Integrated management of aflatoxins in groundnuts

Ranajit Bandyopadhyay, IITA-NigeriaFen Beed, IITA-TanzaniaPeter Cotty, USDA-ARS

Kola Masha, Doreo Partners

Breakout Session 4 on Food SecurityScience Forum 2013

Nutrition and health outcomes: targets for agricultural research, Bonn, Germany, 23‒25 September 2013

Elements of Integrated Management• Awareness – entire range of value chain actors• Advocacy – continental (PACA), regional, national, investors• Technology• Training – farmers, transporters, traders, regulators, consumers• Policies – standards, harmonization, trade• Institutions – regulators, markets, testing, private sector• Trade / Markets – food/feed processors, poultry/fish industry• Public good – home consumption; urban and rural markets;

WFP, HGSF

Agriculture Based Prevention of Aflatoxin-related Food Security and Health Effects

• Pre-harvest– Resistant cultivars, if available– Biological control, e.g., aflasafe– Irrigation and water conservation practices

• Post-harvest– Sorting– Insect control– Improved drying and storage– Food/feed processing methods– Alternative uses including blending

• Aflatoxin is a hidden problem• Chemical analysis required• Awareness is low• Long incubation for expression of health impacts• Regulations either non-existent or poorly enforced• Market does not usually discriminate• Demonstration of product value – health & income• Lack of biopesticide manufacturers• Too many components in integrated management

– some are not special for aflatoxin management

Risks / Challenges

Dr Akin Adesina

Policy Statement: Honourable Minister of Agriculture, Nigeria

“All parties involved, led by IITA and the government, have critical roles to ensure that Aflasafe treated food crops are successfully introduced into the market in the next 5 years”

Strategic Plan to Drive Sustainability Leverage Strong Regulatory Enforcement to Sustain Premium Market for Aflasafe maize

8

1Year

2 3 4 5

PACA and Pull MechanismGenerate Supply of Cost Effective Low

Aflatoxin Maize

Enforce Regulatory Policy

Enable Market Forces to Drive Sustainability

Promote Health Awareness to Value

Chain Actors

Policy: Build Regulators Capacity

Policy: Develop

regulatory framework

Policy: Phased in regulatory enforcement mechanism

Market Forces

Health Awareness: Farmer Focus

Health Awareness: Industry Focus

Health Awareness: End Consumer

1

2

3

4

Pilot Implementation• Value chain-centric: Farmers’

interest as the foundation of the action

• Action-oriented: Using practical methods to actively solve problems, not just talking about ideas, plans, or theories

• Innovation platform: problem solving through actors working regularly together to address issues and common challenges.

www.iita.orgA member of CGIAR consortium

Markets for Aflasafe

Doreo Partner analysis

Poultry industry

Export-oriented aggregators

Food processors

Large commercial farmers

Smallholder farmers

Market based

• Poultry feed

• Premium food market

AgResults (Incentive-cum-market based)

Growth Enhancement Scheme?

mar

ket

dem

and

fo

r A

flas

afe

• 60% maize consumed by farmers• 40% sold in the market

Innovation Platform• Platform meetings with

leadership and members of Poultry Association of Nigeria, feed manufacturers, maize aggregators, aflasafe farmers, vet professionals and regulators

• Poultry farmers to buy all aflasafe maize at a negotiated premium

• Agriculture ministry to fund NAFDAC to set up aflatoxin testing facilities in each state

www.iita.orgA member of CGIAR consortium

Willingness to Pay

www.iita.orgMycored Europe, 28 May, 2013A member of CGIAR consortium

$0 $3 - $6 $6 -$9 $9 - $12 $12 - $15 $15 - $19 $20 0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100% 100%99%

83%

60%

25%19%

34% 31%

18%12%

5% 4%

Farmers who have used Aflasafe (n=246) Farmers who have not used Aflasafe (n=119)

Target Farm Gate Price Range

• All prior-users willing to pay; almost 50% non-users willing to pay• Prior-users willing to pay more than non-users Source: G. Okpachu & T. Abdoulaye

Farm gate price: $15.6/ha

www.iita.orgA member of CGIAR consortium

Aflasafe Plan & Plant

Capacity: 5 tons/hour

www.iita.orgA member of CGIAR consortium

Product TypesNational Products

Products ready for registration

Products under testing

Strain development in progress

Aflasafe-NigeriaTM

Aflasafe-SenegalTM

Aflasafe-KenyaTM etc…Aflasafe-WestTM

Aflasafe-EastTM

Aflasafe-SouthTM

Regional Products

SenegalMali

Burkina

Ghana

Nigeria

Kenya

Tanzania

Mozambique

Zambia

Likelihood of success

• Has the potential of reducing aflatoxin levels by up to 95% or more

• Biocontrol by itself can reduce toxin levels by more than 80%

• Other technical approaches can perform supportive functions

BUT• Success will be determined how well policy

and institutional frameworks are implemented

Partners• Who is, needs to be, involved to make this research get to

scale

Return on Investment• Nigeria and Senegal major groundnut exporters in

1960s. Compliance has economic incentives• Senegal:.• Increased export volume and price differential would

annually add $281 million value to groundnut export.• For confectionary groundnut, adherence to Good

Management Practices would increase export value by US$ 45 million annually.

• Best quality exported; poorer quality consumed domestically.

• Biocontrol: ROI – 5 to 25 times for cancer reduction. 167,000 DALYs could be saved.

• More work needed

World Bank; Mbaye (2004)

Peanut

Maize

Coffee

Cocoa

Groundnut Pyramids in Nigeria during 1960s

Pyramids in Egypt?

Punch Line• Impact of aflatoxins have several development dimensions:

– post-harvest losses, nutrition, health, crops, livestock, fish, trade, markets, policies, institutions and politics

• Reduction of aflatoxin will improve human health, increase farm income, improve profitability of animal industries, increase regional and international trade, and reputation of African products in global markets