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Emergency VehicleOperation and

Control

Instructor Manual

Wisconsin Department of JusticeLaw Enforcement Standards Board

June 2007


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June 20072

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Many people have contributed to the writing of this manual. The Training and

Standards Bureau, Wisconsin Department of Justice gratefully acknowledges thededication of the Patrol Procedures Advisory Committee, which has worked longand hard to revise the content of earlier manuals and develop new content for thepresent guide. The current members of the Committee are

Designated Representatives

Jeff Pettis, Sheriffs RepresentativeTom Winscher, Chiefs RepresentativeClark Pagel, Wisconsin Technical College SystemDarrell Hill, Wisconsin State Patrol

Craig Henry and Chance Bamba, Milwaukee Police DepartmentCarol Curfman, Milwaukee County Sheriffs OfficeSherri Strand, Madison Police DepartmentStephanie Pederson, Training and Standards Bureau (Chair)

Practitioners

Monica Barman, Sun Prairie Police DepartmentBruce Buchholtz, Platteville Police DepartmentSteven D. Hausner, Burlington Police DepartmentRobert Lawrence, La Crosse Police Department

Richard Nichols, Lafayette County Sheriffs OfficeDeanna Reilly, Madison Police DepartmentTom Witczak, Fox Valley Technical College

Emeritus (non-voting) Members

Colleen BelongeaJon GutzmanTimothy HufschmidJay IdingEd JankeMark KelseyBernie KocherDave MattheisenRobert MillerWayne MisenerMike Murray


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.....................................................................................2TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................3INSTRUCTIONAL TOPICS...................................................................................4COMPETENCIES AND PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES.....................................5INSTRUCTOR OVERVIEW ..................................................................................7

INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................7TEACHING TOOLS.................................................................................................8TRAINING TIPS .....................................................................................................9

TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION AND THE CONTEXT OF LAW ENFORCEMENTDRIVING.............................................................................................................13

LESSON 1-1:THE CONTEXT OF LAW ENFORCEMENT DRIVING ..................................13TOPIC 2: PATROL OPERATION........................................................................19

LESSON 2-1:VEHICLE INSPECTION.......................................................................19LESSON 2-2:DRIVER PREPARATION ....................................................................25LESSON 2-3:BASIC PATROL DRIVING OPERATIONS................................................31LESSON 2-4: VEHICLE DYNAMICS..........................................................................37

TOPIC 3: EMERGENCY VEHICLE RESPONSE................................................43LESSON 3-1: LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS ..................................................................43LESSON 3-2THE STRESS RESPONSE...................................................................53LESSON 3-3VEHICLE DYNAMICS AT HIGH SPEEDS.................................................59LESSON 3-4SPECIAL TOPICS ..............................................................................65

TOPIC 4: PURSUIT DRIVING ............................................................................71LESSON 4-1LEGAL AND POLICY ISSUES ...............................................................71LESSON 4-2CONDUCTING THE PURSUIT ..............................................................83LESSON 4-3PURSUIT DRIVING ............................................................................93LESSON 4-4OPTIONS TO STOP..........................................................................103


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INSTRUCTIONAL TOPICS

TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION AND THE CONTEXT OF LEGAL DRIVING

TOPIC 2: PATROL OPERATION

Lesson 2-1: Vehicle InspectionLesson 2-2: Driver PreparationLesson 2-3: Basic Patrol Driving OperationsLesson 2-4: Vehicle Dynamics

TOPIC 3: EMERGENCY VEHICLE RESPONSE

Lesson 3-1: Legal ConsiderationsLesson 3-2: The Stress ResponseLesson 3-3: Vehicle Dynamics at High SpeedsLesson 3-4: Special Topics

TOPIC 4: PURSUIT DRIVING

Lesson 4-1: Legal and Policy IssuesLesson 4-2: Conducting the PursuitLesson 4-3: Pursuit DrivingLesson 4-4: Options to Stop


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Instructor Overview

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COMPETENCIES AND LEARNINGOBJECTIVES

In this course, students will learn the legal basis and limitations on the use ofnon-emergency and emergency driving, basic patrol operation, emergencyvehicle response, and pursuit driving. Emergency vehicle operation and control(EVOC) techniques are psychomotor skills, which means that they involve boththe brain and muscles. For that reason, students will spend much of the time inEVOC on the driving range practicing the techniques required for on the jobperformance.

Competencies and Performance Objectives

1. Inspect the vehicle and place a patrol vehicle into service at the beginning ofa shift.

1.1 Distinguish among the various types of law enforcement driving.

1.2 Identify parts of the patrol vehicle and the associated equipment thatneed to be inspected prior to placing a patrol vehicle in to operation.

1.3 Conduct driver preparation steps that need to be taken prior to placing apatrol vehicle in to operation.

2. Apply proper driving strategies and techniques for basic patrol operation of avehicle.

2.1 Identify driving strategies used in basic patrolling.

2.2 Identify techniques for steering, backing, cornering and braking.

2.3 Identify the role that multi-tasking, weather, road conditions, nightdriving, and fatigue play in normal patrol driving.

2.4 Identify methods to maintain control of the vehicle in situations of rapidair loss in a tire (tire blow out) and off road recovery.

2.5 Demonstrate driving techniques in simulated conditions.


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3. Describe the legal and policy considerations surrounding law enforcementdriving, including normal patrol operations, emergency response, and pursuitdriving.

3.1 Identify and interpret the laws related to officer non-emergency and

emergency driving.

3.2 Describe the legal issues surrounding a silent emergency response.

4. Describe safety factors and vehicle dynamics involved in emergency driving,and apply proper emergency driving techniques.

4.1 Identify the effects of increased speed on steering, braking, andcornering.

4.2 Describe possible citizen responses to emergency lights and sirens.

4.3 Identify route selection issues that effect emergency driving.

4.4 Identify radio use issues that influence emergency driving.

4.5 Demonstrate emergency driving techniques in simulated conditions.

5. Identify the legal, policy, and safety considerations in initiating, conducting,and terminating pursuits, including options to stop subject vehicles.

5.1 Identify how disturbance resolution applies to emergency vehicleoperation.

5.2 Define pursuit as it relates to law enforcement.

5.3 Identify legal and policy issues related to pursuits.

5.4 Describe the responsibilities and requirements of pursuit driving.

5.5 Identify the conditions that warrant termination of a pursuit.

5.6 Document and debrief a simulated pursuit.

5.7 Describe induce-to-stop methods.

5.8 Demonstrate induce-to-stop methods in simulated conditions.

5.9 Identify when force-to-stop methods would be appropriate.

5.10 Describe force to stop methods and the criteria for use.


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Instructor Overview

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INSTRUCTOR OVERVIEW

INTRODUCTION

In this course, students will learn the legal basis and limitations on the use of non-emergencyand emergency driving, basic patrol operation, emergency vehicle response, and pursuit driving.Emergency vehicle operation and control (EVOC) techniques are psychomotor skills, whichmeans that they involve both the brain and muscles. For that reason, students will spend muchof the time in EVOC on the driving range practicing the techniques required for on the jobperformance.

ADMINISTRATIVE GUIDELINES AND CONSIDERATIONS

Minimum Instructor RequirementsThe competencies and learning objectives identify the minimum standards that must be met byinstructors when presenting this training. Instructors should feel free to present additionalinformation beyond the required minimum competencies and objectives. Learning planactivities that are provided in these documents should be used as a guide for instructors whencreating their own learning plans. Instructors should feel free to choose any of the learningactivities provided or create their own learning activities.

Instructor-Student Ratio

The minimum instructor-student ratio for Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control training is1:6 (one instructor for each six students) during non-classroom portions of the training.

Student Handouts

It is required that instructors distribute a copy of the competencies and learning objectives thatare to be covered during the course to each student. Instructors are encouraged to plan anddevelop other handout material as well. Such handouts may include a learning plan thatidentifies the learning activities that will be covered in class and the performance assessmenttask score-sheets that provide guidance relating to classroom assignments.

Assessment and Evaluation Strategy

The assessment and evaluation strategy for this portion of the curriculum consists ofassessment of competence with the performance assessment tasks (PAT) and evaluation of

cognitive knowledge through a written test. Performance assessment tasks are provided foreach competency in this curriculum. Unless otherwise noted by an asterisk, these assessmentsare optional and may be used as a guide for instructors in determining whether students aregrasping the concepts that are being presented. The evaluation of students with the written testis required. The minimum requirement for this evaluation is 70% correct, and each trainingschool has the option of setting a higher standard, if desired.


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TEACHING TOOLS

The teaching tools serve a variety of purposes:

Focus attention on what the content is by visual review of the material Increase interest in content by making it visually appealing

Improve retention by engaging more than one of the senses during thepresentation

Tools that may be included for Instructor use:

Videos ()Training videos accompany the curriculum to stimulate interest, motivate,illustrate behaviors or attitudes, and add professionalism to the training. As partof the preparation for the training, the instructors should view each of them.Once a video is presented in class, the instructor should summarize the learningpoints to generate discussion.

Handouts ()The instructor may use the handouts provided or others the instructor prefers.The information must be topical and reduce the need for participants tomemorize or take notes during a presentation.

Exercises ()The instructor may use any of the exercises described in the manual to illustratea concept and to provide a learning experience with class participation.The manual also includes scenarios for progressive role-play by participants andas opportunity for individual evaluation by the instructor.

Power Point Slides ( )/Overheads ( )

A power point slide presentation or overheads may also be available to theinstructor for illustration of the course concepts.

Lesson Plan

Each lesson plan contains performance objectives, specific topical information,material needs, and a time estimate. Lesson plans may also include exercises,handouts, videos, overheads, or power point slides that the instructor may electto use when emphasizing the topical information for class.


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TRAINING TIPS

1. Prepare For the Training

Good instruction requires preparation. To prepare to conduct training, do thefollowing:

Review materials. Personalize the content. Practice.

Check the equipment. Equipment needed includes a TV, VCR, flipcharts,markers, tape, overhead projector, and screen.

Stick to the agenda to ensure all information is presented in the classroom.Adhere to regular breaks and opportunities for questions.

Address the group, not the screen. Use notes and face the audience. Refer to the text and advise the participants where a topic can be found.

2. Adhere to Adult Learning Principles

Law enforcement recruits are adults and benefit from instruction tailored to adultlearning needs. Here are some principles of adult learning:

Explain the benefits of the subject matter

Relate learning to participants past experiences

Make use of participants life experiences to encourage participation

Listen and respect the participants' ideas

Encourage the participants to be resources to each other and to you, thetrainer

Maximize efficiency of learning

Involve the participants in learning-centered activities

3. Facilitate Discussion

Dialogue provides a good learning environment where everyone teaches andeveryone learns. Make use of participants life experiences to encourageparticipation. By interspersing a lecture with questions the instructor will heighteninterest, review main ideas, encourage class participation and obtain feedbackfor all.


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Participation in the classroom is for the purpose of learning and practicing thespecific communication skills and models. Education must be structured soparticipants can apply what they learn. Demonstration is primarily a passiveexperience for the adult learner; therefore, effective instructors usually encouragequestions and then follow up with hands-on practice. Give participants the

opportunity to demonstrate failures and uncertainties, to reflect on and evaluatetechnique, and to rehearse for the real thing. Learning and action go hand inhand.

4. Use Exercises

Case studies can be used for teaching and evaluation. A participant is providedwith a number of facts relating to a specific situation and must solve one or moreproblems or perform one or more tasks using the facts. A case study/scenariomay be elaborate or quite short depending on the objective of the lesson.

Other practical exercises can also be used. These can be any structured activityor simulation in which the students actually perform in the classroom or on therange what they will be doing when on the job.

Remember: mistakes must be possible. Remind the group that the exercisesare meant to elicit a variety of responsesnot just one right response. It is theparticipant's thought process and articulation of that thought process that isevaluated as well as the performance of the action.

Evaluation will help participants recognize and use what they know and identifyand understand what was missing and must be developed.

5. Include Simulations

Simulation training involves a series of progressive and realistic exercisesdesigned for learner participation. In scenarios and simulations, participants areable to practice and test their knowledge and decision-making as well as theircommunication and tactical skills, in a safe and controlled environment.Participants will also demonstrate their ability to articulate verbally and documentin writing what action they took and their reasons for it. To be safe and effective,simulations must meet these criteria:

Reality- and behavior-based and progressive

Scripted and staged

Evaluated

Debriefed in a safe environment

Documented


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Reality- and behavior-based and progressive. The environment of thescenarios must be realistic in the use of props and physical space to provide fortactical concerns and atmosphere. Introduce simplistic scenarios first in theclassroom and then make them increasingly more complex with the addition ofvarious characters, props, environmental changes, additional police issues and

investigative concerns to provide progressive training for the participant.

Scripted and staged. To ensure the safety of participants and to provide anoptimal learning environment, draft a script for each scenario to include theobjectives of the exercise, the type of situation, the characters and backgrounds,the details of the action, and the dispatch information.

Evaluated. After the simulation has been completed, the participants articulatewhat their plan was and what actions they took. Participants do a written policereport of the simulated situation. Instructors can then ask follow-up questions fora full explanation of situation and response. Class peers and evaluation team

members complete a written feedback form on the performance. Videotaping ofthe final scenarios is highly recommended.

Debriefed in a safe environment. Instructors and evaluation team membersexplain the objectives of the scenario and evaluate the individuals performancemeasured against the core abilities. If the simulation was videotaped, theparticipant should view his or her own performance. Evaluators note areaswhere the participant performed well and identify areas that need improvement.Peer feedback forms are given to the participant and written reports are reviewedand returned to participants with feedback.

Documented. All videotapes, reports, feedback forms, evaluation forms, and theparticipants response to feedback should be considered formal trainingdocumentation and should be retained in conformance with academy policies.


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Topic 1 Lesson 1-1: Context of Law Enforcement Driving

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TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION AND THECONTEXT OF LAW ENFORCEMENT

DRIVINGLESSON 1-1: THE CONTEXT OF LAW ENFORCEMENT DRIVING

To introduce law enforcement driving: non-emergency and emergency driving.


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Topic 1: Introduction and the Context of Law Enforcement DrivingLesson 1-1: The Context of Law Enforcement Driving

Performance Objectives

1. Inspect the vehicle and place a patrol vehicle into service at the beginning of ashift.

1.1 Distinguish among the various types of law enforcement driving.

EquipmentChalkboard or flip chartPowerPoint projector, screen

MaterialsTextbook: Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control: A Training Guide for LawEnforcement OfficersPowerPoint presentation: Emergency Vehicle Operations and Control (BasicPatrol Operation); slides 1-12

Instructional MethodLecture, discussion

Estimated Length of ClassFifteen Minutes

Reading AssignmentText, pp. 1-2


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Topic 1: Introduction and the Context of Law Enforcement DrivingLesson 1-1: The Context of Law Enforcement Driving

Time Topic Activities Resources Notes

15Minutes

Driving and LawEnforcement Context

EVOC

Non-EmergencyDriving

Emergency Driving

Pursuits

Components ofDriving

Lecture

Lecture

Lecture

Lecture

Lecture

Lecture

Powerpoint:1-12


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Pp. 1-2

1-12

3

4-5

LECTURE: Introduction

Purpose: To introduce law enforcementdriving: non-emergency and emergency

driving.

Points to Cover:

1. Law enforcement driving as uniquefrom ordinary driving. This coursewill help you learn:

Your capabilities and limitations asa driver.

Your vehicles capabilities andlimitations.

How to handle common drivingsituations you are likely toencounter.

How to properly operate yourvehicle in emergency situations.

2. Non-emergency driving.

You must be continually alert to yourenvironment and be prepared to shiftinto emergency mode at any time.

Expectation is to role model drivingbehavior

Public expectations of law

enforcement and citizen complaints

Introduction 15Minutes

This section is justthe introduction tothe course. Do notget into detail; justdiscuss these issuesin a general sense.

They will bediscussed in moredetail later in thecourse.

3. Emergency driving


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5

Driving you will do whenresponding to situations in whichpersons or property are indanger.

May need to use your emergencylights and siren and disregardcertain traffic laws.

Emergency response driving willrequire you to use certain drivingtechniques to ensure youmaintain control of your vehicle.

4. Pursuits

Pursuits represent one of themost dangerous tasks in lawenforcement.

Pursuits generally end in one oftwo ways: in a crash or a high-risk vehicle contact.

5. Components of Driving

Awareness

Space management

Crash Avoidance.


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Topic 2 Lesson 2-1: Vehicle Inspection

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TOPIC 2: PATROL OPERATION

LESSON 2-1: VEHICLE INSPECTION

Identify what needs to be inspected and prepared prior to placing a patrol vehicleinto operation.


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Topic 2: Patrol OperationLesson 2-1: Vehicle Inspection


1. Inspect the vehicle and place a patrol vehicle into service at the beginning of ashift.

1.2 Inspect parts of the patrol vehicle and the associated equipmentthat need to be inspected prior to placing a patrol vehicle in tooperation.


MaterialsTextbook: Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control: A Training Guide for LawEnforcement OfficersPowerPoint presentation: Emergency Vehicle Operations and Control (BasicPatrol Operation); slides: 13 15.DOJ EVOC Video: Vehicle Inspection

Instructional MethodLecture, video

Estimated Length of ClassOne hour



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Topic 2: Patrol OperationsLesson 2-1: Vehicle Inspection


Hour #1 Vehicle Inspection

Tires and Wheels

Exterior

Trunk

PassengerCompartment

Vehicle Inspection

Lecture

Video

Powerpoint:13 15

DOJ Video:VehicleInspection


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13 - 15Lecture: Vehicle Inspection

Purpose: Identify what needs to be

inspected and prepared prior to placinga patrol vehicle in to operation.

Points to Cover:

Pg. 3

13

Pg. 4

13

1. The student must realize theimportance of a vehicle inspection.A properly inspected vehicle willensure a greater degree ofconfidence, reliability, and

functionality with respect to vehicleperformance and condition.

2. The inspection would include, butnot limit itself to the followingcategories:

Tires and wheels

Exterior

Trunk

Passenger compartment

Tires and wheels; inspect all fourwheels:

Inflation

Tread depth

Damage, cracks or punctures

Rims

Lug nuts

Wheel covers

Note: Use of avehicle inspectionsheet: yourdocumentation canprove that you

exercised propercare to ensure thatthe vehicle was ingood condition andworking orderbefore operating it.

Be familiar with anysuch form used inyour department,and with the policies

and proceduresgoverning use ofsuch form.


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Pg. 4

13

Pg. 5

13

Exterior

Body damage

Window damage

Equipment damage

Suspension normal

Undercarriage damage; muffler, tailpipe, fluid leaks

Under the hood; fluid levels, batteryand cables, hoses

Trunk

Spare tire

Lug wrench and jack

Required equipment and supplies(varies by agency)

All items secured

Any additional items (personal items,evidence, etc.)

Pg. 5 - 6

13

Passenger compartment

Check under rear seat and entirepassenger area for contraband orharmful objects. (with flashlight)

Check all equipment for operation:door locks, cage or screen,

seatbelts/shoulder harnesses,windshield wipers, and gauges

Check all lights: signals, spots,interior, emergency

Check all electronics: radio, P.A.,

Note: Ensure everyofficer is adequatelyfamiliar with theoperation of thesquad radio systemwithout losingcontrol of thevehicle.


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siren, MDT/computer, and radar

Check any long gun and mount

Check lights: emergency lights;headlights (both high and low

beams); spotlights; taillights; brakelights; turn signals; and hazard lights(flashers).

DOJ EVOC Video: VehicleInspection


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Topic 2 Lesson 2-2: Driver Preparation

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LESSON 2-2: DRIVER PREPARATION

Pre-operation driver preparation is discussed.


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Topic 2: Patrol OperationsLesson 2-2: Driver Preparation


1. Inspect the vehicle and complete other steps necessary for placing a patrolvehicle into service at the beginning of a shift.

1.3 Conduct driver preparation steps that need to be taken prior toplacing a patrol vehicle in to operation.

EquipmentChalkboard or flip chart

PowerPoint projector, screen

MaterialsTextbook: Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control: A Training Guide for LawEnforcement OfficersPowerPoint presentation: Emergency Vehicle Operations and Control (BasicPatrol Operation); slides: 16-21





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Topic 1: Patrol OperationsLesson 1-2: Driver Preparation


Hour #1 Driver Preparation

Adjusting Seat

AdjustingSteering Wheel

Adjusting Mirrors

Adjusting SeatBelt

Securing SquadBox

Lecture Powerpoint:16-21


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16-21Lecture:Driver preparation

Points to Cover:

Seat

Steering wheel

Mirrors

Safety harness

Squad box

Seat belts, head rests and shoulderharness should be adjusted orfastened for all occupants prior to

vehicle operation. While there aresome exceptions for lawenforcement officers permitting themnot to wear seat belts underspecified conditions, in most casesseat belts are required.

Hour #1

Pg. 6

16

Pg. 7

16

Pg. 7

16

SEAT: find a position that allows forcomfort for knees, back, arms, and yetprovide for optimum operation ofsteering wheel, airbag, and other

equipment.

STEERING WHEEL: find a positionthat is comfortable for arms and legsyet allows clear view of gauges andthrough the windshield.

MIRRORS:

Center mirror should provide a viewout the rear window

The driver's-side mirror shouldremain level and provide a view ofthe edge of the squad

Passenger-side mirror should notprovide a blind spot, but view justthe edge of the squad

Note: Remember,the airbag can onlydeploy if the steeringwheel is 10" away.


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Pg. 7 - 8

17-19

Pg. 8

16

SAFETY HARNESS: State lawrequires safety harness use.

Ask the students to name some

reasons why people do not use safetyrestraints before showing the slide.

The reasons safety harnesses shouldbe worn are:

Body stops if car is stopped byimpact

Force is distributed across body

Prevent ejection

Body is positioned for airbagdeployment

Body may be more able to maintaincontrol of vehicle

SQUAD BOX:Any large items which are unsecured inthe vehicle (such as briefcases, squadboxes, equipment, report forms,evidence containers, etc) can become

a missile inside the vehicle uponimpact.

Note: In addition,local policy mayrequire the use ofseatbelts despite

exceptions in thestatute.

Note: Back track toslide 16 or just coverthis point prior tomoving on to the

safety restraintslides.


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Topic 2 Lesson 2-3: Basic Patrol Driving Operations

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LESSON 2-3: BASIC PATROL DRIVING OPERATIONS

The goals and strategies of squad car operation are introduced.


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Topic 2: Patrol OperationsLesson 2-3: Basic Patrol Driving Operations



2.1 Identify driving strategies used in basic patrolling.


MaterialsTextbook: Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control: A Training Guide for LawEnforcement OfficersPowerPoint presentation: Emergency Vehicle Operations and Control (BasicPatrol Operation); slides: 23-32





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Topic 2: Patrol OperationsLesson 2-3: Basic Patrol Driving Operations


Hour #1 Basic Patrol DrivingOperations

Patrol Strategies

Traffic Strategies

Driving Techniques

Hand Position

AccelerationDeceleration

ManagingDistractions



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23-32Lecture: Basic Patrol DrivingOperations

Purpose: To introduce purposeful andstrategic driving for law enforcement.

Points to cover:2. Patrol strategies3. Traffic strategies4. Driving techniques5. Hand position on the steering wheel6. Acceleration/deceleration7. Managing distractions

Pg. 11-12

23

Pg. 12-14

24-28

1. Patrol Strategies:

Know where you are both to plan theroute to the call and/or notify othersif in need of assistance.

Vary your route for theinconvenience of the criminals.

Stay alert and be proactive.

Play "what if?" scenarios. Thisstrategy is used to practicehypothetical situations in preparation

for an actual event.

2. Traffic Strategies:

Smith System: a five-step system forawareness of traffic.

Aim high

Get the big picture

Keep your eyes moving

Leave yourself an out

Make sure they see you

SIPDE Search

Identify

Predict

Decide

Execute


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Zone Control: area of path of

travel and line of sight, sides, andback

Watch front for changes Check other zones Get best control

Pg. 14-16

29

3. Driving Techniques: Hand Positionon the Steering Wheel

9 oclock/3 oclock: able to turn thewheel farther and faster with morecontrol; not recommended forbacking

Shuffle steering: Both hands are onthe wheel at all times, but one handgrips tightly and the other loosely.The tight-grip hand moves thesteering wheel toward the loose one,bringing the wheel to the loose-griphand. The 12-6 axis should not bebroken. This method avoids crossing

the hands, by sliding the wheel insmall amounts. It is best for gradualturns.

Hand-to-hand steering: hand feedswheel to other hand; notrecommended for abrupt or evasiveturns

Hand-over-hand steering: bottomhand releases steering wheel in turnand re-grips at top of the steering

wheel; sacrifice control of vehicle

12 oclock (backing): left hand at 12oclock, turn body to look out rearwindow for direct view


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Pg. 16-17

30

4. Acceleration/deceleration:

Always smoothly and in control, why?

Maintain traction

Less likely to over-accelerate

NOTE: A safebacking speed is

considered a fastwalk or 5 - 7 mph.

Pg. 17-18

31-32

5. Managing Distractions:

Radio: follow protocol of agency,keep transmissions short andprofessional, avoid sensitiveinformation, don't override others,wait until keyed on to talk and finishbefore keying off.

Cell phones: find a place to park, asthe distraction is an increasinglycommon cause of accidents.

MDTs: require an officer's attention(eyes are off of the road); never reador type while driving

NOTE: Lawenforcement officersneed to set theexample by notdriving while using acell phone.


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Topic 2 Lesson 2-4: Vehicle Dynamics

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LESSON 2-4: VEHICLE DYNAMICS

Introduces methods to maintain control of a vehicle.


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June 200738

Topic 2: Patrol OperationsLesson 2-4: Vehicle Dynamics



2.2 Identify techniques for steering, backing, cornering and braking.

2.3 Identify the role that multi-tasking, weather, road conditions, night drivingand fatigue play in normal patrol driving.

2.4 Identify methods to maintain control of the vehicle in situations of rapidair loss (tire blow out) in a tire and off road recovery.

EquipmentChalkboard or flip chartPowerPoint projector, screenDVD player

MaterialsTextbook: Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control: A Training Guide for LawEnforcement OfficersPowerPoint presentation: Emergency Vehicle Operations and Control (BasicPatrol Operation); slides: 33-74DOJ EVOC Videos: Parking Maneuver, Y-Turn Maneuver, Serpentine Forward,Straight Line Backing, Reverse Serpentine, Cornering Maneuver, Pivot Foot,Controlled Braking Maneuver, Evasive Maneuver.Optional Video: Alert International/Michelin: Tire Safety Police Training. (DVD)

Instructional MethodLecture, discussion, videos, exercises

Estimated Length of ClassTwo Hours



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Topic 2: Patrol OperationsLesson 2-4: Vehicle Dynamics


Hour #1 Vehicle Dynamics

Steering

Backing

Cornering

Braking

Special Issues

UnexpectedHazards

Lecture

Lecture/Video

Lecture/Video

Lecture//Video

Lecture/Video

Lecture

Lecture /Optional Video

Powerpoint:33-74

DOJ Videos:ParkingManeuver, Y-TurnManeuver,SerpentineForward.

DOJ Videos:Straight LineBacking,ReverseSerpentine.

DOJ Video:Cornering

DOJ Videos:

Pivot Foot,ControlledBraking,EvasiveManeuver.

AlertInternational/Michelin

OptionalVideo: TireSafety PoliceTraining.


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33-74

Pg. 19-20

33-36

Pg. 20

37-38

Lecture: Vehicle Dynamics

Purpose: To learn to operate squadsmoothly and with maximum control.

Points to cover:1. Steering2. Backing3. Cornering4. Breaking5. Special Issues6. Unexpected Hazards

1. Vehicle Dynamics

Steering

Changing lanes: keep a cushionof space (4 seconds)

Passing : do not crowd the othervehicle and wait to return to thedriving lane until you see bothheadlights of the passed vehicle

VIDEOS: Parking ManeuverY-Turn ManeuverSerpentine Forward

Backing: remember your field ofvision is smaller than goingforward.

Get out and look if possible

Use 12 o'clock position Aim at a spot in the distance

Use outside mirrors

VIDEOS: Straight Line BackingReverse Serpentine


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Pg 21-23

39-45

Cornering: evaluate the sharpnessof the curve and the traffic in theintersection prior to cornering.

Aim for the apex of the curve In reaching the apex begin to

accelerate

Watch for acceleration andweight transfer

VIDEO: Cornering

Pg. 23-25

46-62

Braking: don't underestimate therequired stopping distances. Usecontrolled braking. Remember:

Avoid following too close Avoid left-foot braking

Be aware of any traffic behind

Controlled Braking:Always use "early and smooth" braking,trail braking.

Sudden Stops:If sudden stops are necessary, useABS, threshold or lockup.

VIDEOS: Pivot FootControlled BrakingEvasive Maneuver

Note: Stoppingdistance is thedriver reactiontime, vehiclecapability, andenvironment.

Pg. 26-29

63-68

2. Special Issues:

Multi-taskingdivides attention todriving and raises risk

Weather and road conditionsofficers are comfortable driving atfast speeds yet slower speeds arerecommended with inclementweather or other road conditions


42/110


June 200742

Pg. 29-30

69-74

Night drivingsee less distanceahead of vehicle and vision can beblinded by headlights

Fatiguehigh risk for impaireddriving

Emotional factors and cumulativestress inability to concentrate,irritability will affect

3. Unexpected Hazards:

Rapid air loss

Off-road recovery

OPTIONAL VIDEO: Michelin/AlertInternational: Tire Safety PoliceTraining

* The techniques covered in this sectionwill be practiced once on the drivingrange.

NOTE: OptionalVideo available fromDOJ Video Library.Shows how torecover from RapidAir Loss andHydroplaning.(Approximately 25minutes long.)


43/110

Topic 3 Lesson 3-1: Legal Considerations

June 200743

TOPIC 3: EMERGENCY VEHICLERESPONSE

LESSON 3-1: LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS

The legal issues involved in emergency vehicle operation are presented,including statutory responsibilities and privileges and matters of civil and criminalliability.


44/110


June 200744

Topic 3: Emergency Vehicle ResponseLesson 3-1: Legal Considerations


3. Describe the legal and policy considerations surrounding law enforcementdriving, including normal patrol operation, emergency response, and pursuitdriving.

3.1 Identify and interpret the laws related to officer non-emergency andemergency driving.

3.2 Describe the legal issues surrounding a silent emergency response.

Equipment

Chalkboard or flip chartPowerPoint projector, screen

MaterialsTextbook: Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control: A Training Guide for LawEnforcement OfficersPowerPoint presentation: Emergency Vehicle Operations and Control(Emergency Response); slides 1-51DOJ Video: The Michelle Norton StoryHandouts/Overheads: True Emergency, Privilege

Instructional MethodLecture, discussion, video




45/110


June 200745

Topic 3: Emergency Vehicle ResponseLesson 3-1: Legal Considerations


Hour #1 Driving and LawEnforcement Context

Non-EmergencyDriving

Emergency Driving

StatutoryRequirements andPrivileges

Due Regard

Civil and CriminalLiability

Other Consequences

Silent Emergency

Statutes

Lecture

Lecture

Lecture

Video

Lecture

Video

Lecture

Lecture

Lecture

Lecture

LectureCase Law

Powerpoint: 1-51

DOJ Video:The Michelle

Norton Story.

Handout: TrueEmergencyDefined.

Handout:Privilege.

DOJ Video:Emergency

Response

City ofMadison v.Polenska


46/110


June 200746

Pg. 31-37

1-14

LECTURE: Legal Considerations

Purpose: To become familiar with lawenforcement driving and the laws that

apply to non-emergency andemergency driving.

Points to Cover:

1. Law enforcement driving as uniquefrom ordinary driving.

Poses serious danger to officers.

You must know the laws that apply

to you while driving.

Potential civil liability.

2. Slide # 5 represents the totalnumbers of crashes involving lawenforcement vehicles: includingthose with injuries and fatalities.

3. The Michelle Norton Story.

VIDEO: The Michelle Norton Story

Who are the victims affected by thecrash?

What consequences can an officerinvolved in this type of crash expectto face?

What action can you take to avoid

being involved in a similar crashyourself?

What can you do to prevent otherofficers from being involved in sucha crash?

Hour #1

Note: Instructorsshould update crashstatistics each year;information isavailable throughDOT Crash Facts.


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June 200747

Pg. 31

16

17-22

23

Pg. 32

24-25

4. True Emergency

HANDOUT: True Emergency

A situation in which there is a highprobability of death or serious injuryor significant property loss, andaction by an emergency vehicleoperator may reduce the seriousnessof the situation.

5. Definitions of Emergency Vehicles:

Section 340.01 WI Stats

Authorized Emergency Vehicle

Fire Department Vehicles

Emergency Medical ServicesVehicles

Other Authorized EmergencyVehicles

6. Liability and Applicability:



7. Privilege

HANDOUT: Privilege

Section 346.03 (1)-(6) WI Stats giveoperators of authorized emergencyvehicles certain privileges with respecttot the rules of the road.

Source: LawEnforcement DriverTraining ReferenceGuide 2000National HighwayTraffic SafetyAdministration(see RESOURCES)


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June 200748

346.03(1)

(1) The operator of an authorizedemergency vehicle, whenresponding to an emergency call orwhen in the pursuit of an actual orsuspected violator of the law orwhen responding to but not uponreturning from a fire alarm, mayexercise the privileges set forth inthis section, but subject to theconditions stated in subs. (2) to (5).

Pg. 32

26-30

Pg. 33

31

346.03(2)

(2) The operator of an authorizedemergency vehicle may:

(a) Stop, stand or park, irrespective ofthe provisions of this chapter.

(b) Proceed past a red or stop signal orstop sign, but only after slowingdown as may be necessary for safeoperation.

(c) Exceed the speed limit.

(d) Disregard regulations governingdirection of movement or turning inspecified directions.

346.03(3)

This privilege applies only whengiving visible andaudible signal.

VIDEO: Emergency Response

8. Due Regard definition 346.03(5)

The degree of care that a reasonablycareful person, performing similarduties, and acting under similarcircumstances would show.

Lights alone are notenough!

Note: Emphasizeofficers ALWAYShave the duty todrive with dueregard for the safetyof others.


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June 200749

Pg. 33

32-38

9. Civil and Criminal Liability

Civil liability

Wisconsin law indemnifies officersfrom having to pay judgmentsagainst them if they were:

- Acting in their official capacity

- Acting within the scope of theiremployment

In such a case, the employing unit ofgovernment must pay the judgment.

Generally, officers enjoy qualified

immunity from civil liability fordiscretionary acts but noministerial ones.

- Discretionary = you have a rangeof possible responses to choosefrom

- Ministerial = you must do a certainthing

If an officers conduct is outside the

scope of employment, the officercould be held individually liable,civilly or criminally.

Negligence

- Failure to comply with statuterequirements

- Failure to comply with general tort

law principles- Failure to comply with agency

policy and procedures

895.46

940.10Homicide bynegligent operationof a vehicle

940.23Reckless Injury

941.01Negligent Operationof a vehicle

941.30RecklesslyEndangering Safety


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June 200750

34

35

Pg. 34

37

38

Civil action

- Small Claims Court

- Civil Litigation

Administrative Action

- Written reprimand

- Removal from drivingassignment

- Suspension without pay

- Termination

- Referred for criminal prosecution

10. Other Consequences

Personal Injury:

- Minor

- Major

- Life-Threatening

- Disability

- Death

Agency Consequences:

- Civil Litigation

- Personnel Costs

- Equipment Costs- Negative Publicity


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June 200751

Pg. 34-35

39-48

11. Silent Emergency definition"may exceed the speed limit withoutgiving audible and visual signal underthe following circumstances:

If the officer is obtaining evidenceof a speed violation.

If the officer is responding to acall which the officer reasonablybelieves involves a felony inprogress and the officerreasonably believes thatknowledge of the officerspresence may:

- Endanger the safety of a victim orother person.

- Cause the suspected violator toevade apprehension.

- Cause the suspected violator todestroy evidence of a suspectedfelony or may otherwise result inthe loss of evidence of a suspectedfelony.

- Cause the suspected violator to

cease the commission of asuspected felony before the officerobtains sufficient evidence toestablish grounds for arrest.

Pg. 35-37

49-50

Obligations of other drivers whenan emergency vehicle is involvedin an emergency response:

- Approach of an emergency vehicle,

Section 346.19(1), (2)

- Eluding an officer prohibited,Section 346.04(3) Felony Offenseand Section 346.04(2T)Misdemeanor Offense


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June 200752

- Stay 500 feet behind an emergencyvehicle involved in an emergencyresponse

- Passing a parked or standing

emergency vehicle must be donefrom another lane of traffic or with areduced speed

Case Law: City of Madison v.Polenska

If you do not exercise due regard for thesafety of others, you can be liable underboth civil and criminal law.

Note: Referstudents to othercase law inAppendix A in thestudent text and/orto Case Study tabon WILENET under

EVOC topic.


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Topic 3 Lesson 3-2: The Stress Response

June 200753

LESSON 3-2 THE STRESS RESPONSE

To introduce the physiological changes that affects the ability to drive.


54/110


June 200754

Topic 3: Emergency Vehicle ResponseLesson 3-2: The Stress Response


4. Describe safety factors and vehicle dynamics involved in emergency driving,and apply proper emergency driving techniques.



MaterialsTextbook: Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control: A Training Guide for LawEnforcement OfficersPowerPoint presentation: EVOC (Emergency Response); slides 52-54

Instructional MethodLecture, discussion, exercises

Estimated Length of ClassOne-half hour



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June 200755

Topic 3: Emergency Vehicle ResponseLesson 3-2: The Stress Response


Hour #1 Stress Response anddriving

Managing stressduring EVOC

Lecture

Lecture

Powerpoint:52-54


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June 200756

Pg. 39-41

52

LECTURE: The Stress Response

Purpose: To identify the physiological changes

that happen as a result of stress and their effects ondriving ability.

Procedure:

1. Normal state: body governed by theparasympathetic nervous system

2. When under stress, body is governed by thesympathetic nervous system:

Body secretes adrenaline

Blood flow to large muscles increases

Heart rate, blood pressure, and respirationincrease

Sweat glands stimulated

Blood sugar increases Vision and hearing may become more keen--

but brain may exclude stimuli that aren'tcentral to the perceived threat

Blood flow directed away from cognitive partof the brain--making it difficult to think and

make decisions You may experience tunnel vision and

auditory exclusion.

3. Emergency responsea hot call, or eventurning on lights/siren can trigger this physicalresponse.

4. Effects on emergency driving can be verynegative:

Driving fast requires moreconcentrationand attentionbut your brain is not workingas well

Tunnel vision may worsen the tendency tofocus only on the road in frontwhichpeople tend to do when driving fast or atnight


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June 200757

You need to increaseawareness of traffic &intersections, but tunnel vision and auditoryexclusion may block them out.

The stress response, also called the "fightor flight" response, may make you

aggressive, so that you drive tooaggressively and take chances that inretrospect may look reckless.

This aroused state does not diminishquickly.

Pg. 40

54

Pg. 41

LECTURE/DISCUSSION: Mitigating the Effectsof Stress

Purpose: To present techniques for managingstress in the context of emergency driving.

Procedure:

1. Ask class if they have techniques for managingstress. List these on chalkboard or flip chart.

2. Discuss techniques recommended in text:

Scan (move the tunnel around)

Breathe (autogenic breathing)

Autogenic breathing as taught in Firearms andDAAT:

Inhale slowly (count to four) through your nose. Pause for a moment. Exhale slowly (4-count) through pursed lips. Pause for a moment. Repeat. Talk: (positive self-talk as taught in

Professional Communication, pg. 97)

Example:

I'm okayI'm safe.OK, calm down."Things are under control.

If possible, you may find it helpful to spend a fewminutes by yourself away from the immediate scenefocusing on your own needs.


58/110


June 200758



59/110

Topic 3 Lesson 3-3: Vehicle Dynamics at High Speeds

June 200759

LESSON 3-3 VEHICLE DYNAMICS AT HIGH SPEEDS

To introduce how vehicle dynamics are affected by higher vehicle speeds.


60/110


June 200760

TOPIC 3 EMERGENCY VEHICLE RESPONSELesson 3-3: Vehicle Dynamics at High Speeds


4. Describe safety factors and vehicle dynamics involved in emergencydriving, and apply proper driving techniques.



Materials

Textbook: Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control: A Training Guide for LawEnforcement OfficersPowerPoint presentation: EVOC (Emergency Response); slide: 55





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June 200761

Topic 3: Emergency Vehicle ResponseLesson 3-3: Vehicle Dynamics at High Speeds


Hour #1 Vehicle Dynamics atHigh Speeds

Steering

Braking

Cornering

Lecture Powerpoint: 55


62/110


June 200762

Pg. 41-42

55

LECTURE: Vehicle Dynamics

Purpose: To explain how higher vehiclespeeds affect vehicle dynamics

Procedure:

1. Increased speed tends to exaggerateeffects on vehicle handling, particularly

Steering Braking

Cornering

2. Steering

Minor input needed at high speeds

Front wheel vs. rear wheel drive:- front wheel more responsive- rear wheel less responsive

Reason: acceleration transfersweight to rear wheels- increases traction (RWD)- diminishes steering ability

loose material on road surface willreduce your steering ability

3. Braking

Stopping distance increases withspeed

Road surface (wet, loose material,etc.)

Vehicle maintenance

Panic braking may lock up brakesuse threshold braking

ABS designed not to lock up, but

may fail in certain conditions,reverting to standard braking

Note:

Stressdecreases finemotor control


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June 200763

4. Cornering

High speed: sudden weight transferwhen turning may cause skid.

Front-wheel-drive vehicles tend toplow in a straight line. To correct,reduce steering input and lightlybrake until you regain control.

Rear-wheel-drive vehicle may gointo a sideways skid. To correct,steer in the direction you want thecar to go.

Too much correction can causesecondary skid. To correct, steer inopposite directionbut dont over

correct. In a front-wheel-drive car, correct for

a sideways skid by accelerating outof it.


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Topic 3 Lesson 3-4: Special Topics

June 200764



65/110


June 200765

LESSON 3-4 SPECIAL TOPICS

To address several complicating issues for emergency vehicle response.


66/110


June 200766

TOPIC 3 EMERGENCY VEHICLE RESPONSELesson 3-4: Special Topics


4. Describe safety factors and vehicle dynamics involved in emergencydriving, and apply proper driving techniques.

4.2 Describe possible citizen responses to emergency lights andsirens.

4.3 Identify route selection issues that effect emergency driving.4.4 Identify radio use issues that influence emergency driving.


MaterialsTextbook: Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control: A Training Guide for LawEnforcement OfficersPowerPoint presentation: EVOC (Emergency Response); slides: 56-62


Estimated Length of ClassOne-half hour



67/110


June 200767

Topic 3: Emergency Vehicle ResponseLesson 3-4: Special Topics


Hour #1 Citizen response toyour lights/siren

Route selection

Radio use

DrivingConsiderations



68/110


June 200768

Pg. 43-46

56-62

Pg. 43

57

Pg. 44

58

LECTURE: Special Topics

Purpose: To address several complicatingissues for emergency vehicle response

Procedure:

1. In an emergency response, in addition todriving issues, you are faced with threeadditional challenges:

Citizen response to your lights/siren Route selection

Radio use

2. Citizen response can be very

unpredictable:

Continue to travel as if unaware of you

Brake suddenly in front of you Speed up to evade you

Cross several lanes of traffic in front ofyou to pull off on the right

Cause an accident because the driveris focused on you

3. Key Reminder: The object is to get to the

scene of the emergency as quickly as yousafelycan. Slowing down a little to giveother drivers an opportunity to get out ofyour way may get you to the scene fasterin the end.

4. Route Selection: consider

Traffic Patterns Construction

Road Conditions Intersections

-Observe in advance-Slow down & be prepared to stop-The fewer intersections the better-Alternate siren patterns-Search for other traffic/additionalemergency vehicles

Hour #1

Note:

Emphasize theneed for a largecushion ofspace

Note:

Remember: it

does no goodto get halfwaythere reallyfastif you endup in a crash,you do no goodand take otherofficers out ofservice.

Note:

Emphasize thatintersectionsare the mostdangerous partof emergencyresponse.


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June 200769

Pg. 45

59-60

Pg. 45

61

5. Radio Use

Dont initiate radio contact whenapproaching an intersection.

Operate by feel.

Avoid long broadcasts. Give information useful to other

responding units.

Always let dispatch know of yourarrival on scene.

6. Driving Considerations

Siren use in advance. Approaching Intersections slow

down.

Municipal Roads anticipate potentialproblems (pedestrians, parked cars,etc.).

Rural Roadways Watch for slowmoving vehicles and livestock.

Freeways Drive in the left hand lane.

NOTE:Rememberyour siren is

ineffective atfreeway speedsso motoristsmay not hearyou coming upbehind them.

Pg. 46 LECTURE: Summary

Purpose: To summarize the issues

Procedure:

1. Emergency response is challenging

Increased stress

Requires concentration/alertness

Hazardous

Liability exposure

2. Remember: Your responsibility to showDUE REGARD for the safety of othersoverrides all other concerns.

3. Paradoxically, while emergency drivingrequires betterability to make gooddecisions (faster speed means less timeto ponder), the stress may diminish ourabilities to make good decisions.

Note:

Quiz students

as to thedefinition ofdue regard.


70/110


June 200770

4. Stress management techniques (such as

autogenic breathing) can help.

5. Vehicle dynamics also change

requiring adjustments in steering,braking, and cornering.

6. You must also be prepared for citizenresponses, choose the best route, anduse your radio effectively.


71/110

Topic 4 Lesson 4-1 Legal and Policy Issues

June 200771

TOPIC 4: PURSUIT DRIVING

LESSON 4-1 LEGAL AND POLICY ISSUES

The legal context for pursuit driving is discussed and the criteria for deciding if apursuit is justified are presented.


72/110


June 200772

Topic 4: Pursuit DrivingLesson 4-1: Legal and Policy Issues



5.1 Identify how disturbance resolution applies to emergency vehicleoperation.

5.2 Define pursuit as it relates to law enforcement.5.3 Identify legal and policy issues related to pursuits.5.4 Describe the responsibilities and requirements of pursuit driving.


MaterialsTextbook: Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control: A Training Guide for LawEnforcement OfficersPowerPoint presentation: EVOC (Pursuits); slides: 1-22Handouts/overheads: "Pursuits Quote from the AAA", "Use of Force EVOC,and the Intervention Options chart." An optional hand out would be a copy of theAlert International Pursuit Policy or your agencies policy.





73/110


June 200773

Topic 4: Pursuit DrivingLesson 4-1: Legal and Policy Issues


Hour #1

Hour #2

Review IncidentResponse and theDisturbanceResolution Model

Legal Issues andPursuits

What is reasonable?

Pursuit Polices

Lecture

Lecture

Handout

Exercise/video

Case law

Handout

LectureExercise

LectureHandout

Powerpoint:1-22

Handout:InterventionOption Chart

Handout:

Pursuits Quotefrom the AAA.

Video clips ofpursuits.

Case law:Sacramento v.Lewis andEstate ofCavanaugh v.

Andrade

Handout: "Useof Force -EVO"

Do youpursue?

ExamplePolicies


74/110


June 200774

Pg. 47-58

1-22

Pg. 47-49

3-5

Pg. 50

6-7

LECTURE: Why are pursuits important?

Purpose: To define pursuits and explain whyofficers need to know when they are appropriate.

Procedure:

1. Incident Response and Disturbance ResolutionModel Review:

(a) Incident Response

Report

Evaluate

Stabilize Preserve

Organize Normalize

Document/Debrief

(b) Disturbance Resolution

Approach Considerations Intervention Options (Handout)

Follow-Through Considerations

2. What is a pursuit? Definition:

an active attempt by a law enforcementofficer on-duty in an authorized lawenforcement vehicle to apprehend one ormore occupants of a moving motor vehicle,providing the driver of such vehicle is awareof the attempt and is resisting apprehensionby maintaining or increasing his speed orby ignoring the law enforcement officer'sattempt to stop him or her.

Key points:

Officer is in an authorized emergency vehicle--should be recognized as a law enforcementofficer

Driver is aware of officer's attempt to stop himor her

NOTE: Pointout wherepursuits fall intheInterventionOptions chart.


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June 200775

Pg. 50-51

Driver is resisting apprehension Vehicle speed may vary

3. Other Definitions

Fresh Pursuit Close Pursuit

4. Why are pursuits an issue for lawenforcement officers?

High liability areadangerous for officers,subjects, and public

Requires balancing the need to apprehendcriminals against the safety of those at risk

Attitudes are changing, shifting the balancetoward safety


76/110


June 200776

HANDOUT/OVERHEAD: PURSUITS Quote fromthe American Automotive AssociationQuotation from AAA Foundation for Public Safety:

"In years past, the police and the public generallymaintained an attitude that it was the lawenforcement officer's responsibility to catch anyoneevading the police regardless of the cost. It wasnot uncommon that officers would feel obligated tocatch the violator by taking unnecessarily highrisks, so that they would not be seen as derelict intheir duty, or weak and cowardly by their fellowworkers. These attitudes can still influence police

judgment, but the tone has been changing to amore responsible philosophy. Public, judicial, andultimately police attitudes are changing regardingthe degree of risk that we as a society are willing totake in the apprehension of a suspect. Publicsafety, the safety of the officer, and the safety ofthe violator are becoming more and more animportant and persuasive element of the pursuitequation. We are beginning to realize that 'When apolice officer engages in a pursuit, his vehiclebecomes a potentially dangerous weapon, perhaps

the most dangerous weapon in the police officer'sarsenal.'"

EXERCISE:

Purpose: To help students identify factorsaffecting their decisions to pursue

Procedure:

1. Show video clips from movie or TV policepursuits

2. Have students identify ways that movies orTV might influence their decision to engagein a pursuit.


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June 200777

Pg. 51

9-10

(Review)No

Slides

LECTURE: Legal Issues

1. Constitutional:

Pursuits can be construed as a use of force, soGraham v. Connordictates that pursuits:

Must be objectively reasonable in light of

The severity of the alleged crime at issue

Whether the suspect poses an imminentthreat to the safety of officers and/or others

Whether the suspect is actively resisting orattempting to evade arrest by flight

Judged under the totality of the

circumstances from the perspective of areasonable officer at the scene with similartraining and experience.

2. Wisconsin Law

Review s.346.03 Wis. Stats. (privileges of anoperator of an authorized emergency vehicle)

S.346.03(2): the operator "of an authorizedemergency vehicle" may:

-Proceed past a red or stop signal or stopsign, but only after slowing down as may benecessary for safe operation;

-Exceed the speed limit;

-Disregard regulations governing direction ofmovement or turning in specified directions.

S.346.03(3): "privileges" apply only when the

emergency vehicle operating is "givingvisual signal"by "flashing, oscillating orrotating lights", and - in certaincircumstances - by a siren or whistle as well.

United StatesSupremeCourt490 U.S. 386(1989)

Unmarkedsquad:

State v.Opperman(seeAppendix)


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June 200778

Pg. 52-53

11-13

S.346.03(4) a law enforcement officeroperating an emergency vehicle "may exceedthe speed limit without giving audible andvisual signal" under certain circumstances,

which are specified in the wording of thesubsection;

S.346.03(5) the exemptions granted unders.346.03 do not relieve the driver of anemergency vehicle from the "duty to drivewith due regard under the circumstancesfor the safety of all persons,"nor do theexemptions protect the driver "from theconsequences of his or her recklessdisregard for the safety of others."

As discussed previously, the phrase "dueregard" implies that a reasonably carefullyperson, performing similar duties and actingunder similar circumstances, would act in thesame manner.

CASE LAW: Sacramento v. Lewis andEstate of Cavanaugh v. Andrade.

Handout/Overhead: Use of Force (EVOC /Handout Tab on WILENET)

NOTE:Sacramento

v. Lewis(Shock theconscience)

Cavanaugh v.Andrade(Immunity)


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June 200779

14-15

15

LECTURE: What is reasonable?

Purpose: To help officers identify the factors toconsider in deciding to engage in or continue apursuit

Procedure:

1. General factors

Courts have considered these factors todetermine the reasonableness of a pursuit:

Purpose: Was the pursuit for a legitimate lawenforcement objective?

Policy: Did the officer act within his/heragency's pursuit policy?

Driving conditions:Did the weather, roadway,traffic density, population density, andpresence of non-motoring public make thepursuit reasonable?

Use of warning devices:Did the officer useappropriate warning devices?

Speed:Did the officer's speed render thepursuit unreasonably dangerous?

Disobeying traffic laws:While s346.03 Wis.Stats. permits officers to disregard certaintraffic laws, that privilege must be balancedagainst driving with due regard for the safetyof all persons.

Roadblocks:If roadblocks were used, wastheir use appropriate (generally only when

deadly force would be justified), and werethey properly set up?

Use of force:Did the officer use force duringthe pursuit, and if so, was it reasonableaccording to the standards of Graham v.Connor?

Oscillating,rotating, orflashing lightsand siren.

See s.347.25(1m)(a)and (b) WisStats. fordescription ofpermitted

lights andmountingprocedures.


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June 200780

Continuation of pursuit:Once initiated, was itreasonable to continue the pursuit, or werethere reasonably clear and compellingreasons to terminate it?

2. Nature of the Offense

Your agency policy may authorize or prohibitpursuits for certain offenses, and you mustalways follow your policy. In general, thesefactors are important:

If the subject is not immediatelyapprehended, will he or she pose a danger toothers? The greater the danger, the more

justification to pursue.

Has the subject committed (or is about tocommit) a serious felony involving acts orthreats that you reasonably believe couldresult in death or great bodily harm? Again,the greater the danger, the more justificationto pursue.

Does the need to apprehend the suspectoutweigh the danger involved in a pursuit?

Your own abilities and attitudes

Your level of training

Your degree of experience

Your attitude may affect your ability to makegood decisions about whether to pursue:

feeling like you have to pursue becauseit is "macho" or expected of you

choosing to pursue because you take

the violator's actions personally being upset about something else in

your personal or professional life


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June 200781

3. Conditions at the time of the incident

Weather (conditions that affect visibility ortraction)

Time of day (visibility) Roadway (surface, width, number of

intersections, etc.)

Traffic density

Non-motoring public (pedestrians, bicyclists,children near schools, etc.)

Density of population

EXERCISE

Purpose: To give students a chance to practicedecision making.

Procedure:

1. Provide students with a scenario that wouldclearly justify a pursuit (serious violentfelony, danger to others, good drivingconditions, little traffic, etc.)

2. One by one, change the elements in thescenario to make it less clear a decision(e.g., increase traffic, worsen the weather,etc.)

3. Poll the class to see when/if students woulddecide not to pursue.

4. Have students articulate their reasons foreither continuing or terminating the pursuit.

Have studentsbrainstormconditions thatmight affect

the decision topursue or not.

NOTE: Youcan choose acase from thecase studiesand change

the elementsor choose acase fromyourexperience.


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June 200782

Pg. 53-58

16-22

LECTURE: Department Policy

Purpose: To explain the statutory requirementsfor pursuit policies and present the LESB pursuitstandard.

Procedure:

1. Refer students to 346.03(6) Wis. Stats.

Every law enforcement agency that usesauthorized emergency vehicles shall providewritten guidelines for its officers andemployees regarding exceeding speed limitsunder the circumstances specified in sub.(4)and when otherwise in pursuit of actual orsuspected violators. The guidelines shall

consider, among other factors, road conditions,density of population, severity of crime andnecessity of pursuit by vehicle

2. Note the factors specifically mentioned:

Road conditions

Density of population

Severity of crime Necessity of pursuit by vehicle

3. Review the model standards.

Emphasize factors in determining whether tocontinue pursuit

balancing danger of the pursuit vs.value of apprehending subject

establishment of suspect's ID

Emphasize conditions that indicate pursuitshould be terminated

supervisor orders termination

further pursuit is futile

location of suspect vehicle is unknown officer's vehicle or emergency

equipment malfunctions

necessary to stop and render aid

4. Note that an agency's policy may be morespecific/restrictive regarding when a pursuit isauthorized.

NOTE:

LES 3.07

Emphasizethat theymust followpolicy.


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Topic 4 Lesson 4-2: Conducting the Pursuit

June 200783

LESSON 4-2 CONDUCTING THE PURSUIT

Guidelines are presented for deciding when to pursue, and for initiating,

continuing and terminating pursuits.


84/110


June 200784

Topic 4: Pursuit DrivingLesson 4-2: Conducting the Pursuit



5.4 Describe the responsibilities and requirements of pursuit driving.5.5 Identify the conditions that warrant termination of a pursuit.

EquipmentChalkboard or flip chartPowerPoint projector, screenAudio Tape player

MaterialsTextbook: Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control: A Training Guide for LawEnforcement OfficersPowerPoint presentation: EVOC (Pursuits); slides: 23-33Handouts/overheads: "Decision Points of Pursuit Driving", "Pursuit RiskAssessment", "Risk Management"


Estimated Length of ClassTwo hours



85/110


June 200785

Topic 4: Pursuit DrivingLesson 4-2: Conducting the Pursuit


Hour #1

Hour #2

Deciding to Initiate aPursuit

Initiating the Pursuit

Continuing thePursuit

Terminating thePursuit

LectureExercise

Lecture

Lecture

Lecture

Exercise

Powerpoint:23 - 33Handout:DecisionPoints ofPursuitDriving",

Handout:Pursuit RiskAssessment","RiskManagement"


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Pg. 59-61

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LECTURE: Deciding to Initiate a Pursuit

Purpose: To review the factors in decidingwhether to initiate a pursuit.

Procedure:

1. Remind students that DisturbanceResolution applies to pursuits as well asother law enforcement interventions.The first step under ApproachConsiderations is decision-making.

2. Among the factors to consider in whether

to initiate a pursuit include these:

Nature of the offense and the dangerposed by the driver

The officer's capabilities and limitationsas a driver

The officer's vehicle capabilities andlimitations

Weather, roadway, and trafficconditions

Likelihood of apprehending the driver

without a pursuit.

Handout/Overhead:Decision Points of Pursuit Driving

3. Have students list some specific decisionpoints that would argue for or against apursuit.

4. List the responses on a chalkboard orflip chart.

5. Point out that it is a balancing test: theofficer has to balance the danger to thepublic against the value ofapprehending the suspect

Hour #1

346.175 Wis.Stats. providesfor ownerliability if thedriver of avehicle fleespolice--unlessthe owner ID'sthe driver.


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6. Remind students that their agency'spolicies may specifically authorize orprohibit pursuits in certain cases, andthat they must always follow policy.

EXERCISE

Purpose: To give students practice inbalancing danger vs. value of apprehension

Procedure:

1. Present (on a chalkboard or overhead) amatrix showing increasing danger on Y-axis and increasing value ofapprehension on X-axis:

2. Explain that the divisions indicate roughdecision-making guides, but specificinstances still need to be mentally"plotted"

3. Provide some examples including boththe event causing the need to pursueand the conditions, and ask students toplot them.

4. Point out that the same event (such as astolen car) might indicate a pursuit insome circumstances but not others.

Adapted from"PursuitSeminar for LawEnforcementDriver Trainers"NHTSA/ALERT 2002

Danger

Value of Apprehension

No

Maybe

Maybe

Yes


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Exercise: Decision to Pursue RiskAssessment

Handout/Overhead: Pursuit Risk

Assessment

Scale used will be 1 - 101=least risk to the public10=greatest risk to the public

Students will consider the risk factorsfor minor traffic violators, suspectedintoxicated or reckless drivers, fleeingarmed suspects, and fleeing non-violent felons.

5. Risk Management: Law enforcementrisk management is the protection ofthe public and the reduction ofagency and officer civil liability.

If predictableit is preventable.

Identify exposure to hazards orpotential hazards.

Determine means of reducingexposure.

Implement reduction measures.

Monitor the effectiveness of reductionmeasures.

Handout: Risk Management

Adapted from

"PursuitSeminar for LawEnforcementDriver Trainers"NHTSA/ALERT 2002

Adapted from"PursuitSeminar for LawEnforcementDriver Trainers"NHTSA/ALERT 2002(see Appendix

handoutssection)


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Pg. 61-62

28

Pg. 61

29

LECTURE: Initiating the Pursuit

Purpose: To outline the responsibilities ofan officer initiating a pursuit.

Explain the difference between a:

Take off Catch Up

Pursuit

Procedure:

1. Activate your emergency lights and siren

Lights (flashing, oscillating, rotating)

Siren Headlights (flashers if available)

2. Notify dispatch

Your call sign and that you haveinitiated a pursuit

Suspect vehicle/occupant description

Vehicle's location and direction oftravel

Reason for the pursuit

Your speed Weather and traffic conditions

3. Continue to evaluate your decision topursue

Tactical evaluation is alwaysongoing.As conditions change, your decision tokeep pursuing may change as well.

Remind that346.03(3)requires audibleand visualsignals foremergencyvehicles to beexempted fromcertain traffic

laws.

346.03(4)authorizes a"silent run" --butpermitsdisregardingspeed limitsonly.

346.03(5)requires youalways to drivewith due regardfor the safety ofothers

Pg. 6230

LECTURE: Continuing the PursuitPurpose: To review ongoingresponsibilities in a pursuit

Procedure:

1. Continue tactical evaluation--you canterminate the pursuit at any time if you

Hour #2


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believe it is unreasonably dangerous tocontinue.

2. Keep dispatch updated with currentlocation, speed, direction, and

conditions.

3. Manage your own stress, usingtechniques already learned in DAAT andelsewhere.

Scankeep your eyes moving andstay aware of the environment.Avoid "tunnel vision."

Breatheuse autogenic breathing. Talkuse positive self-talk.

EXAMPLES

If available, play audio tapes of actualpursuits, to illustrate the importance ofkeeping one's voice calm and of continuallyupdating dispatch (and other officers) oflocation, speed, and direction.

Remindstudents of theSmith systemguidelines:

1. Aim high indriving.

2. Keep youreyes moving.

3. Get the bigpicture.4. Leave

yourself anout.

5. Make surethey seeyou.


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Pg. 63

31-33

31-32

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LECTURE: Terminating the Pursuit

Purpose: To go over the reasons andprocedure for terminating a pursuit.

Procedure:

1. When to terminate a pursuit

Risks outweigh the benefits

Supervisor orders it

Suspect ID'd and no need forimmediate apprehension

You no longer know suspect'slocation

Suspect so far ahead that

apprehension is unlikely Your vehicle or equipment fails

Pursuit would unreasonablyendanger others

You need to stop to render aid andno other unit is available

2. How to terminate a pursuit

Notify dispatch and fellow officers ofyour intent to terminate the pursuit

via radio. Reduce speed to speed limit Turn off emergency equipment

Confirm terminating the pursuit withdispatch and notify them of yourlocation.

Pull over and stop briefly

Continue to drive normally alongsuspect's last known route to checkfor accidents or other problems.

346.175 Wis.Stats

NOTE:Follow your

department'spolicies andprocedures forterminatingpursuits.


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Topic 4 Lesson 4-3: Pursuit Driving

June 200792



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LESSON 4-3 PURSUIT DRIVING

Guidelines for conducting and concluding a pursuit are presented.


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Topic 4: Pursuit DrivingLesson 4-3: Pursuit Driving



5.4 Describe the responsibilities and requirements of pursuit driving.5.6 Document and debrief a simulated pursuit.


Materials

Textbook: Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control: A Training Guide for LawEnforcement OfficersPowerPoint presentation: EVOC (Pursuits); slides: 34-48DOJ Video: Phoenix Pursuit Video


Estimated Length of ClassTwo hours



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Topic 4: Pursuit DrivingLesson 4-3: Pursuit Driving


Hour #1

Hour #2

Pursuit DrivingTechniques

Communicating withOther Officers

Pursuit Example

Concluding the

Pursuit

Documenting

Required agencyreporting

Pursuit report writing

Debriefing

Lecture

Lecture

Video

Lecture

Lecture

Discussion

Exercise

Lecture

Powerpoint:34-48

PhoenixPursuit


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LECTURE: Pursuit Driving Techniques

Purpose: To present guidelines foreffective operation of an emergency vehicleduring a pursuit.

Procedure:

1. Effective driving in a pursuit requires

Using good driving techniques

Maintaining distance Maintaining a position of advantage

Anticipating the suspect's actions

2. Good driving techniques

Goal is to pace the suspect vehicle,not overtake it

Smooth, efficient driving is best

Balanced driver inputs (accelerati

Instructor 0607

Documents

Transcript of Instructor 0607