price
• Supports universal design
• Wide range of apps
“Every new literacy changes the
way we think about the world. The
alphabet did this to oral cultures.
Cheap books did it after
Gutenberg. Mobile, interactive Gutenberg. Mobile, interactive
multimedia technologies are doing
it in our time. As educators are we
up to the challenge?”
Pat Clifford, Galileo Educational Network
iPad basics
• Physical
• Home Screen
• The Dock
• Included Apps• Included Apps
• Rearrange and delete Apps
• Create and use folders
• Multitasking and closing apps
• Screenshot
iTunes
Tips and Tricks
• Restrictions
• Bub Caps
• Selecting Text
• Cut, copy and paste• Cut, copy and paste
Accessibility
• Settings
• VoiceOver
• Zoom Magnification
• White on Black Display
• Large text
Apps for
• Communication
• Tap Speak Sequence
• Touch Chat
• Predicatable
• Visual Supports
• First Then
• Pictello
• Time Timer
Access
• Pointers, keyboards and
keyguards
• App embedded assistive • App embedded assistive
technology
Accessibility
• Switch Access
Blue2 Bluetooth Switch
By Ablenet
Switchbox
by Therapy Box
Accessories
Assessment
Rubrics
• http://learninginhand.com/
• http://treetops.org.au/groups/ipadagogy/• http://treetops.org.au/groups/ipadagogy/
• Student
• Environment
• Tasks
• Tools
•www.joyzabala.com
Things to think about
• Fragile
• Access to other distracting Apps
• Using in outside light
• No USB• No USB
• Alternative access methods limited
• Trialling Apps difficult
• Management
Curriculum
• Reading
• Green Eggs and Ham, Stinky Socks, iBooks
• Writing• Writing
• Pages, SpeakIt, Verbally, Word Wall
• Numeracy
• Jungle Coins, Math Bingo
• Creative Arts
• Paint Sparkles, Clicky Sticky
www.spectronicsinoz.com/blog/apple
www.aseaq.org.au/files/School_iPad_advice.pdf
Quality Apps Review
Spectronics App lists
• http://www.spectronicsinoz.com/article/iph
oneipad-apps-for-aac
• http://www.spectronicsinoz.com/article/ap• http://www.spectronicsinoz.com/article/ap
ps-for-literacy-support
• http://www.spectronicsinoz.com/blog/tools-
and-resources/visual-support-apps-for-
ipodipad/
Quality Apps Review
Others
• http://a4cwsn.com/
• http://broxtermansblog.blogspot.com/
• http://digital-storytime.com/wp/• http://digital-storytime.com/wp/
• http://www.iear.org/
• http://www.inov8-ed.com/
• http://www.ipadinschools.com/
• http://spedapps2.wikispaces.com/
And much more!
Other favourite resources
• iTeach Special Education – iDevices in
Special Education (Facebook group)
• Assistive Technology (Facebook Group)
• Twitter• Twitter
• #edapp
• #iPadEd
• #spedchat
Alternative and Augmentative
Communication
What is AAC?
• Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC): An
area of specialised clinical and educational practice that
provides communication options and interventions for people
with complex communication needs. The term augmentative
in this context means supplemental or additional to speech.
Augmentative techniques (e.g. gestures, and facial Augmentative techniques (e.g. gestures, and facial
expressions) are commonly used when communicating and
interacting with others.
• The use of the term alternative acknowledges that there are
some individuals whose speech is sufficiently impaired that
they must rely completely on standard and special
augmentative techniques, which do not augment speech but
are alternatives to speech (Vanderheiden & Yoder, 1996).
(Speech Pathology Australia AAC Position Paper 2004)
AAC System
• AAC system: An integrated group of
components, including the symbols, aids,
strategies and techniques used by
individuals to enhance communication. The
system serves to supplement any gestural, system serves to supplement any gestural,
spoken, and/or written communication
abilities
(American Speech and Hearing Association,
1991).
AAC System
Unaided and Aided AAC
• Unaided AAC: All techniques that do not require
any physical aids (e.g. gesture, sign, facial
expression).
• Aided AAC: Techniques where some type of
physical object or device is used (e.g. object physical object or device is used (e.g. object
symbols, communication boards, books, wallets).
Aided AAC is often divided into high technology or
low/light technology systems.
(Speech Pathology Australia AAC Position Paper 2004)
AAC Myths and Legends
• Introducing AAC will stop someone from
developing speech
• Low tech before High tech
• Has a little speech so doesn’t need AAC• Has a little speech so doesn’t need AAC
• Too cognitively impaired for AAC
• AAC will fix all communication difficulties
• Too young for AAC
• Doesn’t need AAC as they can express basic needs
So how do we introduce AAC?
Good Practice Approaches to
AAC
• Aided Language Displays (ALDs)
• Engineering the Environment
• Chat Now• Chat Now
• PODD
• Core Vocabulary
High Tech AAC
• Custom Speech Generating Devices
• Mainstream Technology
• iPod touch/iPad
• Android Phones/Tablets• Android Phones/Tablets
• Laptops
Communicative Competence
• Light (1989)
• Linguistic Competence (mastery of the linguistic
code)
• Operational Competence (access methods,
on/off)on/off)
• Social Competence
• Strategic Competence (make the most of the
vocab they have)
Aided Language Displays
• Prospective users must be provided with
frequent examples of interactive,
generative use to acquire any semblance of
proficiency.
Aided Language Displays
• No one would dispute the fact that it would
be very difficult to become a fluent speaker
of French, if your instructor seldom used
French in your presence.
Goossens’, Crain and Elder (1988); Goossens’
(1989)
• Aided Language Displays are NOT choice making boards.
• Choice making boards supplement ALDs.
• E.g. in music time a choice board of songs is followed by boards for singing the songs.
Aided Language Displays
followed by boards for singing the songs.
It is critical for an individual to not only
have symbols, but also to have
experience with those symbols in a
symbol rich environment / print rich
environment. The typically developing environment. The typically developing
child will have been exposed to oral
language for approximately 4,380
waking hours by the time he begins
speaking at about 18 months of age.
If someone is using a different symbol
set and only has exposure to it two
times a week, for 20-30 minutes each,
it will take the alternate symbol user 84
years to have the same experience years to have the same experience
with his symbols that the typically
developing child has with the spoken
word in 18 months!!!
Jane Korsten (2011) QIAT Listserv 4th April
• If children are to gain proficiency in using
their aided AAC systems, others must begin
to use the children's AAC system to
communicate with them.
Aided Language Displays
From “Being a Model Communicator,” ComTEC, 2010
Aided Language Displays
• By modelling how to use a display to initiate
and maintain communication, you show a
student how to initiate and maintain – not
just respond!
Aided Language Stimulation
Aided Language Display Design
• If you (as a person proficient in language)
cannot use a communication system or
display throughout an interaction then how
can you provide Aided Language
Stimulation?Stimulation?
• If you cannot use it, is it designed well?
Exercise
• In pairs: Design an Aided Language Display
for making things from pipecleaners.
• Remember to include vocabulary such as
names, actions, positions, requests, names, actions, positions, requests,
commands....
Boardmaker Software Family
• Boardmaker
• Boardmaker Plus
• Boardmaker with SD Pro
• Boardmaker Studio• Boardmaker Studio
www.boardmakershare.com
Engineering the Environment
Engineering the Environment
Engineering the Environment
Storing displays
• Must be stored in close proximity to where they are needed
• Must be stored in a way that helps with quick access and set-up
• E.g. in dress-up box, on back of bookshelf, • E.g. in dress-up box, on back of bookshelf, on walls, in plastic bucket, inside game box, with props, in eye gaze arrangement
CHAT-Now
• Developed by Gayle Porter (Cerebral Palsy
Education Centre) and Marnie Cameron
(Communication Resource Centre)
• Children’s Aided Language Tools• Children s Aided Language Tools
• Consists of aided language displays for early
childhood settings and general interactive
board(s)
CHAT-Now
• A series of ALDs for different activities.
• Designed for early childhood but suits many
special education settings
• Also includes a general interactive board for • Also includes a general interactive board for
use throughout the whole day
CHAT-Now – Book
CHAT-Now – Music play
CHAT-Now – Music play
CHAT-Now General Interactive
Tap Speak Choice – AAC App
Yes/No
• Need to watch the number of yes/no
questions we ask AAC users
• BUT
• Every AAC user needs to develop a good, • Every AAC user needs to develop a good,
clear Yes/No response
Yes/No
Pragmatics
Pragmatics
• Pragmatics – social use of language
• Using language for different purposes, such
as greeting, informing, demanding,
promising, requestingpromising, requesting
• Changing language according to the
needs of the listener
• Following conversational rules
www.asha.org
Pragmatics
• Need to ensure AAC users have access to
and know how to use a range of pragmatic
skills
• Dewart and Summers “Pragmatics Profile”• Dewart and Summers Pragmatics Profile(1998)
• http://wwwedit.wmin.ac.uk/psychology/pp/
Pragmatically Organised
Dynamic Displays (PODD)
PODD
• PODD is a way
of organising whole word
and symbol vocabulary in
a communication book or a communication book or
speech generating
device to provide
immersion and modelling
for learning.
PODD
• The aim of a PODD is to provide vocabulary:
• for continuous communication all the
time
• for a range of messages• for a range of messages
• across a range of topics
• in multiple environments.
PODD
• PODDs can have different formats,
depending on the individual physical,
sensory and communication needs of the
person who will use it.
PODD
• PODDs have been developed over the past
15 years by Gayle Porter, a speech
pathologist with the Cerebral Palsy
Education Centre (CPEC) in Victoria.
Each PODD format has been shaped by the Each PODD format has been shaped by the
experiences of both children with Complex
Communication Needs (CCN), and their
communication partners.
Let’’’’s have a look....
Core Vocabulary
• Using common English words on an AAC
display to enable a user to construct their
own sentences.
• Approach used in lots of high tech systems • Approach used in lots of high tech systems
but not used as much in low tech due to
difficulty of arranging vocabulary for access.
Core Vocabulary
• CORE VOCAB
• High frequency
words
• Can be combined
• FRINGE VOCAB
• Low frequency
words
• Only useful in one or • Can be combined
to get your
message across in
lots of different
situations
• Only useful in one or
two situations
• Often related to a
specific topic
Core Vocabulary
Core Vocabulary
•WordPower 24 in TouchChat, AAC App
Core Vocab to supplement ALDS
• From the Disability Services Commission WA
http://www.boardmakershare.com/Activity/969086/Core-Vocabulary-Display
The Language Stealers
Technology
High Tech and Light Tech
• Both are just tools
• Both need good vocabulary design and
good modelling to ensure success
• High Tech can be less forgiving but can offer • High Tech can be less forgiving but can offer
more access options
• Some students more motivated by high tech
and some don’t like it!!
• Most people need both – for different
situations
Speech Generating Devices• STATIC DISPLAY • DYNAMIC DISPLAY
Access Options
• For a user who need alternative access,
SGDs can offer:
• Large range of access options
• Flexibility
• Complete control over device and other
software
Low Tech Scanning & Eye Gaze
• Add movie file here
High Tech Scanning
High Tech Eye Gaze
Building A Well-balanced Program
Using Assistive Technology & AAC
Our Day
• Working through a typical day – from
morning news to afternoon activities
• Looking at how we would use assistive
technology and AAC all through the daytechnology and AAC all through the day
Remember
Repetition with variety is
crucial for learningcrucial for learning
Going to the Movies
Morning News
Morning News
• A great chance for peers to interact
• Highly predictable and easily scripted –
great place to use new skills e.g. learning to
use your switch in conversationuse your switch in conversation
• Can be made very errorless!
Newstime!
Literacy
• Doing a balanced literacy program giving
students a chance to read and write each
day.
• Guided reading, self selected reading, • Guided reading, self selected reading,
writing and working with words occur
throughout the week.
Guided Reading
• Help our students to understand that
reading involves thinking and meaning-
making.
• Help them to become more strategic in their • Help them to become more strategic in their
own reading.
Book of the Week for Guided
Reading
Toy Story book in Boardmaker
Studio
Talking Books
• Used as part of a balanced literacy
approach
• Using a simple talking book with common
sight wordssight words
• Students have the opportunity to read and
re-read independently outside of this session
Switch Access
Switches
Switches, switches, switches
• AbleNet Switch Comparison Chart
• http://www.spectronicsinoz.com/article/abl
enet-access-switch-comparison-chart
Self-selected Reading
• Help our students to understand why they
might want to learn.
• Become automatic in skill application.
• Choose to read after they learn how.• Choose to read after they learn how.
• Remember:
• It isn’t self-directed if you don’t choose it yourself.
• You can’t get good at it if it is too difficult.
Toy Story books for self-selected
reading
Writing
• Each student has the opportunity to write a
story or sentence about Toy Story – at their
own level and with appropriate supports
and a pencil that works for them!
Supports for writing
Joe writing
Working with Words
• Help our students become strategic in
reading words
• Word wall
• Onset rime• Onset rime
• Word games e.g. Bingo
• Making words
Word Wall
Toy Story Bingo in Boardmaker
Studio
Onset Rime in Clicker 5
Making Words in Clicker 5
MeVille to WeVille
Numeracy
Opportunities for access to mathematical
ideas through high quality child centred
activities
Varied, interesting, appropriately targeted for
maximum results, engaging and presented in
a fun, success oriented manner
Numeracy
Drill & Practice
Numeracy
Barrier Games & Maths
Barrier games are activities based on giving
and receiving instructions, require interaction,
and use language to complete a task.and use language to complete a task.
Maths barrier games support the
development, understanding and practice of
mathematical language.
Numeracy
Barrier Games & Maths
Numeracy
Transformational technology
Buying a Movie Ticket
Toy Story Dance Party
Social Chat at the dance – role
playing
Social chat
Social Story
Toy Story Dance Party
Reflection
• Think of your student(s) again.
• What technology do you want to
investigate to help them do the tasks they
want to do?want to do?
• What tools?
Thanks for coming!