Integrated solar photovoltaics battery devices
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Transcript of Integrated solar photovoltaics battery devices
ENSC S-175 Presentations
ENSC S-175 Presentations
August 8, 2011
Burhan [email protected] rights reserved (Confidential)
Integrated Solar Photovoltaics-Battery Devices
?
Harvard University
Page 2 Burhan Saifaddin Presentation | ENSC S-175 | August 8, 2011
Outline
•Motivation and Benefit to Society•When will PV become competitive ? •Why PV-battery integration is useful ?•Project Description and Goals•Battery economics problems •Proposed Designs (Confidential)•Conclusion •Questions
Harvard University
Benefits to Society
Page 3 Burhan Saifaddin Presentation | ENSC S-175 | August 8, 2011
Meeting huge Energy demand Sustainably.
2010 15 TW ; 2050 30 TW (peak)
Hedge against the risk of Global warming.
Energy Security.
Economic growth. Potentially a Trillions of dollar industry.
Reducing energy costs to increase human development.
Figure adopted from
woodruffcenter.org
Figure adopted from
Wikipedia
Harvard University
Benefits to Society
Page 4 Burhan Saifaddin Presentation | ENSC S-175 | August 8, 2011
In most of these areas
Solar insolation
> 1.5 MWh/m2/year
AAAS voted electrification to be the most important technology developed in 20th century.
Electrification affected productivity far more than IT (at least up to 1990 but IT is dependent on Electrification).* * David, P. (1990). "The dynamo and the computer: An historical perspective on the modern productivity
paradox." The American Economic Review: 355-361.
1 out of 5 in the world
do not have
access to electricity
Harvard University
Global Oil Energy Problem
Page 5 Burhan Saifaddin Presentation | ENSC S-175 | August 8, 2011
Current oil consumption is equivalent to 3.2 million barrel a day in electricity, water, transportation and industry.
Demands have increased by 27% over the last three years. 2032 Electricity demands will trouble ; additional 80 GW Very challenging politically to decrease consumption rate.
Data is based on a speech by Hashim Yamani, president of King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy, at
GCF 2011.
Harvard University
When will Solar electricity be economically competitive to Coal and Gas ?
Page 6 Burhan Saifaddin Presentation | ENSC S-175 | August 8, 2011
www.mckinsey.com/clientservice/ccsi/pdf/economics_of_solar.pdf
~ 50B dollars industry based on generous Government subsides and ‘’biased’ regulations
1 $/Wp5 c/kWh
1 out of 5 in the world
do not have
access to electricity
Harvard University
Page 7 Burhan Saifaddin Presentation | ENSC S-175 | August 8, 2011
What is the problem, why is it hard?
•Generate economically competitive electricity form the sun sustainably.
Sun is the major source of energy for life and every service on earth but
1.Sun intensity is dilute 1-3 MWh/m2/day (my 2-bedroom apartment consumes 20-26 MWh/m2/day )
• High installation costs
• Need high solar conversion efficiency and lifetime.
2. Sun is intermittent
• Need battery for storing electricity. Too expensive.
Harvard University
Current Photovoltaics (PV) solar cells comparisons
DOE, 2011 8
Minimum installed system cost for:
Rooftops 6-8 $/Wp,
Utility cost 5 $/Wp, DOE goal to reach 1$/Wp (without batteries)
Harvard University
Current PV technology economics:Photovoltaics (PV) learning curve => installation cost is a problem !!
Learning curve for the cost of PV systems, module prices, and BOS cost. Source Navigant Consultant
Adopted from DOE [http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pdfs/dpw_chu.pdf]
9Burhan Saifaddin Presentation | ENSC S-175 | August 8, 2011
Harvard University
Why battery integration is useful ? Check Roof PV cost breakdown
Page 10 Burhan Saifaddin Presentation | ENSC S-175 | August 8, 2011
Roof top PV system without battery
Installation cost of module is increasingly the dominant cost
Design Goal :
1.Make Solar electricity less intermittent
2.reduce Installation cost for installed PV systems that are reliable 247
Harvard University
Proposed Design for Integrated PV-Battery Device
Investigate computationally PV active materials for Battery electrodes (Anode, possibly cathode) or electrolyte.
• Solar cells insolation 1- 3 MW/m2/year so No need for high powered battries/m2 Cheap
• Materials for PV and Batteries need to be abundant and cost effective.
Anode V+
Cathode V-
Battery PV
Active PV layer
e- flow e- flow
Challenge: Electrons flow from High work function
Holes+ flow
Page 11 Burhan Saifaddin Presentation | ENSC S-175 | August 8, 2011
Harvard University
Proposed Design for Integrated PV-Battery Device
Investigate computationally PV active materials for Battery electrodes (Anode, possibly cathode) or electrolyte.
• Solar cells insolation 1- 3 MW/m2/year so No need for high powered battries/m2 Cheap
• Materials for PV and Batteries need to be abundant and cost effective. Need to be: (1) electrolyte and electrode inconsumable (as in new Li and NI-NH batteries. (2)
electrode have reasonable energy storage volume density. (3 ) PV-compliable voltage difference between electrodes )
Anode V+
Cathode V-
Battery PV
Active PV layer
e- flow e- flow
Challenge: Electrons flow from High work function
Holes+ flow
Page 12 Burhan Saifaddin Presentation | ENSC S-175 | August 8, 2011
Electrolyte
PV Absorbers
Harvard University
Proposed materials combinations (Confidential):
Dye Synthesized Solae Cells: two electrodes and electrolyte. Silicon air batteries with PV. Solution processed PV and transparent batteries
IC started the Semiconductor revolutions. Noyce and Kilby 1969.
Anode V+
Cathode V-
Battery PV
Active PV layer
e- flow e- flow
Holes+ flow
Page 13 Burhan Saifaddin Presentation | ENSC S-175 | August 8, 2011
Harvard University
(Confidential) Solution processed PV and transparent batteries: Dye, Organic, CIGS
Page 14 Burhan Saifaddin Presentation | ENSC S-175 | August 8, 2011
Photovoltaics solar cells are made from semiconductors whether organic and inorganic.
Solution Processed Organic Solar CellsTransparent lithium-ion batteries. Y Yang, Yi Cui et al,
PNAS, June 2011
Harvard University
(Confidential) Silicon air batteries with PV as the top electrode
Page 15 Burhan Saifaddin Presentation | ENSC S-175 | August 8, 2011
Photovoltaics solar cells are made from semiconductors whether organic and inorganic.
Si Solar Cell
Potential Battery Technology:
Silicon Air
Metal-air battery with easily
removable anodes
AJ Niksa, MJ Nikasa, JM Noscal…
- US Patent 4,950,561, 1990
Silicon–air batteries.
Electrochemistry CommunicationsVolume
11, Issue 10, October 2009,
Harvard University
(Confidential) Dual Dye-sensitized solar cells and battery
Page 16 Burhan Saifaddin Presentation | ENSC S-175 | August 8, 2011
Dye Synthesized Solar Cell is similar to battery design but problem with electron flow direction ?
Dye-sensitized solar cells, Michael Grätzel, EPFL
Harvard University
Other Potential low cost, Abundant, easy to process PV Materials that possibly can be integrated into batteries
17
MIT Energy Workshop on Critical Elements for New Energy Technologies | April 29, 2010
C. Wadia, A. Alivisatos, D. Kammen, Environ. Sci. Technol 43, 2072 (2009).
Burhan Saifaddin Presentation | ENSC S-175 | August 8, 2011
Harvard University
Why have not people done yet ?! Battery Economics (and possibly current materials physics !!). However PV Integration might lead to 50% cost reduction.
Page 18 Burhan Saifaddin Presentation | ENSC S-175 | August 8, 2011
BCG report:
"Batteries for electric cars
challenges opportunities
and the outlook to 2020"
Harvard University
Current High powered Li-ion batteries will still be too expensive. New low power density battery designs are needed to commercialize the technology
Page 19 Burhan Saifaddin Presentation | ENSC S-175 | August 8, 2011
BCG report:
"Batteries for electric cars
challenges opportunities
and the outlook to 2020"
Harvard University
Batteries Economics: We need new cheap , LOW performance battery designs (No need for high performance)
Page 20 Burhan Saifaddin Presentation | ENSC S-175 | August 8, 2011
BCG report:
"Batteries for electric cars
challenges opportunities
and the outlook to 2020"
Low performance => Less battery cost
Harvard University
How much will it cost? Delivered electricity has to economically competitive with other sources of electricity without subsides 10-5 c/kWh in most places.
How long will it take?!
How will progress be measured? Proof of concept first.
Broader Impacts Criterion. Need Seed fund of 100,000 $ to build a proof of concept.
Page 21 Burhan Saifaddin Presentation | ENSC S-175 | August 8, 2011
Additional Remarks about the proposal
Harvard University
Conclusion:What is unique in this approach and why is will succeed? Potential able to reduce installed battery
connected systems by 50%. Reduce complexity of future smart grids.
Empower Solar Cells and make them more reliable. Work at night, cloud, sand , rain and in off grid locations for 247.
Reduce need for biased government regulations. Expected to reduce the installation cost of Battery
connected PV. Analogues to IC revolution By Noyce and Kilby
started in 1959.
Drawback: Increase in PV cost HOWEVER PV module cost is less than 20% of the total PV system cost.
Page 22 Burhan Saifaddin Presentation | ENSC S-175 | August 8, 2011
Harvard University
Questions
23
Burhan Saifaddin Presentation | ENSC S-175 | August 8, 2011
Harvard University
Page 24 Burhan Saifaddin Presentation | ENSC S-175 | August 8, 2011
Questions
Harvard University
Questions
25
Burhan Saifaddin Presentation | ENSC S-175 | August 8, 2011
Fierce Race to develop new PV and Batteries (not include here)
Harvard University
Average PV Installed Cost 2009
http://cleantechnica.com/ 26Burhan Saifaddin Presentation | ENSC S-175 | August 8, 2011