Instructions for use - HUSCAP...inteRsity attenuation with distances was deduced and its anomaly map...

13
Instructions for use Title Dense Survey of Seismic Intensity for Wider Application to Earthquake and Engineering Problems Author(s) Ohta, Yutaka; Kagami, Hiroshi; Okada, Shigeyuki; Murakami, Hitomi Ohashi Citation 北海道大學工學部研究報告, 145, 165-176 Issue Date 1988-12-27 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/42171 Type bulletin (article) File Information 145_165-176.pdf Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP

Transcript of Instructions for use - HUSCAP...inteRsity attenuation with distances was deduced and its anomaly map...

Page 1: Instructions for use - HUSCAP...inteRsity attenuation with distances was deduced and its anomaly map was drawn as is shown in Figure 2 and compared with the so-called Bouguer anomaly

Instructions for use

Title Dense Survey of Seismic Intensity for Wider Application to Earthquake and Engineering Problems

Author(s) Ohta, Yutaka; Kagami, Hiroshi; Okada, Shigeyuki; Murakami, Hitomi Ohashi

Citation 北海道大學工學部研究報告, 145, 165-176

Issue Date 1988-12-27

Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/42171

Type bulletin (article)

File Information 145_165-176.pdf

Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP

Page 2: Instructions for use - HUSCAP...inteRsity attenuation with distances was deduced and its anomaly map was drawn as is shown in Figure 2 and compared with the so-called Bouguer anomaly

北海道大学工学部研究報告

第145号(昭和63年)

Bulletin of the Faculty of Engineering,

  Hokl〈aido University, No. 145 (1988)

Demse Sewvey of Se蓋senre玉。 IRteems晦fo罫W量“e罫A舩量ca樋。晒。

             Eartkquake and ERgineering Prebgeitas

Yutaka OHTA, }liroshi KAGAMI, Shigeyuki OKADA

          and Hitomi Ohashi MURAKAMI

              (Received September 10, 1988)

Abstract

     Motivated by a belief that quaiified seismic intensity data should have a wider

application capability in engineering seismology and earthquake engineering, we have

been continuing a series of investigations, based essentially upon a questionnaire

method advanced in both of survey scheme and subsequent data processing. ln this

paper we demonstrate a few applications to drawing minute isoseismal maps, to

exploriRg seismic source and path characteristics, and further to eiucidate rr}icrozoning

characteristics in urban and rural areas. The exemplified incidences are 1982 Off-

Urakawa, 1983 Central Japan Sea, 1981 Corinthos, 1984 Morgan Hill and 1986 Holiister

earthquakes. The obtained results are well examined through various comparisons

with instrumental and other data.

1. lntroduction

     For more than a decade we have been condueting a dense survey on seismic intensity

for almost all the moderate-to-large earthquakes occurring in and around Japan and also

have been applying it to foreign earthquakes. We had developed the method by means of

questionnaire in order to estimate seismic iRtensities precisely and densely’). The major

reasons are as foliows. The officially announced seismic intensities by JMA (Japan

Meteorological Agency) have serious demerits in that its determination is made in a limited

number as 2-3 locations per prefectural unit with the average area of 10,00e km2 and ehat its

accuracy is rather low due to the summary determination. Therefore the anneunced inten-

sities are insufficient to be basic data for succeeding studies in seismology and engineering.

High-precision and dense survey has iong been desired in this respect.

     In this paper, maj or subjects covered and results obtained through this series of studies

are summarized in its applications to engineering seismological and earthquake engineering

problems, demonserating the significaRce of dense and qualified seismic intensity data.

Department of Architectural Engineering

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166 Yutaka OHTA, Hirtshi KAGAMi, Shigeyuki Oi〈ADA and Hitomi Ohashi MuRAKAMi2

2. i982 Off-Urakawa Earthquake

     On March 21, 1982 a large earthquake with M = 7.1 occurred off Urakawa, Hokkaido

district iR northern most Japan and caused a significant amount of damage iR several

town-ships along the Pacific coast and a few inland cities. Although the maximum intensity

by the JMA was VI at Urakawa, Ro continuation to V was reported at any affected areas.

We performed dense questionnaire surveys for this earthquake with special objectives of

obtaining a precise isoseismal map, elucidating intensity distribution along the coastal line

passing through epicentral area, aRd charaeterizing microzoning Sapporo city.

2.1. lsoseismal map

     The delivery of 6,325 questionnaires was made in relation of population as 100 for a

city with 100,eOO population or higher, 50 for the other cities and 25 for a town or a village,

and we received 86.5% answers. Figure 1 illustrates O.25 increment-isoseismal maps drawn

by use of obtained intensities by municipali£ies. The actual drawing was made autoix}atl-

cally by Ohta and Kagami’s techRique2). The observed isoseismals are somewhat irreguiar

than circular. Contour liRes seem to be extended in E-W direction, but contracted in N-S

dlrection. This is a comrnon character of isoseismals due to earthquakes in Hokkaido

district. To know more in detail about this peculiarity, the deviatlon from the standard

inteRsity attenuation with distances was deduced and its anomaly map was drawn as is shown

in Figure 2 and compared with the so-called Bouguer anomaly map compiled by Hagiwara3).

As is seen in this figure we find a significant correlation between two maps. lt is evident

that in a region where intensity anomaly is positive deep seated soft soils deposit widely and

iR its negative region geologically old or volcanic rocks are distributed. This clearly shows

that the obtained isoseismal map reflects well the regiona}ity in seismic wave propagation.

1ノ

O

o’

’i.e

Sapporo

御Tokyo

×・

3.0:tt

邑   ●●

K  ;

.賠

汐・

x4.0

   。二k:’k・‘

  ;:.

.一覧

げ.

f.

;一   一

一   一  一

            サ   の

   覧”  .’  ・∫..

       ● ●

N

O 100 km.

Fig. 1 Obtained isoseismal map of 1982 Off Urakawa earthquake.

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3 167

Intensity anomaly

g塗

.毒

歪..

霧,

薯.i17rSo

きel

  隔

争働。

   O 100km

Bouguer anomaly (mgal )

               Fig. 2 Comparison between intensity (1982 Off Urakawa eq.)

                     and Beuguer anomalies.

2.2. Epicentral regioR

     A dense questionnaire survey was performed in severai towns located on tke Pacific

coastal iine in epicentral region. Figure 3 summarizes observed and calculated in£ensity

distributions, together with other physical data. The upper most curve shows relative ground

deformatioR between this earthquake. The second one is PGA(peak ground acceleration)

distribution curve derived by Kobayashi et al‘〉. The lowest oRes are from our caiculations

Hekkaid

(15旨

S10窟ラ

85琶P  G t

  の    ほ

/v\

一.一一 一 ” 一 一hny 一

4eo

300

200

100

80

60

5,5

一 observed

e estimatecl

o

/./eXexxxe

5,0

 4.5

Tom

 4.0

                        Mitsuishi

                leo so 60 40 20 o 20 40 60                               Distance £rom Mitsuishi [km]

Fig. 3 Comparison of intensity (1982 Off Urakawa eq.) with other physical data.

Page 5: Instructions for use - HUSCAP...inteRsity attenuation with distances was deduced and its anomaly map was drawn as is shown in Figure 2 and compared with the so-called Bouguer anomaly

168 Yutaka OHTA, Hirtshi KAGAMI, Shigeyuki OKADA and Hitomi Ohashi MuRAi〈AMi 4

and observations. The calculated intensities are based upon the empirical equation pr. oposed

by us5). All the dis#ributions cited here are in remarkable agreemeRt. A comparison of the

ground deformation curve with that of observed ingensity tells that the occurreRce of

dominant ground failures is limited within the region where the intensity is equal to or higher

than the lower bound of VI.

2.3. UrbaR area

     A similar but more dense survey was performed in Sapporo city distribu£ing IO,eOO

questionnaires so as to cover the whole residential area, and we obtained 83 %o answers.

Figure 4 shows the histogram through which one can see that the observed intensities spread

from II to V in JMA scale, although the average intensity of 3.8 is iR good agreement with

that by JMA Sapporo station. Areal distribution of 1’ntensities are shown in Figure 5

together with site plots where coRsiderable damages occurred. Thus obtained microzoning

characteristic reflects well the seismic severity distribution due to this earthquake.

     Next, we examined the physical reason of such mlcrozoning characteristics. Since

Sapporo city is in an epicenerai distance range of (i45 ± 15)km, the distance effect seems

small. Source and path effects are also less influential because, at this distance, source

                                                             4,25

   2000. 一 3・75, 4,0                                        3,5 axX>(lt{k,,. ,..,...±il.Jl’i

E. 1 Pg lj,1,i i.}’llllSXilCl”1・tsf,一一。,1,1,1’1’1’l i, l l

                 Ihtensity 3.’s”’一”51’i’s?”lillj’:/S 4’O e Darnaged houses

Fig. 4 Histogram of intensities obtained in Fig. 5 lntensity microzonig map in Sapporo city

      Sapporo city (1982 Off Urakawa eq.〉. (1982 Off Urakawa eq).

                                        sandy and clayey silt

Ale.H

偽vi

o’pri

写¢

眺.‡ミ

sH”

一一     〇

1  ∬  皿  Iv V  WJMA豆皿 IV V VI V旺圃 IX MSK

1.5

1.O

O.5

o

一〇,5

一1.O

一1,5

talus

an’р?sit?

gravel

volcanic ash

river deposit   ×

sandy silt

一v一

s

peat

silt

 /

Fig. 6 Kistograms of intensity deviation by soil types in Sapporo city

      (1982 Off Urakawa eq.) .

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5

Dense Survey of Seismic lntensity for Wider Application to

        Earthquake and Engineering Probiems 169

finiteness can be out of consideration

and all of the paths to Sapporo are

approximately identical. lf these are

true, only the physical possibiiity of

such spatiai intensity distributioR

should be explored in the so-cailed site

effect due to surface soils. Figure 6

illustrates a iine-up of histograms of

intensity deviation (61) from the aver-

age value by surface soil types. The

right side 4 histograms are for alluviai

soils, which indicates rather large

intensities. and the remainder are        ’

mostly for older soils and rock siees.

that it seems to be saturated.

chimney

ext. wall

ground

heavy injured

slight injured

water tube

kerosene leakage

gas leakage

e

e   e

 一 e  - e 一 t  一 一 一

  禽       ●●

一ee e 一e一 e

 一        t

   - t e te 一

. ,   .e e    e e  .

    一 t 一

=Ut II-vr 1] 〔工MSK                      intensity

mxg. 7 Relation between intensity and various

      disasters in Sapporo city (1982 Off Urak-

      awa eq.).

The soil layer thickness is effective up to 10m but after

Based upon this preliminary analysis we can develop an empirical equation to estima.te

seisrRic intensities in Sapporo city. The intensity at a given site,

Ii=f(M,A) 十  O.256

 0.182

 0.050

 0.040

-O.051

-O.156

-O.278

-0396

-O.406

silt

peat

voicanic ash

sandy silt

sandy and clayey silt

river deposlt

grave圭

andesite(weathered)

talus

Ii, is written as

十〇.04 H,

where

     f(M,A) == 2 M-4.601 ’ log A-O.OO166A-O.32 (Kawasumi6))

and M the JMA magnitude, A epicentral distance in km, H thickness of surface soil in m.

     Figure 7 summarizes various disasters observed in this city in reiatioR with seismic

intensities.

                    3. 1983 Central Japan Sea Earthquake

     A great earthquake occurred on May 26, 1983 and brought serious damages to northern

distrlcts in mainland Japan. Because of its large magnitude ef 7.7, the affected areas were

so wide coveriRg Hokkaido, Tohoku and Kanto districts of neariy IO prefectures. For this

earthquake a dense survey was performed similariy to the 1982 Off-Urakawa earthquake,

including 435 municipaiities. The total number of questionnaires deiivered exceeds weli 10,

Page 7: Instructions for use - HUSCAP...inteRsity attenuation with distances was deduced and its anomaly map was drawn as is shown in Figure 2 and compared with the so-called Bouguer anomaly

170 Ytttal〈a OHTA, Hirtshi KAGAMi, Shigeyuki OKADA and Hitomi Ohashi MuRAKAMi 6

OOO, by which almost all the areas with intensity of III and higher were iRvestigated. The

answers arrived to a total of about 800/o. By use of these data several analyses were

conducted.

3’1●亙タごs濃紫重器、、、yd。,,_。,、。n一∴..・黒黒

was made at 403 unit areas. Althougk the

maximum intensity by JIV[A is reported as V

at 3 stations, we could reveal that there are

several areas where it reached VI. The

isoseisma} map drawn with e.25 iRcrement is

illustrated in Figure 8. From this we find

several significant features. One is that the

area with intensity V and higher spreads

widely in NS direction than in EW direction.

This seems due to configurational charac-

teristics of the earthquake fault. The other

contours have also the similar tendency of

extendiRg in a NS direction. And this ten一

Akita

x

.憾

   ノ

;,cPN

  の ゲ

TokyQ

O 50 100 150km

鴫,5

Lom

Fig. 8

、臥墜嚇i一

Obtained isoseismal map of 1983 Central

Japan Sea earthquake.

dency is rather common eo most isoseismal maps for shallow earthquakes occurring in the

northerR part of Japan.

3.2. Source amdi patk effects

     The N-S directionally extended isoseismal contours in Figure 8 can not be explaiRed

by a simple attenuatioR equation assuming a point source and seems to reflect well the

finiteness ef the seismic source. We have already proposed an empirical equation appropri-

ate for near-distance intensity distribution enc}osing a seismic source area (Ohta5)). Let us

apply the same equation to this earthquake. AccordiRg to the equation, the intensity at any

point on the ground is expressed as

     I=:cilogDi‘fLfWivatlir:r;s-p)dg’drp ,

where D is the average resultant slip measured by the coerdinate system(e,ij) oR the fault

surface, k is the coefficient related to the slip contribution upon intensity, and p is the

coefficien£ related to the attenuation due to the distance, and the appropriate values are

empirically derived for k and p as O.25 and 2-3 respectively. Here, we perform the following

examinations. Namely, through the nuTnerical comparison of calculated and observed

intensities at near-distances we attempted to determine the optimum configurational solu-

tions in terms of fault leRgth and strike directioR. The ranges we examined are for fault

length L frorn 40 to 200km and for strike direction from N300 W to N300 E, assuming thatthe

fault wid£h is knowR as W= 40km and the dip angle as 300 E . The actuai calculations were

done in such a way as to evaluate the correlation between the observed and the calculated

intensities in ranges higher than III. Figure 9 illustrates contours of the thus obtained

Page 8: Instructions for use - HUSCAP...inteRsity attenuation with distances was deduced and its anomaly map was drawn as is shown in Figure 2 and compared with the so-called Bouguer anomaly

7

Dense Survey of Seismic lntensity for Wider Application to

       Earthquake and Engineering Problems 171

correiaeion coefficient. From this we know that the optimum values are L=120km and N20e

E, though the probable va}ues for fauit length and strike direction are of a sornewhat wlder

range. These va’lues are in fairiy good agreement with those derived from instrurneRtal

data. This clearly tells that the obtained isoseismals well reflect the source finiteness and

configurational characteristics.

       148. 750E・

50e

             伊、

\}/紛V,〉・i/ .!c

・   一v」賢:一・一・一・ 一一一 40eN

 ε

遣bρ

£

一  の  葡囎  曜  一  「  一  ・  榊  .   }

! ’ N7r-Nf. !

ivGL翌窒R

W-401〈m

200

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

× .80

XN .85             -N

          .87 〈

.85 v                    N30ew 20e loe oo Nlo“E 20“ 30e

                               Strike angle

Fig. 9 Estimation of fault length and stril〈e direction

      (1983 Central Japan Sea eq,) .

40“ soe

3.3. Local site effect

     A case study in a town located aloRg the Japan Sea coastal line with a popuiation of

le,OeO, a whole survey for ali the families was performed and compared damage and other

data in order to eiucidate local changes of seismic effect. Figure 10 illustrates the observed

inteRsities by 18 sub-areas iR comparison with strttctural damage rate and periods necessary

for recovery of daily life and for restoration of dwelling. We understaRd that all of them in

                     V VI JMA

dune

coastal

 piain

terrace

coastal

  plain

Tこ

E

2

3

45

6

7

89

1011

12

13

14

15

16

ユ7

18

       工

       〉

   /e  x

e/

\曾    ノ

    置

   1   逸

ef/

 X.e

e./

Xe

.2:::1二:盲

嫉臨dera・・

X一×’)s.

〉〕ヲll、

舞6i・・1・

ts’

TopographyFig. IO

¥s

tt-i-L一一一.L一一一一一i一一一一一一一一i

ve M MSK O 20 40 60 80 1001ntensity Dwelling damage ifoO

    /o 曳    o.        e

    ’N. t  /1/二・・

,.’“H/e”一’一一@houses

.t

メfP 1

’〕レ・t

oな  /o  ’tee/e

  璽’\・

  鮫

L.一:.fse”“ daily life

btu“al...L-uny

Comparison of intensity with damage and aftermath in Wakami town

Akita prefecture (1983 Central Japan Sea eq.) .

   10 100Restoration length(day)

           ’

Page 9: Instructions for use - HUSCAP...inteRsity attenuation with distances was deduced and its anomaly map was drawn as is shown in Figure 2 and compared with the so-called Bouguer anomaly

172 Yutal〈a OHTA, Hirtshi KAGAMi, Shigeyuki OKADA and Hitomi Ohashi MuRAKAMi 8

sub-areai distribution are in dominant correlation and therefore the seismic severity mea-

sured in terms of seismic intensity is the most fundamental factor oR direct and indirect

earthquake disasters. lf we compare this iRteRsity change with local geological data, we

find that the sub-area wlth highest intensity is composed of the latest sand duRes and the

second highest areas are of alluvial soils and in the areas with surface soil older than alluvium

the intensities are clearly low.

4. 1981 Corinthos, Centra1 Greece Earthquake

     In 1981, February 24th a shallow earthquake of magnitude Ms==6.7 occurred in the

eastern part of Corinthian Gulf in Central Greece, which is accompaRied by a largest

aftershock in February 25th of rnagnitude M[s=6.4, causing widespread damage to an area

larger than 1,500 km2. The focal depths of the two events were about 15 km under the sea,

nearby the tiny Alkionides island7) (Figure 11).

     The questionnaire survey was planned in order to evaluate the seismic intensity and

also e}ucidate the direct eo indirect damages. After considering the affected region, the

capital city of Corinthos having 45,000 population was chosen as one of the survey sites. The

city lies on the eastern end of the Gulf oR alluvial deposlts where damages were concentrated.

The other survey site was sought in a rural area so that a comparative study versus urbanized

area could be performed. The village of Perahora (populatioR 2,20e) was selected where the

most extensive damages were seen. The village had a £ot’ ≠戟@of 470 houses and lies on

rRountaiRous firm ground.

     The questionnaire form was prepared translated from Japanese to Greek and some

more questions inquiring about social impacts weye added. The first part of questionnaire

sheet, with 29 items, is arranged so as to correspond to the definition of MSK intensity scale.

The second part, with 47 items, asks about various aspects of earthquake damage as well as,

the restoration process, economical impact on household income and some mental effects on

people. The survey was taken place in July 1985 and by directly interviewing the local

people with queseionRaire sheets. We obtained 137 aRd 66 effective aRswers by Corinthos

Cer主nthian Gu}f

           ×

           ゆ          Perahora

         ゆ                

・⊥・

㌔・灘981

         つ        × Feb.25,工98王

         M=6.4.

“㌔黛

   Ci ( ,pt

Saronic Gulf

Athens

p

A 30蓉

雲2・

kpa

C’ 10

o

CorinthosPerahora

Fig. 11 Epicenters and surveyed sites for 1981

Corinthos, Central Greece earthquake.

     V   V至   W   ~張’  茎X

                       Intensity(MSK)

Fig. 12 Histograms of obtained intensities for Cor-

      inthos and Perahola (1981 Corinthos eq.).

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9

Dense Survey of Seismie lntensity for Wider Application to

       Earthquake and Engineering Problems 173

and Perahora iRhabitants.

     In Corinthos we had沁te!lsities ra漁ging from 5.6 to 8ユ, with an average intensity of 6.

8 when rounded out is the equivalent to the intensity VII in MSK scale. ln Perahora we had

intensities ranging from 6.6 to 8.4, with an average of 7.6 which rounded out is equivalent to

VIII. Thus, a clear difference between the intensities in the two sites was obtained as shown

in Figure !2.

     Through the survey the following secia} effects are also revealed. The whole eco-

nomic activities of the region were decreased and are not yet compietely recovered at the

time of answering the questionaires. ln Corinthos more than 25% of the families liviRg in R.

C. framed buildings, have changed dwelling place to seek fer a safer residence althougk the

damage to their buildings was not so heavy. ln Perahora, where 70% of the houses become

uninhabitable, extensive reconstruction took place and at the time of this survey was in i£s

final stages. But still many of the families live in shelter houses of very low standards

because they cannot a£ford the reconstruction cost.

5. 1984 Morgan Hill and 1986 Hollister Eartkquake of CaliforRia,USA.

     In order to examine the effectiveness of questionnaire survey and intensity estimates

in MM scale, a trial survey was planRed in California, USA and the following conditions were

considered in the choice of target earthquakes. a) The earthquake is recent so that people

can remember its effects and damages correctly. b) The affected area is properly populated

and several towns are distributed. c) lnstruinental records were obtained. Thus the 1984

Morgan Kill earthquake (ML=6.2) in California was choselt. While preparing for the survey,

the Hollister earthquake (ML=5.5) occurred on January 26, 1986 in the same region, about 65

Table 1 Studied earthquakes

1984Morgan Hlll 1986Hollister

Data Apr,24, Tue, Jan.26, Sun.

Time 1:15PM 11:20AMMagnitude(ML> 6.2 5.5

Max intensity(MM) VI王1:Limited area V王1:Cienega VaHey

V王1:Mor墓an Hill VI:Hollister

Strong motion record L29g;Coyote Dam 0.31g:Hollister

(PGA) 0.469:Gilroy

031g:Holllster

km apart. We decided to add another set of the same questions for the second earthquake

for further comparison. Tabie 1 shows the attributes of the two earthquakes8).

     We contacted county boards of education and school districts asking cooperation to

distribute and collect questionRaires through schools to parents. We chose i6 public school

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174 Yutaka OHTA, Hirtshi KAGAMi, Shigeyuki OKADA and Kitomi Ohashi MuRAKAMi 10

San Francisco

           5∵2\諜1984 ㌔~9

           ⑧      7.4\                         ㊤      4,1

           5.6      ⑨  、                         4.8       ⑲

                 7.3⑩                        ㊥                    ⑩                      4、1⑧

          ・ξ。6.37’0    41i7。・84・3

                 ゆ                                                   

                 6.1    @                 4・6

                        6.4

0    20km                        O    20 k∬}

」一一一_』                                              」_一__鱒一

       Morgan Hill EQ.         Hollister EQ.

          F孟g,13 0btained intensities for two earthquakes in California.

 ゆ

6.4   ×

 Jan.26,1986

ML=5.5

』わ’お

9.日

沿

8

7

6

5

4

3

@ 84 Morgan Hill

o 86 Hollister

       /

o /o    /

   /

 /   o/o

.曹/

/蟹/

   曾 /

⑳ 吻

/PG

lg

O,5

O.l

O.05

         o

          Coyote dam

    aso @

   Halls Valley

㈱霧 ⑱

        345678 45678                Reported intensity intensity

Fig. 14 Comparison of obtained intensities with Fig. 15 Comparison of obtained intensities with

       reported ones for the two earthquakes in PGA of gtrong motion records for two

       California. earthquakes in Califomia.

in Santa Clara county, 5 in Santa Cruz county, 3 in Monterey county and 2 in San Benito

county within the MM 6 isoseismal of Morgan Hill earthquake. Hundreds questionnaires

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11

Dense Survey of Seismic lntensity for Wider Application to

        Earthqual〈e and Engineering Problems 175

were mai}ed to each ef 26 schools in late April, !986. The rnaps in Figure 13 show the

surveyed area and the epiceRters.

     Calculated intensities and observed intensities are compared in Figure !4. Observed

IRteRsities of Morgan }{[ill earthquake are from Toppozada and those of the Hollister event

are assigned based on USGS earthquake report and news articles. . Calculated intensities

agree very well with the observation by a seismologist through the range of 4 to 7.

     CDMG9) and USGCie) have an extensive network of strong motioR instruments in the

surveyed area. Calc雛lated i就ensity is compared with PGA ill Figure 15。 Good correlation

between intensities and PGAs is found.

6.Conc畳ud重魏g Remarks

     Through this series of studies for developing seismic intensity stirvey by means of

questionnaire method we found that dense and qualified intensities are rather easily obtained

aRd such intensity data are well applied for advanced analysis on the seismic source and path

characteristics and for comparative study of damage and other data. ln conclusion we

should iil〈e to say tkat, since this questionnaire method is sknple and sufficintly systematic

to be performed with no much special technique, it should have wider application capability

to any other countries than Japan.

Aclmowledgment

     The authors wish to acknowledge that these surveys have been accomplished with the

cooperation of hundreds of thousaRds of people who deigned to answer this questionRaire.

The survey in Greece was performed by cooperation of Mr. Antonios Pononis, Fereign

Student of Hokkaido University, and they express their thanks to him.

RefereRees

1 ) Yutaka Ohta, Noritoshi Goto and Hitomi Ohashi (1979). A Questionnaire Survey for Estimating Seismic

 lntensities, Bull, Fuc. Eng, Hokkaido Univ., 92, 117-128 (in Japanese).

2) Yutaka Ohta (editor) (1983), A Comprehensive Study oii Earthqual〈e Disasters in Turkey in View of

 Seismic Risk Reduction, Hokkaido Univ,, Sapporo, Japan.

3) Yul〈io Hagiwara (1983). Seismic lntensity of the 1982 Urakawa-oki Earthquake as Related to the

Bouguer Gravity Anomaly, Jour. Geodetic Soc. 3apan, 29, 164-165 (in japanese).

4) Hiroyoshi Kobayashi, Kazuoh Seo and Saburo Midorikawa (1982). Damage Distribution due to 1982

 Urakawa-oki Earthquake, Proc. Natural Disaster Sci., 19, 159-162 (ln Japanese).

5) Yutal〈a Ohta and Hiroshi Kagami (1982). An Automatic Drawing Technique of Contour Maps of

Seismic lntensity and Other Spatially Distributed Earthquake Engineering Data, Proc. lnter. Microzona-

 tion Conf. 3, 1405-1416.

6 〉 Hiroshi Kawasumi (1954). lntensity and Magnitude of Shallow Earthquaks, Travaux Scientifique, Publ.

 BCSI, Ser. A, 19, 99-/14.

7 ) Panayotis G., Carydis et al. (1982) The Central Greece Earthqual〈e of February-March 1981一 A Recon-

naissance and Engineering Reportm, National Academy Press, Washington, D. C,

Page 13: Instructions for use - HUSCAP...inteRsity attenuation with distances was deduced and its anomaly map was drawn as is shown in Figure 2 and compared with the so-called Bouguer anomaly

176 Yutaka OHTA, Hirtshi KAGAMi, Shigeyul〈i OKADA and Hitorni Ohashi MuRAKAMi 12

8) CaHfornia Department of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology (1984>. The 1984 Morgan Hill,

 California Earthquake, Special Publicatien 68, 271.

9) California Department of Conservation, Division of rVlines and Geology (1984). CDMG Strong-Motion

 Records from the Morgan Hill, California Earthquake of 24 April 1984, CDMG report.

10) A. G. Brady et al. (1986). Preliminary Report on Records from the USGS-maintained Strong-Motion

 Network in the Hollister Area January 26, 1986, Open File Report, 86-156.