INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMNT IN BUCHAREST AUTHORS Nicolae Sdrula 1, Sulfina Barbu 2 AFFILIATION...

INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMNT IN BUCHAREST

AUTHORS

Nicolae Sdrula1, Sulfina Barbu2

AFFILIATION

1-S.C.IPROCHIM S.A., 19-21 M.Eminescu Street, 010512- Bucharest 1, ROMANIA

Tel.:021.6107985, Fax.:021.2102701,Email:[email protected]

2-Municipality of Bucharest, 47Regina Elisabeta Ave -Bucharest 5, ROMANIA

Tel./fax: 021.3055524, Email: [email protected]

Bucharest, 28-29 Sep. 2004

THE MAIN SOLID WASTE SOURCES

Bucharest,28-29 Sep.2004

INDUSTRIAL

URBAN

CONSTRUCTIONWATER TREATMENT

THE EXISTING COMPANIES DEALING WITH COLLECTING AND TRANSPORT OF WASTE

1

2 3

4

56

S.C.REBU S.A.

S.C.REBU S.A.

S.C.REBU S.A

S.C.MASOTI SRL

S.C.RWE GEKO ROMANIAEcologic Service SRL

S.C.ROSAL SERVIS SRL

S.C.SUPERCOM S.A.

S.C.URBAN S.A


BUCHAREST URBAN LANDFILL DISPOSAL LOCATION

CHIAJNA RUDENI - IRIDEX Deposit

VIDRA Deposit

GLINA (Partial Deposit)


UK

Ashes. Grit. Dust 25%

Metals 8%

Glass 10%Plastics 7%

Paper 29%

Vegetable Mater 21%

Calcutta, India


Metals 1%

Glass 1%

Plastics 1%

Paper 3%

Vegetable Mater 41%

Other 3%

Onitsha, Nigeria


Metals 5%

Paper 15%Vegetable Mater

60%

Medellin, Colombia


Metals 1%

Glass 2%

Plastics 5%

Paper 22%Vegetable Mater 56%

Other 4%

Composition of municipal wastes in the UK. (2000), Calcutta (late 1999), Onitsha (late 1999) and Medellin (late 1999)

Source: Cook and Kalbermatten, 1999; OEOD,1989


Table 1. Quantities of solid waste generated in selected countries by source category. 2000 (10!!!3ta!!!-1)

Region/Country Municipal Industrial Agriculture Mining/quarrying Sewage sludge

NORTH AMERICACanada 16000 61000 48000 910213 500USA 178000 628000 1400000 1300000 8400

ASIAJapan 41530 312000 90544 26017 2003Cyprus - - 3 190 -

EUROPEAustria 2052 31000 - 466 1350Belgium 3082 8000 53000 7069 18Bulgaria 6773 6271 21872 -Czechoslovakia - - - 452360 -Denmark 2161 1317 - - 82Finland 2000 15000 23200 17700 137France 15000 50000 399400 60160 600Germany 19378 55932 - 3454 1591Greece 2500 3904 - 3900 -Hungary 5500 101000 54237 5200 -Iceland 93 1580 - - -Ireland 1270 - 22000 1930 570Italy 15000 35000 29830 57000 -Luxemburg 190 135 - - 11Netherlands 7242 3942 100501 162 250Norway 1970 2186 18500 9000 70Poland 7900 - 107 101400 -Portugal 2246 11200 - 3900 -Spain 10600 5108 47600 180000 10000Sweden 2650 4000 17000 28000 372Switzerland 2500 - - - 255UK 16700 50000 250000 230000 30000

USSR - - 2300 - -

OCEANIAAustralia 10000 - - - -New Zealand 2106 - - - 45


Waste arising in EU member countries (late 2000); Source: EUROSTAT 2000

Agriculture44%

Industrial 7%

Municipal 6%

Other 9%

Sewage sludge14%

Mining 12%

Demolition8%


COMPOSITION OF MUNICIPAL WASTES IN BUCHAREST 2002

•Urban organic waste…………………..51%

•Paper and carton waste………………..11%

•Plastic waste…………………………..10%

•Metal waste……………………………05%

•Glass waste…………………………….05%

•Textile waste…………………………...05%

•Other types of waste……………………13%

Daily average municipal waste/person………0.6 Kg

SELECTIVE COLLECTING


TO PRODUCER TO RAMP

MODEL OF EXISTING MANAGEMENT

UNSORTED WASTE

METALSNONMETALS

AND ALLOYS

ORGANIC MATTERS WALUABLE WASTE

Glass

Plastics

RubberWood/ Rubber

VALORIFICATION

Hashing/

Granulation

ROAD BITUM

Paper /

Carton

Baling

Fermentation

PurificationPAPER INDUSTRYCOMPOST

AGRICULTURE FLOWERS FERTILIZER

TO RECYCLING COMPANIES

Incineration

SLAG / ASH

BUCHAREST URBAN LANDFILL DISPOSAL LOCATIONS


CHIAJNA RUDENI - IRIDEX Deposit

VIDRA Deposit

GLINA (Partial Deposit)

DEPOSIT MAIN FIGURES

•COMMISIONING …year 2000 2001

•TOTAL SURFACE …ha 16.5(5 cells) 39(8 Cells)

•CELL BULK CAPACITY… to 920,000 562,500

•TOTAL DEPOSIT CAPACITY… to 4,600,000 4,500,000

•EXPLOIT DURATION… years

( including post monitoring period) 20 20

IRIDEX * VIDRA

*Informative price for deposit……………….7.15 USD/to

MANAGEMENT STRATEGY


•REDUCTION OF WASTE BY :

•Surcharge on excess bags, containers or household refuse

•Incentive program for commercial/industrial reduction efforts

•Reuse activities such as “ waste change” program

•Public education and involvement (commitment and involvement of all citizens)

•MATERIALS RECOVERY/RECYCLING

•RESOURCE RECOVERY - COMPOSTING

•RESOURCE RECOVERY - INCINERATION

•ULTIMATE DISPOSAL - LANDFILL

GENERAL RULES OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

1. COMPOSITON DEPENNDS ON A LOT OF VARIABLES SUCH AS :

•URBANIZATION

•COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISES

•MANUFACTURING

•SERVICE SECTOR ACTIVITIES

2. ATTITUDES OF PEOPLE(Waste management ethic, recycling ethic, litter ethic)

3. EACH COMMUNITY WILL CREATE ITS OWN “Best approach” TO DEALING WITH ITS WASTE

4. THE COMMUNITIES HAVE HOWEVER THE SAME ALTERNATIVES


CONVERSION ROUTES

- BIOLOGICAL

- Can be low-cost- Can be simple to operate- Suitable for distributed production

- THERMOCHEMICAL

- Usually complex/expensive- Able to produce high quality synfuel- Suitable for plant integration

THERMOCHEMICAL CONVERSION

- GASIFICATION- Air-steam-oxygen

Product gas Direct use or purification (e.g.Hydrogen via reforming)

- HIGH PRESSURE AQUEOUS- Gasification, Pyrolysis, and Partial oxidation in

supercritical conditions Hydrogen rich gas

- PYROLYSIS- Inert

Liquid productFor gas turbine/combustion engine or

conversion to gas


Landfill Site Stages of Treatment Energy Utilization Emissions

CatchmentTechnique

Process Technology EnergyTechnique

unloaded

loaded

Gas engines

Sewagesludge

Greenmaterial

Degasification

Drying

GranulationEvaporationReverseosmosis

Biology

Combustion

High temperaturecombustion

Energy center

steam

Compostinganaerobicdigestion

Flue gasaccording tonationalregulations

1% granulateresidues

Clean water

Fertilizer

Compost

LEACHATE

LANDFILL GASLoaded gas

Unloaded gas

AIR EMISSION LIMIT VALUES FOR INCINERATIONDaily average values:

-Total dust 10 mg/m3 -Gaseous and vaporous organic substances, expressed astotal organic carbon 10 mg/m3 /Hydrogen chloride (HCl) 10 mg/m3

/Hydrogen fluoride (HF) 1 mg/m3

-/Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 50 mg/m3

--/Nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)expressed as nitrogen dioxide for existing incinerationplants with a nominal capacity exceeding 6 tonnes per hour or new incineration plants 200 mg/m3 /Nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2),expressed as nitrogen dioxide for existing incinerationplants with a nominal capacity of 6 tonnes per hour or less 400 mg/m3

/Dioxins and furans 0,1 ng/m3

PET PRILLS CAN BE TURNED TO GOOD ACCOUNT TO OBTAIN:

A)basic raw materials used for obtaining polyesters The new procedure can be used for most of the products obtained from the polyester by obtaining raw materials that can be reused for the production at fibers, yarns, films or packages as well as polyesters obtained from petroleum

B)Staple fibers and polyester filaments In United States of America the procedure of using recycled PET bottles for obtaining polyester fibers and yarns is frequently used (abbot. 78% of the recovered wastes are converted into polymer, from which fibers and yarns are obtained).

C) Obtaining of car upholsteryBetween 7 and 9 million spent cars are yearly available in the European Union. Now, the percentage of reused materials is of abbot. 75 % of their total mass. The remaining 25 % represent materials like: wastes of plastic, fabrics, glass and metals. A great part of the fabrics and knit-ware are used as textile fabrics for car covers, the polyester representing the prevailing material (abbot. 90 %).

D) obtaining of PET bottlesThe research and application of PET packages recycling technologies with their use in the food sector has in view both economic and ecological aspects. The recycled PET packages are especially used to obtain polyester fibers and technical yarns.

POSSIBILITIES OFRECYCLED PET BOTTLES

•The highest quantity of different polymer bottles results from individual households. •Many countries have waste collecting programs that impose first preliminary sorting of this “recyclable”, that include as a role: glass packages, plastics, juice packs, aluminium cans, cardboard packages and other paper objects.•The recyclable materials ( PET ) are taken over and submitted to a technological process that consists in following phases:-sorting dryingrecovery melt filtrationprilling re-prillingwashing glycolysis reaction finalization

separation

THE PHASES

OF THE RECYCLING PROCESS

“BOTTLE FOR BOTTLE”

- decontamination;

- filtration;

- prilling;

- drying;

- crystallization;

- postpolycondensation in solid

phase.

ECONOMIC FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

The capacity of the recycling plant for the food grade PET bottles is of 10,000 t/year polyester prills.

The investment will be achieved within 1.5 years, being estimated to a value of 11,000 USD., out of which :

equipment 3,090 thous. USD

plants 600 thous. USD

buildings 750 thous. USD

licence 950 thous. USD

other costs (commissions, tax, approvals, authorizations, sundries and unexpected

costs, etc.) 4,570 thous. USD

working fund 1,040 thous. USD

Incomes generated are of 1,100 USD/t PET, respectively 11,000 thous. USD/year.

Production costs are of 920.9 USD/t, and for the entire capacity of 9,209 thous. USD/year.

The plant will be linearly paid off within 10 years.The personnel requirement for operation is 20 persons.

The profit from operation is of 1,791 thous. USD/year out of which the financial costs are deducted, thus

obtaining the net profit. After the credit reimbursement period, the net profit is

of 1,343 thuos. USD/year.

a) Dynamic indicators Net present income (NPI) : 458 thous. USD - meaning that the

project has the capacity to reimburse the invested capital and to produce cash-flow in excess

Investment profitability index : 1.042 - resulting from the comparison of the present cash-flow with the investment value

Present incomes / present costs = 1.011 - indicating values of the present incomes higher than those of the present costs, meaning a favorable indicatorInternal rate of return (IRR): 23.2% - indicating a very good economic efficiency of the project.b) Total investment recoup from :

- gross profit : 5.1 years- net profit : 8.9 years

c) Other characteristic indicatorsprofitability rate 19.4 % rate of profit 16.3 %net profit profitability as against turnover 10.4 %net profit profitability as against costs 12.4 %breakeven threshold - after credit reimbursement 62.6 %labour productivity 550 thous. USD/man-y

Primary Maintenance Primary Maintenance ServicesServices

Transferring of Mixed Transferring of Mixed WasteWaste

Transferring of Bulky Transferring of Bulky Waste (Sorting & Waste (Sorting &

Primary treatment)Primary treatment)

LOCAL WASTE LOCAL WASTE MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT

FACILITIESFACILITIES

Transferring of Transferring of Recyclable Materials Recyclable Materials

(Sorting & Primary (Sorting & Primary treatment)treatment)

MUNICIPALITIESMUNICIPALITIES

Local Collection Local Collection Systems for Recyclable Systems for Recyclable

MaterialsMaterials

Local Collection Local Collection Systems for Bulky Systems for Bulky

WasteWaste

Local Collection Local Collection Systems for Mixed Systems for Mixed

WasteWaste

Debris Local LandfillsDebris Local Landfills

Sales of Sales of Recovered Recovered

MaterialsMaterials

REGIONAL REGIONAL RECYCLING RECYCLING FACILITIESFACILITIES

Vehicle & Machinery Maintenance Vehicle & Machinery Maintenance SystemSystem

Mechanical Separation Mechanical Separation & Treatment – & Treatment –

Composting & Energy Composting & Energy RecoveryRecovery

Management of Bulky Management of Bulky WasteWaste

Post- Post- treatment treatment

Sanitary Sanitary LandfillingLandfilling

REGIONAL WASTE REGIONAL WASTE MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT

FACILITIESFACILITIES

Inter-municipal organizations operate the

local collection systems for mixed

waste and recyclable materials.

A regional network of local waste

management facilities, through which

waste is transferred to the Central

Processing Facilities (CPF):

recyclables are processed at the

regional Materials’ Recycling Facilities

(MRF),

mixed waste is processed at the

Mechanical Treatment & Composting

Plant (major products: compost, glass &

metals, RDF etc)

Total recovery exceeds 70% of the initial

inflow. Sales’ revenues of the

recovered materials (including energy

production) are deducted from the

IWMS’ operational costs.

Regional IWMS Design


The supporting infrastructure co financed by the Cohesion Fund (2002-2004)

Total budget (initial),2001) : € 13m

Contracts (March 2004) : € 11m

Deductions (March 2004) : € 2m (15%)

Expenditure (June 2002-April 2004) : € 4m

Expenditure during 2004 (forecast) : € 8m


Landfills Restoration

Less than thirty dumps operate today in the region, a 90% reduction since 1999…

Restoration cost is estimated at € 2m.. Restoration works are scheduled for the summer of 2005, a few months after the completion of the Regional Sanitary

Landfill

Additional EU funding is expected to be allocated to the IWMS of W. Macedonia in a few months from now.

Four MRFs to be constructed within the next to years in order to support the local recovery– at –source programs for paper, plastics, glass and metals. The Mechanical Separation and Composting Plant is scheduled to be completed by 2007: recovery is expected to exceed 70% before the year 2010, resulting into local tax reduction and systems optimization.

The total budget for the materials recovery & treatment infrastructure is estimated at € 26 m until 2007. Private investment is expected to exceed € 10 m (energy recovery unit not included).

Recycling Facilities (2004-2006)


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GENERAL RULES OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT


1.COMPOSITON DEPENNDS ON A LOT OF VARIABLES SUCH AS :

•URBANIZATION

•COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISES

•MANUFACTURING

•SERVICE SECTOR ACTIVITIES

2.ATTITUDES OF PEOPLE(Waste management ethic, recycling ethic, litter ethic)

3.EACH COMMUNITY WILL CREATE ITS OWN “Best approach” TO DEALING WITH ITS WASTE

4.THE COMMUNITIES HAVE HOWEVER THE SAME ALTERNATIVES

GENERAL SCHEME OF INTEGRATED SOLID MANAGEMENT


INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT

WASTE PREVENTION

LANDFILL DISPOSAL

RECYCLING COMPOSTING

CHEMICAL CONVERSION

INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMNT IN BUCHAREST AUTHORS Nicolae Sdrula 1, Sulfina Barbu 2 AFFILIATION...

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