Integrated Science M4 terrestrial environment

Integrated ScienceIntegrated Science

Module 4 Module 4 Unit 2 Unit 2 Lesson 1 Lesson 1

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OBJECTIVES

The Biospher

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Ecosystems and Biomes

Interactions among spheres

INTRODUCTION

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OVERVIEW

• This slide presentation introduces you to the unit that looks at The Terrestrial Environment This first lesson of the unit will help you to understand the components of the biosphere and help you better understand that the components of your environment are part of the biosphere.

• In subsequent lessons, you’ll learn about soils which are important to us for crop production and the various ways that we can conserve it and keep it fertile.

• You will learn also how living things interact with the non-living parts of the biosphere, for water and various gases and contribute to the natural cycling of gases that are components of the atmosphere.

• The final lesson in this unit explores various natural disasters that can adversely affect the entire biosphere.

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OBJECTIVES

The Biospher

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INTRODUCTION

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OBJECTIVES

On completing this slide presentation, you should be able to:

•define the term ‘biosphere’.

•recall and define the term ‘environment’.

•show appreciation for the soil and the sea which are the two most important outdoor working environments in the Caribbean.

•recall the components of food-energy chains and webs as one type of interaction in the environment.

•access and share internet information and ideas while working together.

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NOTE: For some activities, you will be asked to type your responses in boxes. To do so, you must be in Slide Show View. You can enter and delete text in the box in Slide Show View.

OBJECTIVES

The Biospher

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INTRODUCTION

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1: The Biosphere

• Look carefully (again) at the cover slide… (Click the home button below to go directly to the cover slide) there’s the blue sky or atmosphere above, you’ll see water in the ocean in the distance and you’ll also see the land with its soil in which grow green plants and where humans build structures/houses and other organisms live as well.

• Look at the next slide --- You’ll also see these three areas as well.

• In both, there are three distinct yet overlapping areas, or spheres, that are a part of what we call the biosphere!

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OBJECTIVES

The Biospher

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INTRODUCTION

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So….. what is the biosphere?5

ATMOSPHERE O2, N, CO2, other

gases, water vapour, ozone, temperature

changes

HYDROSPHEREall water in rivers,

streams, oceans and seas, rain and *snow, glaciers and polar ice

caps

LITHOSPHERE layers of the Earth’s

crust, rocks, soil, mineral particles (e.g. clay, sand)

Did You Know?In recent times, some scientists have named the *Cryosphere as all the frozen parts of the Earth system, so that would include snow, sea ice, glaciers and polar ice caps!

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Fort Clarence Beach and Sea

Click “?” below each word to find out.

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The Biospher

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INTRODUCTION

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The Biosphere

• Find out more; watch this video> http://video.about.com/geography/The-Four-Earth-Spheres.htm

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The biosphere is the is the thin ‘envelope’ of soil, water and gases/air on on the Earth the Earth where life where life exists! It exists! It is the environment an organism lives in!

Image: Credit: Erle Ellis

Recall this hierarchical levels of organization into which the earth, biosphere, biomes and organisms fit.

OBJECTIVES

The Biospher

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INTRODUCTION

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The Biosphere

• The biosphere can really be thought of as a large, global ecosystem that can be broken into regional or local biomes. These two terms are often used interchangeably.

• The biosphere integrates all living beings and their relationships, including their interactions with the elements of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.

• The biosphere is our environment in which we live.

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http://www.answers.com/topic/biosphere#ixz38sspLgDg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere

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INTRODUCTION

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2: Ecosystems and Biomes

• Aquatic biomes are either….

• freshwater or salt water/marine,

• warm water or cool/cold water,

• still water (e.g. ponds, lakes) or running water (e.g. rivers and streams)

• Terrestrial biomes are either ..

• dry (deserts) or wet (swamps)

• hot or cold,

• on sloping or on level lands

• forest or non-forest

In Term 1 of Grade 10, you learned that there are differing environmental systems or ecosystems in many kinds of biomes that span the land, the oceans and seas. One useful classification divides biomes into terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.

Click this video and then check the map on the next slide > http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dTaWsFct32http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dTaWsFct32gg

OBJECTIVES

The Biospher

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INTRODUCTION

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Terrestrial Biomes

Terrestrial biomes include: (1) Forest biomes = Boreal coniferous forests or Taigas, Temperate deciduous forests, Tropical rainforests and, (2) Non-forest biomes = Grasslands, Chaparrals and Deserts.

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Tropical rain

forest

Taiga

Desert

Grassland

OBJECTIVES

The Biospher

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INTRODUCTION

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Environmental factors

Within the Biosphere are all of the many ecological systems (ecosystems) of the Earth, where all biotic elements exist and interact with the abiotic factors/components of the physical environment that form the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere.

Activity 2.1: Environmental factors

1. You learned about these components last year. Recall and name these biotic and abiotic elements/components in the box below.

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Click here for possible answers.

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The Biospher

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INTRODUCTION

XFeedback to Activity 2.1: Environmental factors

Here are two different sets of components that interact together. Discuss them with your teacher.

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AbioticAbiotic = non-living physical factors - e.g. temperature, air and wind speed, pH, rainfall/water/wave action, atmospheric gases, salinity, turbidity, sunlight, soil/geology and topography of the area.

BioticBiotic = living organisms - e.g. producers, predators, patho- gens, consumers, parasites, decomposers - both microscopic and macroscopic, living in terrestrial environments above or within the soil and also in aquatic environments, and interacting with each other and with abiotic components.

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INTRODUCTION

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Activity 2.1: Environmental factors

2. List the (A) Abiotic Factors and (B) Biotic Components that make up this ecosystem.

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Photo > http://www.panoramio.com/user/256634

Hellshire – cactus- thorn scrub; subtropical dry forest (with sea in the background right).


OBJECTIVES

The Biospher

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INTRODUCTION

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Feedback to Activity 2.1

3. List the (a) abiotic factors and (b) biotic components that make each one different.

The abiotic factors are: 1) strong sunlight thus 2) intensely high temperature is inferred; 3) = little rainfall is inferred from the fact that cactus plants grow there and from the name - ‘cactus-thorn scrub’ - plants with thorns instead of leaves, which help to conserve water; 4) = very little soil seen – mainly rocks, so it is inferred that with an absence of adequate soil, the area does not hold much water for use by plants. The above factors make it a uniquely dry type of terrestrial environment.

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OBJECTIVES

The Biospher

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INTRODUCTION

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Feedback to Activity 2.1

3. List the (a) abiotic factors and (b) biotic components that make each one different.

The Biotic components are: 1) Plants (cactus and dried, thorny Acacia at left seen if enlarged) Those two species have adaptations to limit water loss by transpiration. Also, what appears to be land-growing mangroves are present. The plants are drought-tolerant species that can adapt to respiring, carrying on nutrition, excretion and reproduction and also making food in a hot, dry terrestrial forest environment. No animals are seen in this photo, but it can be assumed that they would be mainly Arthropods (e.g. ants, beetles, spiders) and Crustaceans (perhaps crabs?) whose body have a protective shell or coverings that help them retain moisture, as well as lizards including the Iguana, perhaps some birds and small snakes.

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OBJECTIVES

The Biospher

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INTRODUCTION

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3: Interactions among spheres

" The spheres are so closely connected that a change in one sphere often results in a change in one or more of the other spheres… Such changes that take place within an ecosystem are referred to as events.

“Events can occur naturally, such as an earthquake or a hurricane, or they can be caused by humans, such as an oil spill or (water) pollution. An event can cause changes to occur in one or more of the spheres, and/or an event can be the effect of changes in one or more of Earth's four spheres.

“This two-way cause and effect relationship between an event and a sphere is called an interaction. “

Watch these videos to note some interactions >

http://www.dnatube.com/video/11618/Interaction-In-The-Biosphere

http://know.climateofconcern.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=article&id=119

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Ref. > http://www.cotf.edu/ete/ess/essmain.htmlCopyright © 1999-2003, Wheeling Jesuit University/Center for Educational Technologies®. All rights reserved.

OBJECTIVES

The Biospher

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INTRODUCTION

XActivity 3.1 - Interactions among the spheres

Question 1. There are numerous interactions that take place between the various spheres. Name the spheres in the diagram.

A

C D

B

A = Biosphere B = Hydrosphere C = Lithosphere D = Atmosphere


OBJECTIVES

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INTRODUCTION


Question 2. From the arrows in the diagram, list some interactions.

A

C D

B

1. Volcanic eruptions form bed-rocks.

2. There is biological weathering of bedrock to form soil which is used by green plants. More


OBJECTIVES

The Biospher

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INTRODUCTION


Feedback to Question 2 (cont’d)

1.Volcanic eruptions form bed-rocks.

2.There is biological weathering of bedrock to form soil which is used by green plants.

3.The cycling of water from the hydrosphere to/from the atmosphere and to/from organisms in the biosphere.

4.Gases of the atmosphere are cycled to and from the hydrosphere.

Did you recall that there can be interactions between green plants and the sun’s energy and the gases of the atmosphere during photosynthesis and respiration and between organisms via food-energy chains and web?

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OBJECTIVES

The Biospher

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INTRODUCTION


Question 3. Name one thing from each sphere of the Earth system that you interact with every day.

Question 4. How do they impact your life?

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Feedback: An example: Each day I drink a glass/box of cow’s milk, so I’m interacting – not directly - with a biotic member of the biosphere. The milk provides proteins and vitamins to keep me healthy.


OBJECTIVES

The Biospher

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INTRODUCTION

XRecalling interactions via food-energy chains and webs

You’ve already explored the important interactions within ecosystems.

Question 1. What is a food-energy chain?

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Answer to Question 1. A food chain shows the linear feeding relationships between organisms within a community. It also shows the direction in which energy is passed since energy is stored in food made by plants. The arrows point in the direction of the transfer of both food and energy, as one organism is eaten by another.

Click here for possible answer.

OBJECTIVES

The Biospher

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INTRODUCTION


Question 2. How does the chain differ from a food-energy web?

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2. A food-energy web shows that feeding interactions within a community can be quite complex because there can be several kinds of producers and also animals as consumers can occupy multiple trophic levels and different niches as herbivores, carnivores and omnivores


OBJECTIVES

The Biospher

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INTRODUCTION


Question 3. In the diagram, what do the numbers stand for?

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FeedbackThe numbers represent various trophic levels as follows:


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The Biospher

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INTRODUCTION


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Feedback to 4. The turtle as it feeds on waterweeds as well as the slug.

Qu. 5. Name the animal that is a primary, secondary and tertiary consumer.

Feedback to 5. The Kingfisher bird.

Qu. 4. In the food-energy web on slide 22, which animal is an omnivore?



OBJECTIVES

The Biospher

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INTRODUCTION


Question 6. If all of the waterweed died out, which organism would be most immediately, directly adversely affected? Why?

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The pond flies- because as a primary consumer it feeds only on water weed; other primary consumers feed on algae as well as the water weed, so they would still have food. Dragon flies and frogs would also then be affected as they feed only on pond flies, who we assume would die out from lack of food, and also snakes who also feed only on frogs. (However, in a real ecosystem, animals deprived of their main food source are likely to go elsewhere in search of food!)


OBJECTIVES

The Biospher

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INTRODUCTION

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Terrestrial working environments

Some characteristics of good working environments are:•Sufficient space available for reasonably large numbers of workers to be accommodated. •A ready supply of fresh air circulating, so there should not be problems with ventilation.•Sufficient natural lighting to allow workers to move around safely and to perform their job without having to adopt awkward positions or strain their eyes to see.•‘Comfortable’ temperature warm enough for most of the day.•Accessible water, sanitary & garbage facilities.•Resource/s available to be used in the work.•Hazards should be absent or very minimal.•Area/s for eating/refreshments/relaxation.

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OBJECTIVES

The Biospher

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INTRODUCTION

XActivity 4.1: Terrestrial working environments

• Examine each graphic on each of the next three slides. Either all or only some of them show images of the soil/land being used as outdoor working environment.

• Discuss each graphic within your small group. Identify the type of work seen, or inferred is, being done and decide and agree upon why that graphic shows a good terrestrial working environment.

• When you finish, participate in the class discussion about each image.

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OBJECTIVES

The Biospher

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INTRODUCTION

XActivity 4.1 – Working environments

Question 1. Which of the next three slides show images in which Jamaicans are using the soil as important outdoor working environments?

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The Biospher

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INTRODUCTION

XOutdoor terrestrial working environments

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A

C

C: “A hearty 75-year-old farmer in southern St. Elizabeth, Jamaica prepares his field for planting his next crop of potatoes. (Courtesy D. Campbell)

B: A cross-country practice run on farm roads - a combination of dirt, grass, marl, and sand - rather than on asphalted roads.

B

A:Picking Jamaican cherry coffee berries;

OBJECTIVES

The Biospher

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INTRODUCTION

XOutdoor terrestrial working environments

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E: Mining bauxite- rich soil;

D

F

E

D: Cattle feeding on grass

growing on the land

F: Watering corn crop growing on the land

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The Biospher

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INTRODUCTION

XActivity 4.1 – Outdoor working environment working environments

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HG

I

G. Houses in Caymanas Estate H. Devon House and grounds

I. Yams loads on a truck

OBJECTIVES

The Biospher

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INTRODUCTION

X Activity 4.1 – Working environments

Question 1. Which of the next three slides show images in which Jamaicans are using the soil as important outdoor working environments? Type your response in the box below.

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Feedback : All the slides show a terrestrial environment which is a potential outdoor working area involving the use of the soil in some way. Click the next button for additional feedback.


OBJECTIVES

The Biospher

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INTRODUCTION

X Feedback to Activity 4.1 – Working environments

Question 1. Which of the next three slides show images in which Jamaicans are using the soil as important outdoor working environments?Feedback : All the slides show a terrestrial environment which is a potential outdoor working area involving the use of the soil in some way.Photo C – definitely shows that soil is being used as an outdoor working environment, since the farmer is plowing it obviously to plant crops.A – since the women are picking cherry coffee which is rooted and grown in soil, that also shows the soil/land as an important working environment. B – it could be argued that running is not the standard work situation similar to say plowing the ground for farming. But the soil/land is important for the activity shown because the people are training for a cross-country run on actual soil/land, rather than on an indoor or asphalted surface on which running movements would impact their skeleton and muscles quite differently..Photos D, E, F – all three images show the soil/land as an important outdoor terrestrial working environment. In fact, soil is the usual material for plant growth. F actually shows mining being done in this outdoor terrestrial environment which provides mineral resources which can be obtained from the soil (lithosphere).

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OBJECTIVES

The Biospher

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INTRODUCTION

XFeedback to Activity 4.1 – Working environments

Question 1. Which of slides you viewed shows an environment which, currently , people can use as outdoor working environments?

Photo G - shows a terrestrial environment in which road works and building of houses could be done and both involve use of/interaction with soil.

Photo H - Devon House provides a terrestrial, outdoor working environment. People can work there as gardeners, tour guides etc. for this historic property, and there is space for selling refreshments/snacks, craft items etc. and using the grounds for study areas and craft fairs.

Photo I - A yam crop that was grown in soil is shown loaded on a truck. Their growth provides work both directly and indirectly, e.g. working environments would have been for farmers to plant and dig yams. Others work to clean the yams and pack them for trucking to be sent for packaging, inspection and export.

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The Biospher

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INTRODUCTION

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End of Activities

• You have reached the end of the slides and activities.

• If you wish to review any of the concepts in this lesson, go to the first slide and click on the subtopic.

• If you have finished viewing the slides, click the Close (X) button.

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OBJECTIVES

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INTRODUCTION

XCREDITS Images were Retrieved on-line November 2012

• Charles Hall, (Lead Author);Judith S. Weis (Topic Editor) "Ecology". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth August 3, 2010; Last revised Date July 30, 2012; Retrieved January 22, 2013 http://www.eoearth.org/article/Ecology

• http://ann2.vicp.cc/jqf.html• http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/jm/jm-nbsap-01-p4-en.pdf• © 2012; Camille Roberts, Jamaica• http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/299716/Jamaica/54500/Resources-and-power• http://www.natgeoeducationvideo.com/film/1222/biosphere• http://video.about.com/geography/The-Four-Earth-Spheres.htm

http://geography.about.com/od/physicalgeography/a/fourspheres.htm • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJ6VtduDSyY&feature=related • Erle Ellis: Retrieved from > http://www.eoearth.org/article/Ecology• http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/jm/jm-nbsap-01-p4-en.pdf• http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/299716/Jamaica/54500/Resources-and-power• http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20120605/news/news1.html• Image modified from > http://www.csun.edu/science/books/sourcebook/chapters/8-organizing/files/earth-systems-interactions.html

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Integrated Science M4 terrestrial environment

Education

Transcript of Integrated Science M4 terrestrial environment