Ways to Handle the Integration of RE-powerinto the Grid

Prof. Dr. Jürgen Schmid

Feed-in Co-operation Spain - Germany

2nd Workshop, 15./16. Dec. 2005

ISETInstitut für SolareEnergieversorgungstechnikInstitute for Solar EnergySupply TechnologyKassel/Hanau, Germany

University of KasselDepartmentEfficient Energy Conversion

� The current global energy situation and future trends

� Decentral sources of renewable energies and combined heat and power

� Change of energy supply structures

� Integration of high shares of fluctuating energy sources

� World-wide hydro power potentials

� Vision for a sustainable electricity supply of Europe

� European research on future supply structures

Institut für Solare Energieversorgungstechnik e.V.

Applications-oriented Research and Development

� Wind Energy� Photovoltaics� Use of Biomass� Energy Conversion and Storage� Hybrid Systems� Energy Economy� Information and Training

Executive Board: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Schmid Prof. Dr.-Ing. Peter Zacharias

Dr. rer. nat. Oliver FührerPersonnel: 75 EmployeesBudget: approxim. 8 Mio. EuroInformation: www.iset.uni-kassel.de

www.IRED-cluster.orgwww.dispower.org

Systems Technology for the Utilisation of RenewableEnergies and for the Decentralised Power Supply

Prof. Dr. J. Schmid

Growth rates for population, energy consumptionand CO2 concentration in the atmosphere

The Current Global Energy Situation and Future Trends Wind Energy Prof. Dr. J. Schmid

Sources: BTM consult, windpower monthly, IWR, ISET,BWE, WWEA

0

10000

20000

30000

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1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

MW

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30000

World

Europe

Germany

German wind energy production

GWh

Prof. Dr. J. SchmidDENA Grid Study

Source: DENA 2005 / DEWI Scenario

Forecast of Wind Energy Development in Germany until 2020

Prof. Dr. J. SchmidExperience Curve of Wind Energy

Scenario for Germany

Photovoltaics Prof. Dr. J. Schmid

Annual production in Mio. kWh

Installed capacity in MW

Growth 20 % p. a.

2010: 0,13 % of the power production of 20002020: 0,80 % of the power production of 2000

Prof. Dr. J. SchmidExperience Curve of Photovoltaics

Source: A. Alsema, Copernicus Institute

Combined Heat and Power Prof. Dr. J. Schmid

Today:Central power stationsDecentral heat production

In Future:Decentral combined heatand power

� 1/3 less consumption offossil sources of energy

100 % Oil / Gas

exchange of electrical energy

100 %powerstation

50 % electrical energy

50 % unusedwaste heat

50 % fossil fuel

Piston EnginesEfficiency:30 - 40 % electr.

Fuel CellsEfficiency:over 50 % electr.with reformer35 - 40 % electr.

Micro Gas TurbinesEfficiency:25 - 35 % electr.

Prof. Dr. J. SchmidCombined Heat and Power

Caused byTides and differenttemperatures due tothe solar radiation(e.g. Gulf stream orstrait of Gibraltar)

Cost of Energy6 - 10 Cent each kWh

Technical Potentialin Europe up to 15 %of the current powerconsumption of Germany

Developmentuntil 2008 firstcommercial parks

Source: Marine Current Turbines Ltd

Marine Currents

New Sources of Renewable Energies

Rotor-lager

Getriebe

Generator

Bremse

Prof. Dr. J. Schmid Prof. Dr. J. Schmid

coal nuclear hydro

highvoltage

grid

mediumvoltage

grid

Up to now

Central generation

Sizing for coverage of max. load

Time-invariant tariffs

Load rejection at customer

No information of grid status forcustomers

Strict power limits for feed-in

Large power reserves forunexpected loads or failure ofpower plants required

Only unidirectional controlrequired

Change of Energy Supply Structures

lowvoltage

grid

Change of Energy Supply Structures Prof. Dr. J. Schmid

In the future

Additional decentralisedgeneration

Load coverage by trading

Time-variable tariffs

Load and cost optimisation bymeans of dialog

Power reserves will be reducedby means of trade

Bidirectional communicationand large flow of information

Up to date information by meansof variable tariffs

Variable power limitationdepending on present load

wind farm

BZPVWind BZPV KWK

coal nuclear hydro gas and steam

Step 1:Online model calculates from fewmeasured wind farms the currentpower for all plants

Step 2:Prediction model calculates on the basisof the current power of all plants and theweather forecast the future wind powerfeed-in

Accuracy in the statistical averageover 90 % for the D+1 hours forecastover 96 % for the 4 hours forecast

Applications:E.ON-NetzVattenfall Europe TransmissionRWE Transportnetz Strom

EnBW Transportnetze(in preparation)

Forecast for the CurrentWind Power Feed-in

Wind Integration Tools

Wissenschaftliches Mess- undEvaluierungsprogramm (WMEP)zum Breitentest 250 MW Wind(1989-2006)

ISET measurement network210 Mio. 5-min. power mean valuesof 225 WTs

195 Mio. 5-min. mean valuesWind speed and directionof 180 sites

co-ordinates, altitude,technical data of all WTs in Germany

180.000 monthly energy reportsof 1500 WTs

Wind Integration Tools Wind Integration Tools

Online-monitoring andprediction of wind power

Representative wind farms(sub-stations) E.ON: 59 sites 1912 MW VE-T: 17 sites 499 MW RWE: 16 sites 446 MW

Wind integration tools� online calculation of wind generation� numerical weather prediction (DWD)� short- and medium-term prediction by use of ANN

Wind Integration Tools

wind generation – online, day-ahead forecast

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12000

14.1 15.1 16.1 17.1 18.1 19.1 20.1 21.1Day

Pow

er [M

W]

OnlineForecast D+1

New Demands on Integration

wind generation – online, day-ahead, 4hr, 2hr forecast

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OnlineForecast D+1Forecast 4HForecast 2H

Prof. Dr. J. SchmidReserve Power Demand

Source: D. Schlecht, RWTH Aachen

Prof. Dr. J. SchmidDENA Grid Study

Source: DENA 2005

Additional Reserve Power Demand - depending on installed windcapacity

New Options for Wind Power Control

Reserve power supply (500 MW)

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W]

Reserve PowerReduced Power

Active Filtering and Power-factor Compensation

Information network

power supply grid

Active power (P) Active power (P) + Reactive power compensation (cos ) + reduction of distorstions (THD)

Constant-speed converter:Wind energyHydro powerGenerator sets

P, cos , THD�P, cos , THDP, cos , THDP, cos , THDP �

Flywheel storage with bidirectional Converter

Battery storagewith bidirec-tional Converter

Variable-speed converter:Wind energyHydro powerGenerator setsMicro turbines

Direct converter:PhotovoltaicThermophoto-voltaicFuel cell

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Prof. Dr. J. Schmid

Prof. Dr. J. SchmidOFGEM – Great Britain Grid Code Forum

Source: ENERCON

Prof. Dr. J. SchmidOFGEM Forum

Source: OFGEM / mational grid company

Grid codes – Fault Ride-Through and Frequency RangeRequirements

Prof. Dr. J. SchmidOFGEM – Great Britain Grid Code Forum

Source: ENERCON

Interface between MGLC and MGCC

u

u

0 1-1 QQN

-4%u

0

�

f

f 0

0 1-1

-1%

PP N

f�

Frequency droop Voltage droop

Approach:Set-values for droops of the MGLC are calculated (by enhanced SunnyIsland API) of set-values for P and Q provided by the MGCC. This way convenient EMS is enabled but incase of islanded operation primary control is still operable.

Inverters are controlled by droops (MGLC):

High Impedance Grid fault

Grid

IsolatedGrid

i_USV

i_Load

no transition!

Principally the suggested control mode also continuous operation even incase of a line interruption. A grid failure mostly results not in an inter-ruption but in a short-circuit and therefore motivates the developmentof a disconnection device!

Demand side management

•Load reductionP

tP

t

•Load switch-off

•Load displacementP

t•Load raiseP

t

Change of Energy Supply Structures

Amsterdam Power Exchange

11.03.04 14Matur ing Electr icity Market

How does the APX DAM work?How does the APX DAM work?PricePrice determinationdetermination onon spot spot marketmarket

Price

Quantity

SupplyDemand

clearing price

traded volume

Spot market: two-sided bidding auction as in most countries

�� Hourly day-aheadHourly day-aheadbidsbids

�� Physical deliveryPhysical delivery�� Central counterpartCentral counterpart�� Hourly equilibriumHourly equilibrium

price (Euro/price (Euro/MWhMWh))�� Hourly volumes /Hourly volumes /

prices areprices arepublishedpublished

Prof. Dr. J. Schmid

Source: P. Boonekamp

Security of Supply Prof. Dr. J. Schmid

Source: Rob Pratt

Security of Supply

Storage Hydro Power in Europe:Rated Power, Storage Capacity and Annual Energy Production

G. Czisch, J. Schmid, 05/11/22

Data of UCTE 1998

Rated Power of Reservoir and mixed

pumped Storage

Storage Capacity of Reservoir and mixed

pumped Storage

Annual Energy Prod. of Reservoir and mixed

pumped Storage

[GW] [TWh] [TWh]

Slovenia/Croatia 1,4 1,8 ?Swizerland 8,2 8,4 18,0Serbia and Montenegro 2,0 2,0 ?Portugal 2,1 2,6 4,2Austria 5,6 3,2 7,0Luxemburg 0,0 0,0 0,0Italy 7,5 7,9 17,6Greece 1,9 2,4 2,8France 11,6 9,8 18,2Germany 1,4 0,3 1,1Belgium 0,0 0,0 0,0Spain 7,7 18,4 16,7

Sum of UCTE 49 57 86Data of

NORDEL

Norway 27,3 84,1 112,6Finland 2,9 4,9 12,6Sweden 16,2 33,7 63,6

Sum of NORDEL 46 123 189Sum of

NORDEL + UCTE 96 180 275

1 Month Consumption

>

Potential Common Electricity System

G. Czisch, J. Schmid, 05/11/22

Population1.1 billion Inhabitants

Electricity Consumption4000 TWh/a

Largest Distance8000 km

Northwest-Siberia�

South-Mauritania

HVDC-System

Annual Electricity Production by Type with CollectiveDemand, Transport, Surplus and Costs of Electricity

G. Czisch, J. Schmid, 05/11/22

Base Scenario: Today's Costs for all Components

not allowed

4.6 €ct/kWh

5.5 5.5 €€ctct/kWh/kWh4.6 €ct/kWh

-1

11

23

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Cel

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Fusio

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Geoth

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Com

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Sola

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Phot

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taics

Hydro

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Win

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Pum

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Deman

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Cost

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rici

ty [

€ct/

kW

h]

-250

1250

2750

4250

5750

An

nu

al

Pro

du

ctio

n [

TWh

]

Annual Production by Type etc.Mean Costs of Electricity

Costs of Electricity: Produced within Region DK-DCosts of Electricity DK-D: Import Costs included (external surplus not included)

Costs of Electricity by Type

Cluster of R&D projectsand experts for theIntegration ofRenewable EnergySources (RES) andDistributed EnergyResources (DER)into the EuropeanElectricity Grid

www.IRED-cluster.org

37 Partners of11 EuropeanCountries:

Power utilities

Industry and servicecompanies

Research centers anduniversities

• ISET

• Armines

• CENERG

• GhK• Uni Lodz

• Uni Duisburg

• FhG ISE

• Arsenal

• Uni Genova

• ICCS / NTUA• CRES

ECN •

• ICSTMUni Strathclyde •

UMIST • KU Leuven •

•

•

• EDF • CESI

• MVV Energie

• SWK• Verbundplan

Iberdrola Redes

Iberdrola Generation

• EHN Labein

• Alstom T&D

• Vergnet

• DuTrain

• SMA

• EMD

• Kirsch

APX •

• Econnect

The MeT Office • Cogen •

Prof. Dr. J. Schmid

Distributed Generation withHigh Penetration of Renewable Energy Sources

EU Project DISPOWER

Distributed Generation withHigh Penetration of Renewable Energy Sources

Main Objectives:

� Grid Stability and SystemControl

� Safety and Quality Standards

� Power Quality Improvementsand Requirements

� Management Systems forLocal Grids

� Planning Tools

� Information and CommunicationTechnologies, Energy Tradingand Load Management

� Contract and Tariff Issues

� Internet Based InformationSystems

� Dissemination andImplementation

Prof. Dr. J. SchmidEU Project DISPOWER

Electronic service: intelligence in network and energy management

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A “Society” of Intelligent Devices

� Through networked microprocessors, devicescan 'talk to', 'negotiate', 'make decisions', and'cooperate' with each other.

� Exploit this for large-scale agent-basede-services

� Application examples: (peak) load management,smart building control, comfort management, a.o.

CRISPDistributed Intelligence in Critical Infrastructures for Sustainable Power ������������������ MICROGRIDS

Large Scale Integration of Micro-Generation to Low Voltage Grids

Objectives

• Increase penetration of RES and other micro-sources

• Study the operation of MicroGrids in parallel with the mainsand in islanding conditions

• Define, develop and demonstrate control strategies for MicroGrids

• Define appropriate protection and grounding policies that willassure safety of operation

• Identify the needs and develop the telecommunicationinfrastructures and communication protocols required

• Determine the economic benefits and to propose systematicmethods and tools

Main objective:

Development of policy and regulatory roadmapsfor the transition to an electricity market andnetwork structure thatcreates a level playing field between centralised anddecentralised generation and network development,andthe integration of renewable energy sources, within theframework of the liberalisation of the EU electricity market.

The SUSTELNET project

Primary Objective:To advocate the concept of Distributed Generation +Renewables Integration and committed to theadvance of its use in Europe by:

Primary Objective:To advocate the concept of Distributed Generation +Renewables Integration and committed to theadvance of its use in Europe by:

European Network for Integration of Renewables andDistributed GenerationENIRDGENIRDG

netnet

� Making stakeholders aware of the increasingefficiency and sustainability of RES+ DG newtechnologies when compared with conventionalcentral generation stations

� Removing technical, business practice,regulatory, and cost related interconnectionbarriers to the grids

� New electricity grids acceptance of intermittentRES+DG without risk in quality and safety

� Review of all possiblestorage technologies

� Comparison and assesmentof the most relevant features

� Allocation of technologiesfor different applications

� Transfer of results fromresearch projects todevelopers and potentialusers

� Promotion of the colaborationand of the exchange betweenEU-Projects

� Encouragement of theformation of new RTDpartnerships

� Identification ofpriorities for 5 to10 years RTDroadmap

Energy Storage Technologies for Renewable Energy Systems

Objectives

EU-Network INVESTIRE

C E N T R O T E C N O L O G I C O

Main Goal

Improvement of stability and quality of supplyof distribution networks, by means ofpower electronic equipment

Quality level with seven DGstandard-compliantgenerators

MinimumacceptableQuality

DGFACTSDGFACTS

Prof. Dr. J. Schmid

Source: European Commission DG Research

Technology Platform “Electricity Networks of the Future” Thank you for your attention! Prof. Dr. J. Schmid

Applications-oriented Research and Development� Wind Energy� Photovoltaics� Use of Biomass� Energy Conversion and Storage� Hybrid Systems� Energy Economy� Information and Training

Systems Technology for the Utilisation of RenewableEnergies and for the Decentral Power Supply

Institut für Solare Energieversorgungstechnik e.V.

More informations on:www.iset.uni-kassel.dewww.IRED-cluster.orgwww.dispower.org