Integrated Pest ManagementIPMIPM is a sustainable approach to managing pests through biological, cultural, physical and chemical tools in a way that minimizes risks to the community.

To understand this concept, it is important to understand the environmental variables around us.

What are the variables in your environment?Integrated Pest ManagementIPM

A typical home garden has more pesticides (acre for acre) on it than a farmers field

TRUE or FALSE

A typical home garden has more pesticide (acre for acre) in it than a farmers field

TRUE or FALSE

TRUE or FALSEIf a pesticide is natural, it can not harm you.

TRUE or FALSEIf a pesticide is natural it can not harm you.

TRUE or FALSESince most insects are harmful they should be removed from your yard.

TRUE or FALSESince most insects are harmful they should be removed from your yard.

Beneficial or not considered to be pests(> 99%)Less than 1%Considered to be pestsOf all insect species in the world

A) Inactive produce marketsB) Integrated pest managementC) Insects pests and molesD) Industrial pesticide makers

IPM stands for

Inactive produce marketsIntegrated pest managementInsects pests and molesIndustrial pesticide makers

IPM stands for:

What is IPM???IPM (integrated pest management)is a sustainable approach to managing pests by combining biological, chemical, cultural, and physical toolsin a way that minimizes economic, health, and environmental risks.From: Anonymous. 1994 Integrated Pest Management Practices in 1991 Fruits and Nuts, RTD Updates: Pest Management, USDA-ERS, 8pp.

What is a Pest?A plant or animal that is out of placeThis includes: Diseases, Weeds,Arthropods, Reptiles, Mammals, etc.

Is this a pest?

Is this a pest?That depends if its in your garden or your house?

Does this person have a pest problem?

Does this person have a pest problem?Depends on the threshold of damage they will put up with

Biological control

Chemical control

Cultural control

Physical control

Pest management toolbox

Biological ControlThe use of living organisms to control pestsPredatorsParasitesPathogens

PredatorsKill many preyoften generalists rather than specialists200,000 species

PredatorsLady Beetle eating an Aphid

PredatorsA spider mite feeding on a pest, two spotted spider mite

PredatorsPredaceous stink bug piercing caterpillar

Predators

Predators

Predators

PredatorsGeneral RuleBiggerBadderFewerFasterlong legged fly eating an aphidAbove: syrphid fly on daisyBelow: syrphid fly eating an aphid

CompleteMetamorphosisEGGLARVAPUPAADULT

Lady BirdBeetle

PredatorsLacewing larvae ready to feed on aphidsLacewing eggsAdult Lacewing

Simple Metamorphosis

Biological ControlThe use of living organisms to control pestsPredatorsParasitoidsPathogens

ParasitoidsUnlike parasites which usually have multiple hosts and do not kill their prey, parasitoids are all host specific and always kill their prey.

Parasitoidsparasitoid wasp ovipositing its eggs into fly larvae.beet armyworm with exit hole from parasitoid wasp

Parasitoids

Parasites

Very specializedDevelop from eggs laid in or on hostvery stealthy and often smallleave a trail of bodiesHealthy aphidsParasitized aphidsParasitoids

Aphid Mummies

Parasite

A Phorid fly egg hatches and migrates to the ants head, where it releases chemicals which decapitate the host

Biological ControlThe use of living organisms to control pestsPredatorsParasitesPathogens

PathogensUsually very specific

leave a trail of bodies

may take a few days to provide control (lag time)

kill, reduce reproduction, reduce insect health

Pathogens usually advertised as naturally occurring insect diseases caused by bacteriaprotozoaviruses and fungi

BTNosema

Chemical controlShould be used as a last resort and with the lowest impact on natural enemies and YOU!

Pest Management Prior to the 2nd World War Several Approaches

Manual and physical control methodsCultural controlBiological control4. Chemical control (metal & plant derivatives)

Pest Management After World War 2

Development of nerve gasesdiscovered to be insecticidal

Discovery of synthetic, organic insecticidesOrganochlorines (DDT - wide spectrumOPs (parathion) Carbamates

Widespread Use of Pesticides (1945 - 1980)

By 1980, more than 900 registered insecticides Insecticides were a popular choice for pest management because they were:a. Cheapb. Effective in small quantitiesc. Persistentd. Broad spectrume. Easy to usef. Fit in calendar spray schedules

Result of widespread insecticide use

Suppression of target pests (at one time, up to 98% reduction) from single application.

Not all Pesticides were created equal

Those not compatible with biological control

OrganochloridesOrganophosphatesCarbamatesPyrethroids

Others are compatible with biological control

Insect growth regulatorsmicrobialsbotanicalsoils/soapattractants/ repellants

What makes a pesticide compatible?Selectivityresidual activitytime, rate, and place where sprayed

IGRsBotanicalsRepellantsOils/Soaps

Compatibility Chart

CULTURAL CONTROLDisease Resistant Varieties can help Minimize pressure from pests and pathogens

CULTURAL CONTROLUse pest free plantsUse resistant varietiesDestroy refuse

Cultural Methods: fertilization watering, pruning, sanitation, etc. Grow healthy plants:

Stressed plants are generally more susceptible to pest attack

Physical controlThis can be labor intensive and time consuming

Physical controlAnd dont forget about the environmentally friendly, SQUASHING method of insect control

Where do I get natural enemies and other aspects of biological control?Buy it

Preserve what you have

Purchasing natural enemies?TipsID your problem insectOrder from a reputable supplierlife cyclewhen to releasehow many to release

REMEMBER the market is NOT regulated by the government a buyer beware market

Companies that sell natural enemiesIn FloridaFlorikanEcoSolutionsOutside FloridaIPM LaboratoriesBeneficial InsectaryKoppertRincon-Vitova InsectariesGardens Alive

How to help the good bugs.Reduce your pesticide use, and only use softer pesticidesLearn to ID the good from the badUse flowers in your garden that attract natural enemiesprovide pollen/nectarprovide shelter/shade

Flowers that attract the good guysDillFennelQueen Annes laceEchinacea (coneflower)SunflowerTansyVetchMustardsLupineCilantro (coriander)Gaillardia (blanketflower)MilkweedsGoldenrodFava BeanAlfalfaCloverParsley

And Scouting

.

SCOUTINGfavorable conditionssigns of the pestsdamagefrassthe actual pestsigns of natural enemies

*Todays objectives:To teach you what IPM is and explain some practical ways you can use itThis can be an intimidating topic but today we will revisit topics that you already KNOW, since IPM makes logical sense. You are probably already doing a lot of IPM compatible activities in your yard.Whether you are useful with your knowledge is up to you.Lets start with some true false questionsTRUEHomeowners spend 11 billion each year on pesticides (this includes both raid and pesticides for the garden)

gardeners spend about of their expenditures on pesticides and the other on plants.

***FALSERemember many natural products (castor beans, cocain, ect) are harmful. In fact, many of those home remedies that you hear about on TV are not 100% safe. While tobacco is an effective insecticide it can also be harmful to you if absorbed into your skin.*FALSE

*In fact a majority of insects (99%) are not harmful in any way shape or form. Many insects are beneficial in that they eat or parasitize our pests.

Cartoon- Mrs. Preying mantis is trying to take her kids as a deduction which she has already eaten.

Note- Preying mantises are well known for being cannibalistic. This is why it is not a good idea to buy them because by the end of the summer no matter how many you start off with only one will be left in your yard.

Imager from Integrated Pest Management - An Introduction (short version) (13.3 MB) - Thomas Weissling, Ft. Lauderdale REC .. http://presentations.ifas.ufl.edu/

cartoon from www.offthemark.com/corrections/ corrections.htm

**The idea of something being a pest changes from person to person. We know that some people are afraid of ALL insects (entomophobia) and do not discern between the good and bad. However, you should take the time to learn who are the good guys and the bad guys. **Remember that the simple presence of a pest does not make for a pest problem. An individual insect does not eat much; insects have to be numerous enough that they eat so much of our plants to prevent our gardens from yielding the harvest (or flowers) we expect. If anyone here is from up north, you know about the problem with the multi-colored Asian lady beetles. Although the lady beetles are good guys (they eat aphids, scales, and other soft bodied insects) in the winter they congregate in warm places, ie. Peoples homes. Homes can become infested with 1000s of ladybeetles. In fact the record swarm is 100,000. It is usually best to vacuum them up since the ladybeetles can emit a foul odor if you squish them. **Most of us are too critical ofour lawns. Studies show that people over estimate damage on their own plants when compared with others yards. One of the most important concepts in IPM is that you are willing to live with some level of damage. While this level may be low, some damage is still tolerable. You do not need to pull out the sprays for every single bug and weed you see.

We have high expectations for our plants. We want them to have beautiful flowers and foliage, sometimes we want to eat their fruit, leaves, and roots. Varieties are often selected because of appearance or size and color of fruit and leaves, rather than their resistance to insects. Fertilizing will help your plants grow faster and look more beautiful on the outside but can sometimes make them weaker and more susceptible. It is important to have a balance between our expectations and reality.

And remember, grass itself can be a weed if it ends up in your flower garden.

*

Spiders are one of the best predators out there. All spiders are predators!cartoon fromhttp://www.wordscapes.net/_private/fs16.gif

*Instead of going through slide after slide of good insects, we will talk about what are some of the characteristics of predators. You already know lots of natural enemies. For example, if you did not know this was a preying mantis, what are some clues that would tell you that it is a predatorWhat makes you think it wants to eat other things??Grabbing armsbig teethbig forward facing eyes

Look at its arms, they are called raptorial arms; meaning they can grab prey.

*This is a lady beetle eating an aphid (not all ladybeetles are the characteristic red and black)So if you saw this scene happening on a leaf, what would help to clue you into who is the good guy and who is the pest???Numbers- There are 3 aphids and only 1 ladybeetle. Pests tend to occur in high numbers while there are generally only a few predators. It is very rare that you will see an outbreak of predators.The ladybeetle is eating the aphid. Dont forget the obvious. Take some time to observe what is going on in your yard. *This is a predaceous spider mite feeding on another spider mite that is a pest. Notice the predator is bigger than his prey. It is important to remember that small insects can also be predators, they are just the predators of the even smaller pests.Clue #2- dont forget the obvious, it is actively feeding.

A problem when you spray miticides is that they often kill almost all of the predaceous spider mites and only some of the pest mites. So over time you run the risk of your pest spider mites building up resistance to miticides. To compound this problem, you have also managed to kill off their natural control, the predaceous spider mites. *This is a predaceous stink bug sucking the juices out of a caterpillar. Predators dont only attack the adult stage they can attack any life stage of an insect. In fact there is often a predator for each stage of life an insect will go through. Stinkbugs can be tricky. Some stink bugs are plant pests and some are good. While there is no hard and fast rule for telling. Good stink bugs tend to have spines on their shoulders. and as always you can always tell when the stinkbug is actually feeding on another insect. *Social insects are usually predators (ants, wasps).This brings us to another rule of thumb, predators tend to be fast hunters. A paper wasp can devour a caterpillar and most everyone has seen a mound of fire ants devouring caterpillars and other insects. However, they can become pests if they are not where you want them, it all comes back to perspective.

Image from home.att.net/~larvalbugbio/ wasppaper.jpg

*Earwigs are an example of an insect that eats both insects and plants. Sometimes earwigs may harm the roots of young plants, yet most of the time, they are considered more beneficial than harmful.

*Spiders are all predators.*Left picture- long legged fly eating an aphidright picture - Syrphid fly (or hover, or flower fly) larvae eating aphids (that is an adult syrphid fly in the corner. The syrphid fly brings up an important point. With insects, often the immature and the adult do not look alike, in fact they dont even look related.

*Many insects under go complete metamorphosis. That is, they have 4 life stages; an egg, a larva, a pupa, and an adult. With this type of metamorphosis, often times the larva and the adult look nothing alike. Sometimes it is more important for you to know how to identify the larva since it may cause more damage (think of caterpillars which are the larva or moths and butterflies). Sometimes the adult stage is more important. This type of metamorphosis is seen in beetles, flies, wasps, and butterflies.The picture above is of a C-shaped white grub, which many people have problems with in turf. This grows up to be a June beetle.

Slides from Dr. Eileen Buss*While most of you know that this is a ladybeetle (the yellow things are ladybeetle eggs). Can anyone identify this next insect CLICK MOUSEThis is a ladybeetle larva and in fact this is the stage of the insect that does most of the feeding. Next time you notice aphids on your plants turn them over to see if any of these small orange and black insects are dining on aphids. In fact if anyone has ever purchased aphids from a garden store they have probably been less than pleased with the results. The problem is that in the winters adult ladybeetle congregate on mountains out west. People then go out to the mountains to collect the ladybeetle, store them in the fridge for the rest of the winter and then distribute them to garden store for sale that spring. The problem is that when these ladybeetles wake up, they want to migrate back out West and dont particularly care about sticking around your yard to eat pests. If you are going to purchase ladybeetle it is better to buy them in the larva stage, not only are they hungrier, but they cant fly and will stick around your garden for at least a few weeks until they pupateCLICK MOUSE- this is a lady beetle pupa.

*Have you ever seen these stalked eggs on the undersides of a leaf. They are lacewings eggs, which is an important beneficial insects. As a larva it consumes vast amounts of soft bodied insects.

*

Another type of metamorphosis is simple metamorphosis. In simple metamorphosis, the young insect looks very similar to the adult except that it does not have wings. Think of cockroaches or grasshoppers.

Slide from Dr. Eileen Buss*

cartoon fromhttp://www.wordscapes.net/_private/fs16.gif

*

In fact this is a wasp who is laying her eggs inside of a caterpillar. As these eggs grow and mature they will eventually hatch and feed off of the caterpillar, killing it.

http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/k7659-1i.jpg*Here is a step by step look at parasitism. This a parasitic fly who is parasitizing a house fly pupa. First she locates her host (A house fly pupa). Only female insects are capable of Parasitism, as only the female insects can lay eggs. CLICK MOUSEShe then inserts her ovipositor into the pupa. While it may look like a stinger it is only for laying eggs. It does not have venom or muscles to sting. Then her eggs develop and hatch devouring the pupaCLICK MOUSEHere we see a parasitic wasp emerging from an Aphid.*There is a parasite out there for every stage of an insects life. For example this saddle back caterpillar probably has a parasite that parasitizes its eggs, as a caterpillar, and probably another parasite that affects it as a pupa. If you ever see a caterpillar or other insects in your yard that look like they have small eggs attached to their backs or on top of their heads leave them alone. These are the parasites doing their work.

Below is a picture of a caterpillar being devoured by hatching parasites.

image from Woody Pest CDwoodypest.ifas.ufl.edu/ images/slide41.jpg

*This is a picture of parasitised aphids. Healthy milkweed aphids are yellow. However there are a number of off colored parasitized aphids (the red color). These aphids will not live long.

Parasites tend to be very specialized as mentioned earlier. There is often a parasite for each life stage of an insect. Also, unlike a predator which eat their prey and dont leave evidence behind, parasites leave behind a trail of bodies.

Image/slide from Good and Bad Bugs in Your Garden (12.3 MB) - Thomas Weissling, Ft. Lauderdale REC (revised July 2000) http://presentations.ifas.ufl.edu/*For example these are aphid mummies. They are left behind after a wasp emerges. You can see the adult female wasp laying her eggs inside an aphid. When her young hatch they leave an escape hole which you can often see if you look carefully. If you see these mummies it is a sign you have some natural biological control going on in your yard.

*MOST parasites are either flies (Right picture) or small wasps (left). In a study published in the April 5th issue of Nature, the researchers report that Ormia ochracea, a parasitic fly measuring less than one centimeter in length, can determine the direction of a sound within a range of two degrees - a feat previously ascribed to only keen-eared owls, cats and humans. "Their sense of hearing is remarkable because their ears are so close together that directional hearing would be impossible in any other animal. Most flies have no sense of hearing at all, explains Mason. But Ormia is a specialist at locating singing crickets, on which they deposit tiny larvae that grow into large maggots by eating the crickets from the inside out. Ormia can detect singing crickets using a unique set of eardrums that are located behind the head as reported in Science by Hoy and his post doctoral fellow, Daniel Robert in 1992

Image 1 from U of Toronto www.newsandevents.utoronto.ca/ bin2/010404a.asp Image 2 from www.agr.okstate.edu/alfalfa/images/ insects/para-wasp.jpg

*Who knows about the Phorid fly?? This is a fly being released by the University of Florida to control fire ants. When the flies are out foraging the fly lays her egg inside the head of the ant. This paralyzes the ant and eventually the developing fly larva causes the head of the ant to fall off (and of coarse the ant dies) and the fly emerges.SO why isnt it working? Well it is. The fly is changing the habit of fire ants by making them less brazen foraging for food and this causes stress upon the colony since they dont forage as much. However this parasite was never introduced as the silver bullet to end fire ants. It may be causing a 1-2% reduction in fire ants. But when only 2,000 of the 100,000 fire ants in your front yard die, most people arent very impressed. The phorid fly is a small part of the strategy, but each little bit helps. Since the fire ant is an invasive (its from South America), its natural parasites had to be brought here. But dont worry the phorid fly is very specific, it doesnt even bother the native fire ants..

Slide/Image from Good and Bad Bugs in Your Garden (12.3 MB) - Thomas Weissling, Ft. Lauderdale REC (revised July 2000) http://presentations.ifas.ufl.edu/*

cartoon fromhttp://www.wordscapes.net/_private/fs16.gif

*While some insects are vectors for human diseases, the pathogens that are detrimental to insects are not known to afflict humans.

This caterpillar is infected with the Beauveria fungus, which is a naturally occurring fungus that freezes it in place and sometimes leaves it in a standing up position.

You can make a tea out of this disease. In South America a Brazilian farmer collected infected caterpillars and crushed them up and made a tea out of them. He then sprayed this on their plants. This tea infected all the caterpillars on his plants, so he passed the tea to his friends and the disease spread through his community

Image from Integrated Pest Management - An Introduction (long version) (18.7 MB) - Thomas Weissling, Ft. Lauderdale REC . http://presentations.ifas.ufl.edu/*BT- (Also known by the name Dipel) only kills caterpillars. It is active for short periods. The caterpillar must ingest the BT, so it does not harm beneficial insects since they do not consume the leaves. There are other varieties of BT that kill grubs and beetles. You typically want to use BT within a year of purchase since heat and time break down pesticides

Nosema is used for grasshopper control. However with both Nosema and BT it is important to remember that the life stage matters. They both work well on smaller insects.

You can also buy beneficial nematodes to control mole crickets, grubs and other problems. These nematodes are completely different than root knot nematodes and will not harm your plants.

Image1 from fertile gardenwww.fertilegarden.com/ photos/Image25-L.jpg Image2 from from www.gardensalive.com

*www.claybennett.com/images/archivetoons/ pesticides.jpg

*Image/Slide fromIntegrated Pest Management - An Introduction (long version) (18.7 MB) - Thomas Weissling, Ft. Lauderdale REC http://presentations.ifas.ufl.edu/*Image/Slide fromIntegrated Pest Management - An Introduction (long version) (18.7 MB) - Thomas Weissling, Ft. Lauderdale REC http://presentations.ifas.ufl.edu/*Image/Slide fromIntegrated Pest Management - An Introduction (long version) (18.7 MB) - Thomas Weissling, Ft. Lauderdale REC http://presentations.ifas.ufl.edu/**Image/Slide fromIntegrated Pest Management - An Introduction (long version) (18.7 MB) - Thomas Weissling, Ft. Lauderdale REC http://presentations.ifas.ufl.edu/*Image/Slide fromIntegrated Pest Management - An Introduction (long version) (18.7 MB) - Thomas Weissling, Ft. Lauderdale REC http://presentations.ifas.ufl.edu/*Image/Slide fromIntegrated Pest Management - An Introduction (long version) (18.7 MB) - Thomas Weissling, Ft. Lauderdale REC http://presentations.ifas.ufl.edu/*Image/Slide fromIntegrated Pest Management - An Introduction (long version) (18.7 MB) - Thomas Weissling, Ft. Lauderdale REC http://presentations.ifas.ufl.edu/*Image/Slide fromIntegrated Pest Management - An Introduction (long version) (18.7 MB) - Thomas Weissling, Ft. Lauderdale REC http://presentations.ifas.ufl.edu/*Organochlorides- DDTOrganophosphates (orthene, diazanone)Carbamates (sevin, Dilox)Pyrethriods (Sifluthron, permethrin)

Informaion from ACORN publication(purdue)

*Remember NE have slower generation time than pests bc of their size and such

image from www.communityipm.com*Dimilin\chitin inhibitor, you have to eat it for it to bother you, stay around for a while.

Image 1 from Agrsol www.agrospol.cz/img/pripravky/ dimilin.gifImage 2 from Bioconnet www.biconet.com/botanicals/ NeemPlus.htmlImage 3 from Med Pest and Supply www.medpest.com/insect.htmImage 4 from BioCon www.biconet.com/botanicals/ ashdso.html Image 5 from BioCOn www.biconet.com/ flyers/gb.htmlImage 6 from Florida Chemical www.floridachemical.com/ Default.htm

*Chart from Michigan Sate Extension Publication Natural Enenmies I Your Gardfen: A Homeowners Guide to Biological Control.

Image from mc2.cchem.berkeley.edu/ modules/pesticide/

*You may have heard of heirloom varieties in tomato. Debate on whether you should use hybrids or heirloom varieties. Should we conserve heirloom varieties? Sometimes these have resistance built in and sometimes they dont. Disease resistance is very important in Florida

*Image/Slide fromIntegrated Pest Management - An Introduction (long version) (18.7 MB) - Thomas Weissling, Ft. Lauderdale REC http://presentations.ifas.ufl.edu*Increase soil organic matter, make sure your plants are healthy below and above ground. *remember to remove insect and weeds. Weeds can compete for water, light and nutrients.Some weeds may attract beneficial insectssome provide N to soil or serve as cover crop (clover in your yard)

Floating row covers - insect fences which are light enough to minimize an increase in temperature. They are good for flying insects not so good for soil born insects or plants that require pollination by insects or wind

Image 2 from www.iicd-volunteer.org/Programs/ Images/Nicaragua/Hoeing.jpgImage 2 from www.gardensalive.com*remember to remove insect and weeds. Weeds compete for water, light and nutrients.Some attract beneficial insectssome provide N to soil or serve as cover crop (clover in your yard)

Image 2 from www.iicd-volunteer.org/Programs/ Images/Nicaragua/Hoeing.jpgImage 2 from www.gardensalive.com*Focus on what you have before you go out and buy things*Many companies buy adult lady bugs collected in the mountains. The beetles attempt to navigate back to the mountains and may carry parasites. Remember that there is usually a parasite for every insect including the good guys. You dont want to introduce a parasite into your system that eats your good guys.

You need to figure out which aphid, scale you have because sometimes the control is different. Especially if you are dealing with parasites (remember they are very specific). A good reputable supplier should be able to help you with this. Do the natural enemies take care of ALL aphids or just certain ones.

**1. Reduce the rate/ frequesncy of pesticide applications, try spot treating or simply removing infested plants. Stop treating minor pestsUse selective pesticides such as microbialsUse an economic threshold and remember to consider your natural enemy mortality rate.

2. Learn to ID signs and symptoms of diseased and parasitized insects, try keeping a garden diary

3. Polycultures offer more diversity and may reduce pest pressure as opposed to monocultures. Experiment with your garden to find out what works best!!

cartoon from www.cookiescreations.com/.../ cartoon/Ladybug72.jpg

*Think about when problems arise in your garden, try to plant flowers that will bloom during or right before that problem. This will allow the beneficial insects to establish themselves in the garden and have an extra supply of food if they eat all the problem pests.

**