INSTRUCTIONS: Go through the slides and answer each question in

the packet; the slide numbers are listed for each question

REVIEW FOR THE

U.S. HISTORY FALL FINAL EXAM

English settlers in western Virginia suffered from low

tobacco prices and frequent Indian attacks

Poor farmers, led by Nathaniel Bacon, blamed Virginia’s governor

for not protecting them and started a rebellion; it would be

called “Bacon’s Rebellion”

Connecticut was important for creating the

first written constitution in

U.S. history called The Fundamental

Orders of Connecticut

Much like the later U.S. Constitution, the Fundamental Orders provided a framework plan for government

“Puritans” believed that the Anglican Church compromised too far by allowing some Catholic rituals; they felt the Anglican Church needed to be “purified”

The Anglican Church rejected the Puritans’ reform ideas, which led to some Puritans seeking a place in the New World where they could practice their ways of religion

John Winthrop was the Puritans’ political and religious leader; they founded the Massachusetts Bay ColonyThe Puritans did not want to break away from the

Anglican Church; they wanted to set an example of how “true Christianity” should be practiced and inspire reform

within England’s church

One of the most important middle colonies was

Pennsylvania, which was founded by William Penn

Penn was a member of

a religious sect called the Quakers; they were strongly

in favor of social equality and

religious tolerance

Penn founded the colony of

Pennsylvania on these principles

Early in the colonial times, the Spanish

established a colony in what is now Florida

The English created the royal colony of

Georgia to serve as a “buffer zone”

between English colonies and Spain’s

colony in Florida

Mercantilism By the 1650s, Britain began to embrace the economic policy of mercantilism, which is based on the idea that

colonies exist to generate wealth for the mother country

The system of mercantilism increased demand for raw materials from the colonies

The colonies needed many laborers, which led to the Atlantic Slave Trade

English plantations owners felt that slaves were a more dependable supply of labor, so there were far more slaves

than indentured servants in the English colonies

The vast majority of slaves came

from the coast of

West Africa

Benjamin Franklin represented opportunity in America by rising to fame through his printing

business, scientific inventions, and political leadership in the Enlightenment Era

A movement called the Great Awakening began; preachers used

gatherings called “revivals” to encourage religious conversions

By the 1700s, church attendance in the

colonies had declined

The preacher Jonathan Edwards was a leader of the Great Awakening,

using “fire and passion” at camp

revivals to encourage people to examine their faith

The Great Awakening led to

the growth of Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian churches in the

American colonies

The French and Indian War was a conflict between

France and England

The English won the war, and the Treaty

of Paris was the agreement that ended the war

In the Treaty of Paris, the French lost most of their North American empire

“Salutary neglect” was the policy in which England did not strictly enforce its laws regarding who their colonies were allowed to trade with; they allowed the American colonies to conduct trade with other

countries besides England to keep them happyBut when the French and Indian War was over, the

English had much debt; because the English needed money, they ended salutary neglect

The English began levying taxes on the colonists and strictly enforcing trade regulations in an effort

to raise money and pay off their war debtsThe American colonists were upset at the new taxes and the English taking more control over

them, which would eventually lead to the colonists fighting England to gain independence

In reaction to the Stamp Act, the Sons of Liberty

were formed; they were a group that protested the new English restrictions

and became leaders of the colonial resistance

The Townshend Acts led to the colonials protesting that they were being taxed unfairly: “no taxation

without representation”

Tensions increased after the so-called “Boston Massacre”, a fight between a mob

of colonists and British soldiers

Paul Revere’s etching of the Boston Massacre became an American best-seller

Colonists injured British soldiers by throwing

snowballs and oyster shells

With only four dead, this was hardly a “massacre”,

but it reveals the power of colonial propaganda

The Tea Act of 1773 led to the “Boston Tea Party”

In reaction to the Boston Tea Party, the British passed laws that would be called the

“Intolerable Acts”

The shots exchanged between British troops and American colonists at Lexington and Concord was the

start of the American Revolution

In his written work, Common Sense, Thomas Paine

sharply criticized the British Parliament

while making a powerful argument

for the American colonists to declare their independence

from Britain

The Americans formally stated their break from Britain and the reasons for doing so with the Declaration of

Independence (penned by Thomas Jefferson)Many of the ideas in the Declaration were influenced by

the ideas of the Enlightenment

Benjamin Franklin made a major

contribution to the success of the

American Revolution by serving as a

diplomat to France

Franklin secured an alliance with France;

the French would help the Americans in the

war with England

On Christmas Eve 1776, George Washington gave

Americans hope by crossing the Delaware River and

surprising British troops in Trenton, New Jersey

The surprising victory at Trenton showed how determined the Americans were to defeat the British

The Battle of Yorktown proved to be the decisive

victory for the Americans over the British, who

negotiated an end to the war after

this battle

Washington’s Continental Army had help from the French: the French Caribbean fleet and

Rochambeau’s army contributed to the victory

The Articles of Confederation were America’s first national government, but the Articles were weak and ineffective

Among its many weaknesses were the Articles’ inability to enact and collect taxes, the restriction of trade between states, and worthless paper money

printed by state governments

Poor farmers in western Massachusetts were

angered over high taxes and the possibility of

losing their farms

Shays’ Rebellion proved to be THE most convincing event that led to the Constitutional Convention of

1787, in which the Articles were eliminated

Daniel Shays led an uprising and closed down

debt courts, then threatened a federal

arsenal

The approval of the Great Compromise at the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention guaranteed

representation based on population in the House and equal representation for each state in the Senate

Victory for the small states

Victory for the large states

The 3/5 Compromise Northern and Southern states could not agree whether or not

to count slaves in a population size; if slaves counted, Southern states would have great representation in the HouseThree-Fifths Compromise settled the issue: three of every five

slaves would count in the populationThis Compromise had the effect of increasing Southern

representation in the House of Representatives, but not as much as it could have been

Separation of Powers

Separation of powers and the system of checks and balances were included in the Constitution for the purpose of ensuring

the national government did not have too much power

Separation of powers and the system of checks and balances were included in the Constitution for the purpose of ensuring

the national government did not have too much power

Federalists and Anti-FederalistsFEDERALISTS were in

favor getting rid of the Articles of Confederation

Federalists wanted to ratify (approve) the

Constitution; they were educated and organized,

led by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison

Hamilton and Madison authored “The Federalist Papers”, which had the

purpose of promoting the ratification of the

Constitution

ANTI-FEDERALISTS did not want to get rid of the Articles of Confederation

Anti-federalists were against ratifying the

Constitution because they felt it gave too much

power to the national government

They argued that the Constitution was an illegal change in the government

To win ratification, the Federalists agreed to add a Bill of Rights to protect citizens’ liberty; all 13 states

then agreed to ratify the Constitution

The Bill of Rights are the first ten amendments of the Constitution;

they protect citizens’ rights and were put in place to reassure those who feared the

power of the national

government

In his farewell address in 1796, George Washington warned America against the dangers

of getting involved in foreign affairs, political parties, and sectionalism

One of the parts of Alexander Hamilton’s economic plan for the United States was a

national bank (the Bank of the United States)

In the case of Marbury v. Madison, the principle of judicial review was established;

the Supreme Court had the power to declare acts by Congress unonstitutional

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was important because it outlined how states would enter the

Union in the future (for example, when a territory had over 60,000 people, it could apply to be a state)

In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson

authorized the Louisiana Purchase

from France for $15 million

Jefferson did not know if he had the Constitutional power to buy Louisiana, but he did it anyway; this went against his own principle where he insisted

on limited interpretation of the Constitution

The Americans claimed victory in the War of 1812 with Britain; this led to a rise in American

nationalism (pride in one’s nation and identifying oneself with a nation)

The Erie Canal was a massive construction project; it was a man-made waterway that connected New

York City to the Great Lakes; the Canal made New York City the largest port city in America

Issued by President James Monroe in 1823, the Monroe Doctrine

declared that European powers were forbidden

to interfere with any countries in the Western

Hemisphere (such as Mexico and South

America)

European imperialism in the Western

Hemisphere would be viewed as a threat to

the United States

In return, the United States promised to intervene in any conflicts in Europe

The cotton gin, mechanical reaper, and the steel plow are inventions that helped fuel the agricultural boom

associated with the first industrial revolution

Horace Mann was a lawyer interested in education reform in

the early 1800s

Mann saw education as a way to form

children into productive citizens

Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton held the first

U.S. convention on the rights of

women in Seneca Falls, NY

President Andrew Jackson had the Cherokee Indians forcibly relocated out of Georgia to lands west of

the Mississippi River because gold had been discovered in north Georgia

With the Indian Removal Act of 1830, Jackson gave the Cherokees land west of the Mississippi, appropriated funds to remove them by force if necessary, and relocated them

from their homes in Georgia (the “Trail of Tears”)

Nullification is the argument that states have the right to ignore federal laws that they think are unfair

Southerners argued that tariffs helped Northern industry, but hurt Southern

farmers, so the Southern states

refused to collect the tariffs

The “Nullification Crisis”: Vice President John Calhoun was in favor of nullification, while President Andrew

Jackson saw nullification as a threat to the nation

The differences between the North and South led to sectionalism, which is placing the

interests of a region (or section) of a country above the interests of the whole country The perfect example of sectionalism

at this time was the formation of the Republican Party, which was opposed to the spread of slavery

into the new territories

The abolitionists were people who

wanted to completely get rid of slavery in

AmericaThe abolitionist

movement brought the issue of slavery to the forefront of

reform movements, which increased

tensions between the North and South

The idea of “popular

sovereignty” means that the

people of a state or region make

decisions for themselves by

voting

THE COMPROMISE OF 1850(1) The slave trade

ended in Washington DC (NORTH LIKES THIS)

(2) Following the idea of popular sovereignty, the people of Utah and New

Mexico could vote to allow or ban slavery

(SOUTH LIKES THIS)

(3) California entered as a

free state (NORTH LIKES

THIS)

(4) A stronger Fugitive Slave Law was created that allowed Southerners to recapture slaves in the North (SOUTH LIKES THIS; this provision

caused the most controversy)

RESULTS OF THE DRED SCOTT LAWSUIT

(1) Southerners were pleased because the court said that Blacks were not citizens and had no rights, including the right to sue

(2) The Missouri Compromise was ruled

unconstitutional and was effectively repealed

(3) Northern abolitionists were furious

In the American Civil War, the two sides in the conflict were the United States of America (the Union, located in the North) and the Confederate States of America

(the Confederacy, located in the South)

UNION (NORTH)

CONFEDERACY (SOUTH)

NORTHERN ADVANTAGES IN THE WAR(1) The larger

population in the North meant more

troops

(2) The North had far greater industrial capacity (to make

more weapons, ammunition, etc.)

(3) The North had a huge railroad network and a superior navy, so they could move troops and supplies to where

they were needed much faster than the South could

CONFEDERACY’S GOALSTo win this war, the North had to invade the South; the South

had “home field” advantage, as well as

better military leadership

The Confederacy planned to fight a defensive war and outlast the Union,

eventually making the North tire of the fighting and quit

General Grant and General Sherman considered “total war” necessary to defeat the South;

Sherman targeted not only Southern soldiers, but civilians, too

Using the “scorched earth” policy, Sherman’s forces left a trail of

destruction as they advanced; the Battle of Atlanta ended in the city’s destruction

Vicksburg, 1863 (USA)

General Grant became the

overall commander of

the Union Army after he took control

of the Mississippi by

forcing Vicksburg to

surrender

“The Declaration of Independence shows the principles of freedom that our government was founded upon.”

“This Civil War is a test to see if these principles will last, because other

republics have failed.”“We need to make sure that the

Union wins the Civil War in order to preserve our form of government.”

“…all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom...”

At the conclusion of the bloody Battle of Antietam,

President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation,

an executive order that would free all of the slaves

in the states rebelling against the United States

The 13th Amendment

abolished slavery, making it illegal

The 14th Amendment defined citizenship

and established civil rights for all citizens

(this was to guarantee civil rights

of former slaves)

The 15th Amendment gave all African-

American males the right to vote

CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTIONThis was also known as

“Radical Republican Reconstruction”

Its goals: (1) divide the South into military districts occupied by Union soldiers

(2) The South had to ratify the 14th Amendment

(3) The Freedman’s Bureau was established

CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTIONThe resistance to changes by the South after the war led Congress to impose Radical Reconstruction measures;

some examples of resistance:

(1) Southern legislation against the 14th Amendment

(2) Enactment of the “Black Codes” in Southern states

(3) Election of former Confederates into Congress

This painting portrays “Manifest Destiny”, the idea that Americans were destined to expand westward and take

all land from the Atlantic to the Pacific

The Ku Klux Klan was an organization that used violence, lynching, and intimidation to promote White supremacy

and keep Blacks in unequal positions in society

President Andrew Johnson obstructed the Congressional Reconstruction, doing things like firing military generals who were overseeing the Southern states and firing his

Secretary of War (who supported Congress’ plans)When he fired the Secretary of War, he violated a law

called the “Tenure of Office Act”; Congress wanted Johnson out of office because of how he obstructed

Reconstruction, so they used the violation of this Act as the reason for impeaching him

Politicians during the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant were seen as corrupt; there were two well-known scandals that

involved bribe-taking

(1) “Credit Mobilier”: attempts by railroad companies to bribe

Republican Party members to gain land grnts for profit

(2) “Whiskey Ring”: involved whiskey distillers bribing government officials to

avoid paying taxes

The railroads were America’s first “big

business” that sparked the post-Civil War

industrial revolution

During the Gilded Age, Chinese

immigrants built the west-to-east leg of

the transcontinental railroad

John D. Rockefeller’s company, Standard Oil,

was a monopoly

A monopoly is when a single company owns an

entire industry (in this case, Standard Oil dominated the

oil industry)

This cartoon portrays Standard Oil as a monster

monopoly that has its tentacles wrapped around

all aspects of the oil industry and controls the

government

Edison’s electric light bulb, Bell’s telephone, and Bessemer’s

process for making steel were some important inventions

during the Gilded Age

After 1900, most immigrants coming to the United States were from Southern and Eastern Europe (such

as Italy, Russia, Poland, and Austria-Hungary)

Most foreign immigrants who came to the U.S.

from Europe were processed at Ellis Island

near New York City

People born in America viewed the new immigrants

with fear, suspicion, and hatred

These feelings caused “Nativism”, the idea that

immigrants posed a threat to the American way of life

An example of Nativism in the late 1800s was the

government passing the Chinese Exclusion Act,

which limited the arrival of Chinese immigrants

American cities grew enormously during the

Gilded Age

Steel allowed for the building of skyscrapers

and bridges

Elevated trains and subways improved transportation

On the negative side, immigration led to overcrowding

in tenement buildings

During the Gilded Age, labor unions began; unions exist to help

laborers

The most successful union was the American

Federation of Labor (AFL), led by Samuel

Gompers

His goal was to improve wages and working

conditions for skilled industrial workers

During the Chicago Haymarket Strike (1886), unionists demanded an 8-hour workday; when

violence broke out between the labor union and business management, public opinion turned against unions, viewing them as violent and “un-American”

Violence erupted during the Homestead Strike (1892) at one of Carnegie’s steel

plants; federal troops were called to re-open the plant with replacement workers

Theme #2: Strikes & Labor Unrest

In 1894, Eugene Debs led railroad workers on a national strike when the Pullman Palace Car

Company cut wages by 50%

President Cleveland sent the army to end the strike;

Strikers in 27 states resisted U.S. troops and dozens died

IF YOU HAVE CORRECTLY ANSWERED ALL OF THE QUESTIONS ON YOUR REVIEW PACKET, YOU WILL BE READY FOR THE FINAL EXAM

Review created by

Christopher JaskowiakAssisted by

Eric Duncan, Scott Wilbanks, and Chris Moore