INSIDE OF THE

COMPUTER

BY

H.M.T.P HERATH

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. WHAT IS A COMPUTER …………………………………………… 03

2. COMPUTER HISTORY ………………………………………………. 05

3. CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS …………………………………. 30

4. PHYSICAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE COMPUTER ………. 47

5. COMPONENT OF THE SYSTEM UNIT ……………………….. 50

6. OTHER PARTS OF A COMPUTER ………………………………142

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01 WHAT IS A COMPUTER

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01. What is a computer? A computer is an electronic machine that accepts data,

stores & process data into information.

The computer is able to work because there are instructions

in its memory directing it.

The parts of the computer that you can see & touch such as

the keyboard, mouse & the monitor are called hardware.

The instructions that direct the computer are called

software or computer program

CPU

(Central

Processing

Unit)

Input

Units

Memory

Output

Units

Storage

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02 COMPUTER HISTORY

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02. COMPUTER HISTORY

2.1 The Earliest Computing Devices

The earliest data processing equipment were all

manual - mechanical devices due to the absence of electricity

and adequate industrial technology.

ABACUS (300 B.C. by the Babylonians)

The abacus was an early aid for mathematical

computations. Its only value is that it aids the memory of the

human performing the calculation.

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NAPIER'S BONES

In 1617 an eccentric Scotsman named John Napier

invented logarithms, which are a technology that allows

multiplication to be performed via addition. The magic

ingredient is the logarithm of each operand, which was originally

obtained from a printed table. But Napier also invented an

alternative to tables, where the logarithm values were carved on

ivory sticks.

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William Oughtred’s Slide Rule

William Oughtred and Others developed the slide rule in

the 17th century based on the emerging work on logarithms

by John Napier.

Napier's invention led directly to the slide rule, first built in

England in 1632 and still in use in the 1960's by the NASA

engineers of the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs which

landed men on the moon.

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Pascaline or Pascal Calculator

In 1642 Blaise Pascal, at the age of 19, he invented the

Pascaline as an aid for his father who was a tax collector. Pascal

built 50 of this gear-driven one-function calculator (it could only

add) but couldn't sell many because of their exorbitant cost and

because they really weren't that accurate (at that time it was not

possible to fabricate gears with the required precision).

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The Jacquard Loom

Jacquard is a French weaver and merchant. He played an

important role in the development of the earliest programmable

loom (the "Jacquard loom"), which in turn played an important

role in the development of other programmable machines, such

as computers.

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Charles Babbage

(26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871)

By 1822 the English mathematician Charles Babbage

was proposing a steam driven calculating machine the size of a

room, which he called the Difference Engine. This machine

would be able to compute tables of numbers, such as logarithm

tables.

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2.2 Computer Generations

First Generation

(1946-1959)

Vacuum tube based.

The use vacuum tubes in place of relays as a means of

storing data in memory and the use of stored‐program

concept.

It requires 3.5 KW of electricity per day to keep the vacuum

tubes running.

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The main features of First Generation Computers

Vacuum tube technology

Unreliable

Supported Machine language only

Very costly

Generate lot of heat

Slow Input/output device

Huge size & Non-portable

Need of A.C & Consumed lot of electricity

Vacuum Tubes

First invented by a British scientist named John A.

Fleming in 1919, although Edison had made some discoveries

while working on the light bulb. The vacuum tube was improved

by Lee Deforest.

Some computers of this generation

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ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator)

Developed by John Presper Eckert Jr. and John

Mauchly.1st large-scale vacuum-tube computer.

EDVAC(Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)

• Developed by John Von Neumann

• a modified version of the ENIAC

• employed binary arithmetic

• has stored program capability

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UNIVAC(Universal Automatic Computer)

Developed by George Gray in Remington Rand Corp.

Manufactured as the first commercially available first

generation computer.

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IBM-701

IBM’s 1st commercial business computer.

Second Generation

(1959-1965)

This generation using the transistor were cheaper, consumed

less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster

than the first generation machines made of vacuum tubes.

In this generation, magnetic cores were used as primary

memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary

storage devices.

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The main features of Second Generation Computers

Use of transistors

Reliable as compared to First generation computers

Smaller size as compared to First generation computers

Generate less heat as compared to First generation computers

Consumed less electricity as compared to First generation

computers

Faster than first generation computers

Still very costly

A.C. needed

Support machine and assembly languages

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TRANSISTORS

The first transistor was invented at Bell Laboratories on

December 16, 1947 by William Shockley (seated at Brattain's

laboratory bench), John Bardeen (left) and Walter Brattain

(right).

Some computers of this generation

IBM 1620

IBM 7094

CDC 1604

CDC 3600

UNIVAC 1108

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Third Generation

(1965-1971)

Integrated Circuits (IC's) in place of transistors

A single IC has many transistors, resistors and capacitors along

with the associated circuitry.

Integrated solid‐state circuitry, improved secondary storage

devices and new input/output devices were the most

important advances in this generation.

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The main features of Third Generation Computers

IC used

More reliable

Smaller size

Generate less heat

Faster

Lesser maintenance

Still costly

A.C. needed

Consumed lesser electricity

Support high-level language

Integrated Circuit(IC)

The idea of integrating electronic circuits into a single

device was born, when the German physicist and

engineer Werner Jacobi (de) developed and patented the first

known integrated transistor amplifier in 1949 and the British

radio engineer Geoffrey Dummer proposed to integrate a

variety of standard electronic components in a monolithic

semiconductor crystal in 1952. A year later, Harwick

Johnson filed a patent for a prototype integrated circuit (IC).

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Some computers of this generation

IBM-360 series

The IBM System/360 (S/360) was a mainframe

computer system family announced by IBM on April 7,

1964, and delivered between 1965 and 1978. It was the first

family of computers designed to cover the complete range

of applications, from small to large, both commercial and

scientific.

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PDP (Personal Data Processor)

Programmed Data Processor (PDP) was a series

of minicomputers made and marketed by the Digital

Equipment Corporation from 1957 to 1990.

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Honeywell-6000 series

In 1970, General Electric sold their computing division

to Honeywell. GE's 600-series machines were renamed as

the Honeywell 6000 series and sold for a number of years.

IBM-370/168

TDC-316

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Fourth Generation (1971-1980)

Very-large-scale integration (VLSI)

VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other circuit

elements and their associated circuits on a single chip made it

possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation.

Fourth Generation computers became more powerful,

compact, reliable, and affordable. As a result, it gave rise to

personal computer (PC) revolution.

In this generation, Remote processing, Time-sharing, Real-

time, Multi-programming Operating System were used.

All the higher level languages like C and C++, DBASE, etc., were

used in this generation.

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The main features of Fourth Generation computers

VLSI technology used

Very cheap

Portable and reliable

Use of PC's

Very small size

Pipeline processing

No A.C. needed

Concept of internet was introduced

Great developments in the fields of networks

Computers became easily available

Some computers of this generation

CRAY-1 (Super Computer)

The Cray-1 was a supercomputer designed,

manufactured and marketed by Cray Research. The first Cray-

1 system was installed at Los Alamos National Laboratory in

1976 and it went on to become one of the best known and

most successful supercomputers in history.

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STAR 1000

The STAR-100 was a vector supercomputer designed,

manufactured, and marketed by Control Data

Corporation (CDC). It was one of the first machines to use

a vector processor to improve performance on appropriate

scientific applications.

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PDP 11

CRAY-X-MP (Super Computer)

DEC 10

Fifth Generation

Present and Beyond: Artificial Intelligence

Fifth generation computers are in developmental

stage which is based on the artificial intelligence. The goal of

the fifth generation is to develop the device which could

respond to natural language input and are capable of learning

and self-organization. Quantum computation and molecular and

nanotechnology will be used in this technology. So we can say

that the fifth generation computers will have the power of

human intelligence.

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The main features of Fourth Generation Computers

Expert Systems

Programming computers to make decisions in real-life

situations (for example, some expert systems help

doctors diagnose diseases based on symptoms).

Natural Language

Programming computers to understand natural

human languages.

Neural Networks

Systems that simulate intelligence by attempting to

reproduce the types of physical connections that occur

in animal brains.

Robotics

Programming computers to see and hear and react to

other sensory stimuli.

Artificial Intelligence

They will also have capability of thinking.

They will be able to recognize image and graphs.

The fifth generation computers will use super large

scale integrated chips.

They will be able to use more than one CPU for faster

processing speed.

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03 CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS

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03. CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS

COMPUTERS

Analog Digital Hybrid

Super Mainframe Mini Micro

Desktop Workstation Laptop Handheld

Wearable Single Board Palmtop/PDA

Smart Phones

Tablet PC

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3.1 Analog Computers

The term analog is taken from the word “analogous”

which means “similar”. Analog computers deal with

continuously changing physical data (such as pressure,

temperature, and current).

Analog computer were commonly used for scientific &

engineering problems, particularly in chemical Industry, electric

power plants, and petroleum refineries. These type of

computers are rarely use in current world.

For Example:

Electric current meter, Fuel pump station meters etc.

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3.2 Hybrid Computers

The combination of features of analog and digital

computer is called Hybrid computer. Used in various areas of

engineering, Space vehicle simulation and training of astronauts,

Passenger flight radar system, also used to control robots.

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3.3 Digital Computers

Digital computer are specialized in counting. Digital

computer counts and answer the questions by the Method of

“HOW Many”. The input data is represented by a number. These

are used for the logical and arithmetic operations. All commonly

used computers are DIGITAL.

3.3.1 Super Computers

Super computers are the fastest, larger and the most

expensive computer system in the world. They are used to

process complex scientific jobs. They are considered to be the

resources of any nation. Super computer based on the concept

of parallel processing and could perform one million-billion

Math operations per second.

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Examples:

Cray xmp, Cray-3 and ETA-10, IBM Blue/Gene L, Earth Simulator

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3.3.2 Mainframe Computers

Large, expensive, powerful computer that can handle

hundreds of thousands of connected users simultaneously

Stores tremendous amount of data and information

Used by large companies such as banks, airlines, and

insurance

Requires an environment with closely monitored humidity

and temperature.

Cost considerably less than supercomputers

Used for extensive input-output operations

People access programs on a mainframe via terminals.

The term mainframe has fallen out of use in favor of

enterprise server.

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3.3.3 Mini Computers

A small computer that is intermediate between a

microcomputer and a mainframe in size, speed, and

capacity.

It is more powerful and larger than a workstation computer.

Typically supports several hundred and sometimes up to a

thousand connected computers at the same time.

Used to be known as midrange computers.

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3.3.4 Micro Computers

A microcomputer is a computer with a microprocessor as

its central processing unit (CPU). It includes a microprocessor,

memory, and input/output (I/O) facilities. Such computers are

physically small compared to mainframes and minicomputers.

3.3.4.1 Desktop Computers

A PC that is not designed for portability. The expectations

with desktop systems are that you will set the computer up in a

permanent location. Most desktops offer more power, storage

and versatility for less cost than their portable brethren.

APPLE MAC PRO Computer

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3.3.4.2 Laptop Computers

A laptop computer is a personal computer for mobile use,

Usually weighing from one to three Kilogram, depending on

Size, materials and other factors a laptop has most of the same

components as a desktop computer, including a display,

a keyboard, a pointing device such as a touchpad (also known as

a track pad) and/or a pointing stick, and speakers into a single

unit. A laptop is powered by mains electricity via an AC adapter,

and can be used away from an outlet using a rechargeable

battery. Laptops are also sometimes called Notebook

computers, notebooks or netbooks.

APPLE MAC BOOK AIR Laptop

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3.3.4.3 Workstation Computers

A workstation is a high-end microcomputer designed

for technical or scientific applications. Intended primarily to be

used by one person at a time, they are commonly connected to

a local area network and run multi-user operating systems. The

term workstation has also been used to refer to a mainframe

computer terminal or a PC connected to a network.

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3.3.4.4 Handheld Computers

A mobile device (also known as a handheld device,

handheld computer or simply handheld) is a pocket-sized

computing device. A small computer, that literally fits in your

palm. Compare to full-size computer, palmtops are severely

limited, but they are practical for certain functions such as phone

books and calendars. Typically having a display screen with touch

input and/or a miniature keyboard.

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3.3.4.4.1 Tablet Pc

A Tablet PC is a wireless PC that allows a user to take

notes using natural handwriting with a stylus, digital pen, or on

a touch screen. It is similar in size and thickness to a paper

notepad.

Example: I Pad, Galaxy Tablet, Sony Xperia Tablet.

SONY XPERIA Z2 Tablet

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3.3.4.4.2 Palmtop/PDA

3.3.4.4.3 Palmtop - More commonly known as Personal

Digital Assistants (PDAs), palmtops are tightly integrated

computers that often use flash memory instead of a hard drive

for storage. These computers usually do not have keyboards but

rely on touchscreen technology for user input. Palmtops are

typically smaller than a paperback novel, very lightweight with a

reasonable battery life. A slightly larger and heavier version of

the palmtop is the handheld computer.

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3.3.4.4.3 Smartphones

A smartphone, or smart phone, is a mobile phone with more advanced computing capability and connectivity than basic feature phones.

Early smartphones typically combined the features of a mobile phone with those of another popular consumer device, such as a personal digital assistant (PDA), a media player, digital camera, or a GPS navigation unit. Modern smartphones include all of those features plus the features of a touchscreen computer, including web browsing, Wi-Fi, and 3rd-party apps.

Currently, about 90% of handset sales worldwide are for devices powered by Google's Android and Apple's iOS mobile operating systems.

SAMSUNG GALAXY S5 Smartphone

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3.3.4.4.4 Single board Computers

Single-board computers (SBCs) are complete

computers built on a single circuit board. The design is centered

on a single or dual microprocessor with RAM, IO and all other

features needed to be a functional computer on the one board.

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3.3.4.4.5 Wearable Computers

The latest trend in computing is wearable computers.

Essentially, common computer applications (e-mail, database,

multimedia, and calendar/scheduler) are integrated into

watches, cell phones, visors and even clothing.

SAMSUNG GEAR 2

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04 PHYSICAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE

COMPUTER

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04. PHYSICAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE

COMPUTER

There are four parts of the computer system.

01. Hardware

Mechanical devices in the computer

Anything that can be touched

02. Software

Tell the computer what to do

Also called a program

Thousands of programs exist

03. Firmware/Data

Pieces of information

Computer organize and present data

04. Liveware/User

People operating the computer

Most important part

Tell the computer what to do

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05 COMPONENT OF THE SYSTEM UNIT

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05. COMPONENT OF THE SYSTEM UNIT

5.1 Motherboard

5.2 Central Processing Unit(CPU)

5.3 Memory

5.4 Hard Disk Drive(HDD)

5.5 Optical Drivers

5.6 Floppy Disk Drive(FDD)

5.7 Power Supply Unit(PSU)

5.8 Expansion Cards

5.1 Motherboard

5.1.1 What is a Motherboard?

A motherboard (sometimes alternatively known as

the mainboard, system board or mobo) is the main printed

circuit board (PCB) found in computers and other expandable

systems. It holds many of the crucial electronic components of

the system, such as the central processing unit (CPU) and

memory, and provides connectors for other peripherals.

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5.1.2 Motherboard Form Factors

i. Physical Size

- Case Sizing

ii. Basic Layout

- Room for small changes

iii. Power

- Standard Connector

iv. Airflow

- Increasingly important

There are two commonly known form factors AT and

ATX. In AT “Baby AT” and in ATX “Mini ATX”, “Micro ATX” and

“Flexi ATX” are different variants available. They differ mainly in

size, type of power connector and switch. There are three

parameters to be taken care.

- First is the size of the motherboard should be

compatible with Cabinet.

- Second, the motherboard should have suitable

power socket to match the power supply.

- Third, the size of the Power supply should fit into the

cabinet and have suitable power switch.

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5.1.3 Types of Form Factors

Personal Computer – Extended Technology (PC-XT)

- Introduced by IBM, 8088 microprocessor was used.

- It has socket for the processor and chips.

AT (EXTRA)

- Earlier IBM PC/XT used large Motherboards.

- AT replaced PC/XT by reducing its size.

- Its size is 12 inches (305 mm) wide and 13.8 inches

(350 mm) deep.

- It belongs to family class 386 or earlier.

- The AT had only a keyboard connector.

- Expansion slots for add-on card back plates.

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ATX

- Advanced Technology Extension

- Standardized by Intel in 1995.

- See many update over the years

- Power

20 pin connector

24 pin connector, additional 4/8 pin connector.

- Port Type

Optional I/O back plate.

- Add and remove as needed.

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- 90 degree

ATX Specifications

Integrated I/O Port Connectors.

Integrated PS/2 Mouse Connector.

Reduced Expansion Card Interference.

Better Power Supply Connector.

"Soft Power" Support.

3.3V Power Support:

Better Air Flow.

Improved Design for Upgradability.

ATX Connectors

PS/2 port Connector.

25-pin Parallel port.

9-pin serial port.

On-board peripheral ports are

- Ethernet

- FireWire

- E-sata, audio (both analog and S/PDIF),

Video (analog D-sub, DVI, or HDMI),

USB ports

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Mini-ATX

- "Mini ATX” slightly smaller than ATX specification.

- It use same ATX form factor power supplies and cases.

- Main difference is in their size.

- Its size is 11.2"x8.2“.

- Dimensions, and the placement of mounting holes.

- It is mainly intended for mini-PCs.

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Micro-ATX

- It is same as ATX but differ in size.

- Its size is 9.6"x9.6".

- Limited expansion slots

- Backward Compatibility – Mounting holes.

- One AGP slot.

- 2 PCI slots.

Flex-ATX

- It is same as ATX but differ in size.

- Flex-ATX motherboard have maximum dimensions of

just 9"x7.5“.

- Lower-cost PC.

- One AGP slot.

- 2 PCI slots.

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Power Supply for ATX

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LPX

- LPX stands for Low Profile extension.

- Most distinguishing feature:

The riser card that is used to hold

expansion slots.

- It has been updated and modernized to allow support for

the latest technologies

- Its size is 9’’ wide and 11-13“ long.

Advantages of LPX

- Inbuilt video display adapter cards.

- Their cost is low.

- They have onboard components like ATX.

- Adaption of raiser card.

Disadvantages of LPX

- Non-standardization.

- Poor expandability.

- Poor upgradability.

- Poor cooling.

- Two or three expansion slots.

- Restricted air-flow

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NLX

- NLX stands for New Low Profile Extended.

- NLX still uses the same general design as LPX.

- It is designed to support larger memory modules and

modern DIMM memory packaging.

- Support for the newest processor technologies.

- Support for AGP video cards.

- Better thermal characteristics.

- Easy to maintain – Motherboard replacement without

screws.

- More optimal location of CPU on the board to allow

easier access and better cooling.

- More flexibility in how the motherboard can be set up

and configured.

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- Enhanced design features, such as the ability to mount

the motherboard so it can slide in or out of the system

case easily.

- Cables, such as the floppy drive interface cable, now

attach to the riser card instead of the motherboard itself,

reducing cable length and clutter.

- Support for desktop and tower cases.

BTX

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- It stands for Balanced Technology Extended.

- design strategies are

o Power dissipation,

o Structural integrity,

o Motherboard design.

- Many straight lines.

- Good Airflow.

Advantages of BTX

- Emerging technologies such as Serial ATA, USB 2.0, and PCI

Express.

- In-line airflow layout allows many of the main board

components (i.e.: processor, chipset, and graphics

controller).

- Allows fewer and/or less expensive heat sinks.

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5.1.4 Block diagram of the Motherboard

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5.1.5 Basic component of the Motherboard

Acer E360 Socket 939 motherboard by Foxconn

Clock

generator

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5.1.5.1 CPU Socket

5.1.5.2 Clock Generator

5.1.5.3 Memory Slot

5.1.5.4 Chip set

5.1.5.5 CMOS Battery

5.1.5.6 Super I/O chip

5.1.5.7 Floppy Controller

5.1.5.8 IDE/SATA Controller

5.1.5.9 BIOS Chip

5.1.5.10 Main Power Connector

5.1.5.11 I/O Ports

5.1.5.12 Expansion Slots

5.1.5.1 CPU Socket

A CPU socket or CPU slot is a mechanical component(s) that

provides mechanical and electrical connections between a

microprocessor and a printed circuit board (PCB). This allows the

CPU to be replaced without soldering. Common sockets have

retention clips that apply a constant force, which must be

overcome when a device is inserted. For chips with a large

number of pins, either zero insertion force (ZIF) sockets or land

grid array (LGA) sockets are used instead.

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CPU SOCKETS

Socket Pin

count CPU families

Slot 1 / SC242 242 Intel Celeron Intel Pentium

II Intel Pentium

III

Socket 7 321 AMD K5 / K6 / K6-2 / K6-III Cyrix 6x86,

6x86L, 6x86MX, MII

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CPU SOCKETS

Socket Pin

count CPU families

IBM 6x86, 6x86L,

6x86MX IDT Winchip 2,

Winchip C6 Intel Pentium, Pentium MMX

Rise Technology

MP6 ST 6x86

Socket 370 / PGA370 370 Intel Celeron Intel Pentium

III VIA C3

Socket 423 / PGA423 423 Intel Pentium 4

Socket 462 / A 462 AMD Athlon AMD Athlon

MP AMD Athlon

XP AMD Athlon

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CPU SOCKETS

Socket Pin

count CPU families

XP-M AMD Duron AMD Geode

NX AMD Mobile

Athlon 4 AMD Mobile

Duron AMD Sempron

Socket 478 / mPGA478B 478 Intel Celeron Intel Celeron D

Intel Embedded

Celeron Intel Mobile

Celeron Intel Mobile Pentium 4

Intel Mobile Pentium 4-M Intel Pentium

4 Intel Pentium

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CPU SOCKETS

Socket Pin

count CPU families

4 Extreme Edition

Socket 479 / mPGA479M 479 Intel Celeron M, Core 2 Duo

Mobile, Core Duo, Core Solo,

Mobile Celeron,

Pentium Dual-Core Mobile,

Pentium III-M, Pentium M,

VIA C7

Socket 563 / PGA563 563 AMD Athlon XP-M

Socket 754 754 AMD Athlon 64

AMD Mobile Athlon 64

AMD Mobile K8 Athlon XP-

M

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CPU SOCKETS

Socket Pin

count CPU families

AMD Mobile Sempron

AMD Sempron AMD Turion 64 Mobile technology

Socket 775 / LGA775 / T 775 Intel Celeron Intel Celeron D Intel Celeron

Dual-Core Intel Core 2

Duo Intel Core 2

Extreme Intel Core 2

Quad Intel Pentium

4 Intel Pentium

4 Extreme Edition

Intel Pentium D

Intel Pentium

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CPU SOCKETS

Socket Pin

count CPU families

Dual-Core Intel Pentium

Extreme Edition

Intel Xeon

Socket 939 939 AMD Athlon 64

AMD Athlon 64 FX

AMD Athlon 64 X2

AMD Dual-Core Opteron AMD Opteron AMD Sempron

Socket 940 940 AMD Athlon 64 FX

AMD Dual-Core Opteron AMD Opteron

Socket 1150 / H3 / LGA1150 1150 Intel Celeron Dual-Core

Intel Core i3

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CPU SOCKETS

Socket Pin

count CPU families

Intel Core i5 Intel Core i7

Intel Pentium Dual-Core Intel Xeon

Socket 1155 / H2 / LGA1155 1155 Intel Celeron Dual-Core

Intel Core i3 Intel Core i5 Intel Core i7

Intel Pentium Dual-Core Intel Xeon

Socket 1156 / H1 / LGA1156 1156 Intel Celeron Dual-Core

Intel Core i3 Intel Core i5 Intel Core i7

Intel Pentium Dual-Core Intel Xeon

Socket 1366 / B / LGA1366 1366 Intel Core i7 Intel Core i7

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CPU SOCKETS

Socket Pin

count CPU families

Extreme Edition

Intel Xeon

Socket AM2 940 AMD Athlon 64, Athlon 64

FX, Athlon 64 X2, Mobile Athlon

64 X2, K8 Sempron, Phenom X3, Phenom X4,

Second Generation

Opteron

Socket FM1 905 AMD A4-Series AMD A6-Series AMD A8-Series AMD Athlon II

X2 AMD Athlon II

X4 AMD E2-Series

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CPU SOCKETS

Socket Pin

count CPU families

AMD Sempron X2

Socket FM2 904 AMD A10-Series

AMD A4-Series AMD A6-Series AMD A8-Series

AMD Athlon X2

AMD Athlon X4

AMD FirePro

Socket FS1 722 AMD A4-Series for Notebooks AMD A6-Series for Notebooks AMD A8-Series for Notebooks AMD E2-Series for Notebooks

Socket G1 / rPGA988A 988 Intel Core i3 Mobile

Intel Core i5

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CPU SOCKETS

Socket Pin

count CPU families

Mobile Intel Core i7

Mobile Intel Core i7

Mobile Extreme Edition

Intel Mobile Celeron Dual-

Core Intel Pentium

Dual-Core Mobile

Socket G2 / rPGA988B 988 Intel Core i3 Mobile

Intel Core i5 Mobile

Intel Core i7 Mobile

Intel Core i7 Mobile

Extreme Edition

Intel Mobile

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CPU SOCKETS

Socket Pin

count CPU families

Celeron Dual-Core

Intel Pentium Dual-Core

Mobile

Socket M / mPGA478MT 478 Intel Celeron M

Intel Core 2 Duo Mobile

Intel Core Duo Intel Core Solo Intel Pentium

Dual-Core Mobile

Socket S1 (S1g4) 638 Athlon II Dual-Core Mobile,

Phenom II Dual-Core

Mobile, Phenom II Quad-Core

Mobile, Phenom II Triple-Core

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CPU SOCKETS

Socket Pin

count CPU families

Mobile, Sempron Mobile,

Turion II Dual-Core Mobile, V Series for

Notebook PCs

5.1.5.2 Clock Generator

Clock generator on the mother board will generate the

clock signal called System clock Bus or, Front clock Bus.

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5.1.5.3 Memory Slot

A memory slot, memory socket, or RAM slot is what

allows computer memory (RAM) to be inserted into the

computer. Depending on the motherboard, there will usually be

2 to 4 memory slots (sometimes more on high-end

motherboards) and are what determine the type of RAM used

with the computer. The most common types of RAM are SDRAM

and DDR for desktop computers and SODIMM for laptop

computers, each having various types and speeds.

5.1.5.4 Chip Set

A chipset is a set of electronic components in an integrated

circuit that manages the data flow between the processor,

memory and peripherals. It is usually found in the motherboard

of a computer. Chipsets are usually designed to work with a

specific family of microprocessors. Because it controls

communications between the processor and external devices,

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the chipset plays a crucial role in determining system

performance.

The chipset determine

- The voltage provided to the processor.

- Number of processors that can be supported.

- The speed of the processor.

- The different memory modules that are supported.

- Bus speed.

- The different expansion bus that are supported.

- Power Management.

5.1.5.4.1 South Bridge

The south bridge is one of the two chips in the core logic

chipset on a personal computer (PC) motherboard, the other

being the north bridge. The south bridge typically implements

the slower capabilities of the motherboard in a north

bridge/south bridge chipset computer architecture.

5.1.5.4.2 North Bridge

The north bridge typically handles communications among

the CPU, in some cases RAM, and PCI Express (or AGP) video

cards, and the south bridge. Some north bridges also contain

integrated video controllers, also known as a Graphics and

Memory Controller Hub (GMCH) in Intel systems. Because

different processors and RAM require different signaling, a given

north bridge will typically work with only one or two classes of

CPUs and generally only one type of RAM.

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5.1.5.5 CMOS Battery

Nonvolatile BIOS memory refers to a small memory on PC

motherboards that is used to store BIOS settings. It was

traditionally called CMOS RAM because it used a volatile, low-

power complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)

SRAM (such as Motorola MC146818 or similar) powered by a

small battery when system power was off. When the battery is

weak the PC will show and inaccurate time of day clock, or show

CMOS check sum error message during boot, at this time the

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user defined information in the CMOS ram may be lost, the PC

may be still able to run by the default value in BIOS that was

defined by manufacturer.

5.1.5.6 Super I/O controller chip

Chip super I/O controller handles three ports,

- Serial Port Control – controls the serial ports, UART.

- Parallel Port Control – manages and controls the parallel

port.

- Floppy Disk Drive Control – supports the Floppy Disk Drive

and floppy based tape drives.

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5.1.5.7 Floppy controller

The floppy drive connects to the computer via a 34-

pin ribbon cable, which in turn connects to the motherboard.

A floppy controller is one that is used to control the floppy

drive.

5.1.5.8 IDE Controller

Industry standards define three common types of

hard drives: EIDE and SCSI & SATA. Majority of the PCs use

EIDE drives. SCSI drives show up in high end PCs such as

network servers or graphical workstations. The EIDE drive

connects to the hard drive via a 2-inch-wide, 40-pin ribbon

cable, which in turn connects to the motherboard. IDE

controller is responsible for controlling the hard drive.

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5.1.5.9 SATA Controller

Serial ATA or more commonly seen as S-ATA is a new

way of connecting your Hard Drives to your PC. S-ATA drives

have the capability of being faster than the IDE counterparts and

also have smaller thinner cables which help with the airflow of

the system. S-ATA hard disks are fast becoming the norm for

hard drive technology. Current motherboards feature both IDE

and S-ATA connectors to facilitate all types of storage hardware.

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5.1.5.10 BIOS Chip

BIOS (Basic Input Output System) is a program that

work as a part of the hardware, the program is stored in the read

only memory (ROM) ROM can retain BIOS permanently even

though electric power was removed from the system. The Basic

Input/output System controls the computer’s basic operations

and is responsible for starting up the computer and hardware.

Its most important role is to load the operating system.

5.1.5.10 Main Power Connector

5.1.5.11 Main Power Connector

The Power supply, as its name implies, provides the necessary electrical power to make the pc operate. The power supply takes standard 230V AC power and converts into +/-12-Volt, +/-5-Volt, and 3.3-Volt DC power. The power supply

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connector has 20-pins or 24-pins and the connector can go in only one direction.

5.1.5.12 I/O Ports

Input-output ports are material elements on the computer,

allowing the system to communicate with exterior elements, in

other words to exchange data, hence the name input-output

interface (sometimes known as I/O interface).

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5.1.5.13 Expansion Slots

An expansion slot is a slot located inside a computer on the

motherboard that allows additional boards to be connected.

EX-:

AGP - Video card AMR - Modem, Sound card CNR - Modem, Network card, Sound card EISA - SCSI, Network card, Video card ISA - Network card, Sound card, Video card PCI - Network card, SCSI, Sound card, Video card PCIe- Graphic card, Network card, Sound Card

PCIe 4x

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5.2 Processor

Processor is the brain of the computer. Data processing &

execution of data's is perform in it.

5.2.1 inside Component of the Processor

Transistor

It is the basic component of microprocessor. Transistors are

act as on/off switch inside the microprocessor.

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Clock

Clock is the internal component of microprocessor which

measures the speed at which the microprocessor executes the

instruction. This is called clock speed. Clock speed is measured in

terms of MHz or GHz.

Integrated Circuit

An IC is an electronic device in which large circuit is

suppressed into a small circuit. An IC consists of transistor,

register, & other elements.

Registers

The resistors are the local storage area of processor. The

resistor holds the data's while the microprocessor works on a

task.

Bus Interface Unit (BIU)

It is the component of the microprocessor that helps the

microprocessor to communicate with the rest part of the

computer.

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L1 Cache

It is kwon as primary cache memory.

It is built inside processor.

The sizes is up to 8 to 64 kb

L2 Cache

It is known as the secondary cache memory.

It is a separate chip on the motherboard.

The sizes is up to 256 KB to 8 MB.

Branch Prediction Unit (BIU)

The branch prediction unit is responsible for branching the

instruction.

5.2.2 How Processor Works?

The processor works on the following 4 way:-

1. Fetch:-Fetch is the process of loading the instruction to be

executed from the computer memory.

PREFETCHING:-

Pre fetching is the process of loading the next instruction to be

executed.

2. Decode:-

Decode is the process of transferring the data into a coded form

that can be understood by the processor.

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3. Execute:-

Process the data, perform arithmetical & logical operation.

4. Store:-

Store the result of execution in the computer memory or

register.

Flow Chart Diagram

Start

Fetch the instruction

Decode into binary form

Execute

Store

End

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5.2.3 Block Diagram of the Processor

Till 1960 After 1960

ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

It’s divided into 2 sections

1. Arithmetic Section-: Function of arithmetic section is to

perform arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction,

multiplication & division.

2. Logic section-: Function of logic section is to perform logic

operation such as comparing, selecting, matching &

merging of data.

CO (Control Unit)

This unit controls the operations of all parts of computer.

Registers

This unit can store instructions, data and intermediate results.

CU

ALU

CONTROL UNIT

REGISTER ARRAYS

ALU

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5.2.4 History of INTEL Microprocessors

4-Bit Microprocessors

INTEL 4004

- Introduced in 1971. - It was the first microprocessor by Intel. - Its clock speed was 740 KHz. - It had 2,300 transistors. - It could execute around 60,000 instructions per second. 5

INTEL 4040

- Introduced in 1974.

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8-Bit Microprocessors

INTEL 8008 - Introduced in 1972. - It was first 8-bit Microprocessor. - Its clock speed was 500 KHz. - Could execute 50,000 instructions per second.

8

INTEL 8080 - Introduced in 1974. - Its clock speed was 2 MHz - It had 6,000 transistors. - Was 10 times faster than 8008. - Could execute 500,000 instructions per second.

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INTEL 8085 - Introduced in 1976. - Its clock speed was 3 MHz - Its data bus is 8-bit and address bus is 16-bit. - It had 6,500 transistors. - Could execute 769,230 instructions per second. - It could access 64 KB of memory. - It had 246 instructions. - Over 100 million copies were sold.

10

16-Bit Microprocessors

INTEL 8086 - Introduced in 1978. - It was first 16-bit Microprocessor. - Its clock speed is 4.77 MHz, 8 MHz and 10 MHz,

depending on the version. - Its data bus is 16-bit and address bus is 20-bit. - It had 29,000 transistors. - Could execute 2.5 million instructions per second. - It could access 1 MB of memory. - It had 22,000 instructions.

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- It had multiply and divide instructions.

INTEL 8088 - Introduced in 1979. - It was created as a cheaper version of Intel’s 8086. - It was a 16-bit processor with an 8-bit external bus. - Could execute 2.5 million instructions per second. - This chip became the most popular in the computer

industry when IBM used it for its first PC. -

1300000

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INTEL 80186 & 80188 - Introduced in 1982. - Clock speed was 6 MHz - 80188 was a cheaper version of 80186 with an 8-bit

external data bus. - They had additional components like:

Interrupt Controller Clock Generator Local Bus Controller Counters

INTEL 80286 - Introduced in 1982. - Its clock speed was 8 MHz - Its data bus is 16-bit and address bus is 24-bit. - It could address 16 MB of memory. - It had 134,000 transistors. - It could execute 4 million instructions per second.

15

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32-Bit Microprocessors

INTEL 80386 - Introduced in 1986. - It was first 32-bit microprocessor. - Its data bus is 32-bit and address bus is 32-bit. - It could address 4 GB of memory. - It had 275,000 transistors. - Its clock speed varied from 16 MHz to 33 MHz depending

upon the various versions. - Different versions:

80386 DX 80386 SX 80386 SL

- Intel 80386 became the best-selling microprocessor in history.

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INTEL 80486 - Introduced in 1989. - It had 1.2 million transistors. - Its clock speed varied from 16 MHz to 100 MHz

depending upon the various versions. - It had five different versions:

80486 DX 80486 SX 80486 DX2 80486 SL 80486 DX4

- 8 KB of cache memory was introduced.

INTEL PENTIUM

- Introduced in 1993. - It was originally named 80586. - Its clock speed was 66 MHz Its data bus is 32-bit and

address bus is 32-bit.

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- It could address 4 GB of memory. - Could execute 110 million instructions per second. - Cache memory:

8 KB for instructions. 8 KB for data.

19

INTEL PENTIUM PRO - Introduced in 1995. - It had L2 cache of 256 KB. - It had 21 million transistors. - It was primarily used in server systems. - Cache memory:

8 KB for instructions. 8 KB for data.

- It had L2 cache of 256 KB.

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INTEL PENTIUM II - Introduced in 1997. - Its clock speed was 233 MHz to 500 MHz - Could execute 333 million instructions per second. - MMX technology was supported. - L2 cache & processor were on one circuit.

21

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INTEL PENTIUM II XEON - Introduced in 1998. - It was designed for servers. - Its clock speed was 400 MHz to 450 MHz - L1 cache of 32 KB & L2 cache of 512 KB, 1MB or 2MB. - It could work with 4 Xeons in same system. 22

INTEL PENTIUM III

- Introduced in 1999. - Its clock speed varied from 500 MHz to 1.4 GHz. - It had 9.5 million transistors.

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INTEL PENTIUM IV - Introduced in 2000. - Its clock speed was from 1.3 GHz to 3.8 GHz. - L1 cache was of 32 KB & L2 cache of 256 KB. - It had 42 million transistors. - All internal connections were made from aluminum to

copper. 24

INTEL DUAL CORE

- Introduced in 2006.

- It is 32-bit or 64-bit microprocessor.

- It has two cores.

- Both the cores have their own internal bus and L1 cache, but

share the external bus and L2 cache

- It supported SMT technology.

- SMT: Simultaneously Multi-Threading

E.g.: Adobe Photoshop supported SMT. 25

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64-Bit Microprocessors

INTEL CORE 2 - Introduced in 2006. - Its clock speed is from 1.2 GHz to 3 GHz. - It has 291 million transistors. - It has 64 KB of L1 cache per core and 4 MB of L2 cache. - It is launched in three different versions:

Intel Core 2 Duo Intel Core 2 Quad Intel Core 2 Extreme

28

INTEL CORE I3 - Introduced in 2010. - It has 2 physical cores. - Its clock speed is from 2.93 GHz to 3.33 GHz. - It has 781 million transistors.

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- It has 64 KB of L1 cache per core, 512 KB of L2 cache and 4 MB of L3 cache. 31

INTEL CORE I5

- Introduced in 2009. - It has 4 physical cores. - Its clock speed is from 2.40 GHz to 3.60 GHz. - It has 781 million transistors. - It has 64 KB of L1 cache per core, 256 KB of L2 cache and 8

MB of L3 cache. 30

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INTEL CORE I7 - Introduced in 2008. - It has 4 physical cores. - Its clock speed is from 2.66 GHz to 3.33 GHz. - It has 781 million transistors. - It has 64 KB of L1 cache per core, 256 KB of L2 cache and 8

MB of L3 cache. 29

5.2.5 Other Microprocessors Vender’s Microprocessors

AMD

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Motorola

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CYRIX

ARM

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NVIDIA

5.2.5 New Trends in Microprocessors......

Intel's New Concept CPU: 48 Cores on a Single Chip

Intel's Tera-scale Computing Research Program contains 48 cores on a single silicon chip, Using only as much electricity as a single Intel processor. Intel engineers envision this multi-core chip as the future of cloud computing. As all 48 cores of this postage stamp-sized chip use 125 watts at their maximum performance, the advent of similar chips could herald a new era of energy-efficient, smaller data centers, making cloud computing less expensive and more portable.

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5.3 Memory

5.3.1 What is Memory?

In computing, memory refers to the physical devices used

to store programs (sequences of instructions) or data (e.g.

program state information) on a temporary or permanent basis

for use in a computer or other digital electronic device.

5.3.2 Types of Memory

MAIN MEMORY

- Random Access Memory (RAM)

- Read Only Memory (ROM)

CACHE MEMORY

SECONDARY MEMORY

- Optical Media Devices

- Magnetic Media Devices

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Memory Types Diagram

Memory

Primary Memory

Secondary Memory

(RAM) Volatile

SRAM

(ROM) Non-Volatile

DRAM

Sequence Access

Random Access

1. EDO DRAM 2. SD RAM 3. RD RAM 4. DDRD RAM 5. T RAM 6. Z RAM 7. TT RAM

1. PROM 2. EPROM 3. EEPROM 4. MASK ROM

Magnetic Tape

1. CD 2. DVD 3. HDD 4. Mass

Storage

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5.3.3 Primary Memory

5.3.3.1 Random Access Memory (RAM)

In RAM, the memory cells can be assessed for information

transfer from any desired location, that is, the processing of

a word in memory is the same and requires an equal

amount of memory.

It is the fastest main memory technology.

It requires constant power to maintain the stored

information, therefore, it is volatile.

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5.3.3.2 Types of RAM

Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

A type of RAM that stores each bit of data in a

separate capacitor within an integrated circuit.

Since real capacitors leak charge, the information

eventually fades unless the capacitor charge is refreshed

periodically.

Its advantage is its structural simplicity: only one transistor

and a capacitor are required per bit, compared to four

transistors in SRAM. This allows DRAM to reach very high

density.

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Types of DRAM

EDODRAM (Extended Data out DRAM)

Its cells keep the data valid until it receives an additional

signal.

It has a dual-pipeline architecture that allows the memory

controller to simultaneously read new data while

discharging the old.

SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)

SDRAM has a synchronous interface, meaning that it waits

for a signal before responding to control inputs and is

therefore synchronized with the computer's system bus.

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This allows the chip to have a more complex pattern of

operation than asynchronous DRAM which does not have a

synchronized interface.

Pipelining means that the chip can accept a new instruction

before it has finished processing the previous one

RDRAM (Rambus DRAM)

It is a type of synchronous DRAM, designed by

the Rambus Corporation.

It is fairly fast and has tried to address some of the complex

electrical and physical problems involved with memory.

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DDRDRAM (Double Data Rate DRAM)

Unlike SDRAM, it can do two operations per cycle thereby

doubling the memory bandwidth over the corresponding

single-data-rate SDRAM.

T RAM (Thyristor Random Access Memory)

It is a new type of D-RAM computer memory invented

and developed by T-RAM semiconductor.

It departs from the usual design of memory cells

combining the strengths of the D-RAM and S-RAM.

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Z RAM (ZERO-CAPACITOR Random Access Memory)

It is developed by innovative Silicon Based on the floating

body effect of Silicon on Insulator (SOI).

Z-RAM licenced by Advance Micro Devices for possible

use in future microprocessor.

The reduced cell size leads the Z-RAM being faster than

S-RAM used in large enough blocks.

It has a response time of 3ns.

It offers equivalent speed as S-RAM but requires less

space.

TT RAM (Twin Transistor Random Access Memory)

It stands for Twin Transistor Random Access Memory.

It is similar to conventional one transistor, one capacitor

as D-RAM but eliminates the capacitor by relying on

floating body effect inherent in a Silicon on Insulator

(SOI) on manufacturing process.

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In this RAM memory cell, two transistors are serially

connected on an SOI substrate.

One is an access transistor and the other is used as a

storage transistor and fulfils the same function as the

capacitor in a conventional D-RAM cell.

SRAM (Static RAM)

Static RAM is a type of RAM that holds its data without

external refresh, for as long as power is supplied to the circuit.

This is contrasted to dynamic RAM (DRAM), which must be

refreshed many times per second in order to hold its data

contents. SRAMs are used for specific applications within the PC.

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s.no SRAM DRAM

1. It requires low

amount of memory.

It requires more memory.

2. Access time is low. Access time is more.

3. The life of data is as

long as the power is

supplied to the chip

The life of data is about

four

Milliseconds.

4. Do not refresh. Needs to be refreshed.

5. More structural

complexity.

Less structural

complexity.

5.3.3.2 Read Only Memory (ROM)

It performs only read function not write function. So the

data stored in ROM cannot be modified.

It comes with special internal electronic fuses that can be

programmed for a specific configuration. Once this pattern

is established it stays in the unit. Thus, ROM is non-volatile.

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Types of ROM

Programmable read-only memory (PROM)

This device uses high voltages to permanently destroy or

create internal links (fuses or antifuses) within the chip.

Consequently, a PROM can only be programmed once.

Erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM)

It can be erased by exposure to strong ultraviolet light

(typically for 10 minutes or longer), then rewritten with a

process that again requires application of higher than

usual voltage.

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Electrically erasable programmable read-only

memory (EEPROM)

It allows its entire contents (or selected banks) to be

electrically erased, then rewritten electrically, so that

they need not be removed from the computer (or

camera, MP3 player, etc.).

5.3.4 Secondary Memory

These devices are used to store large amount of data

permanently.

It differs from primary storage in that it is not directly

accessible by the CPU. So they need more access time and

thus are much slower.

Per unit, it is typically also an order of magnitude less

expensive than primary storage. Consequently, modern

computer systems have an order of magnitude more

secondary storage than primary storage and data is kept for

a longer time there (such as in hard disk).

Types of Secondary Memory

Magnetic Media

Magnetic storage uses different patterns

of magnetization in a magnetizable material to store

data

It is a form of non-volatile memory.

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The information is accessed using one or

more read/write heads.

HARD DISKS and FLOPPY DISKS are such devices.

Optical Media

Optic devices are generally circular disc which can

contain data encoded in bumps on a special material on

one of its flat surfaces.

The encoding pattern follows a continuous, spiral path

covering the entire disc surface and extending from the

innermost track to the outermost track.

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The data is stored on the disc with a laser or stamping

machine, and can be accessed when the data path is

illuminated with a laser diode in an optical disc drive

These are broadly of two types-CDs and DVDs.

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5.3.5 Memory Access Time

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5.4 Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

A hard disk is a higher capacity medium, with up to

hundreds of gigabytes. They are usually non-removable, but

removable hard disks are becoming more common. They can be

both read from and written to, and are the standard medium for

storage on computer systems today.

Hard disks are manufactured in metal and coated with a

magnetisable recording medium, similar to the material used in

a floppy disk or audio tape. Depending on the storage capacity

of the unit, it may comprise a number of disks each having its

own read/write head. Hard disks are much faster than floppy

disks and can store much larger amounts of data.

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5.4.1 Hard Disk Layout

Cylinder

If there is more than one disk in the drive, then the tracks that

are directly above or below each other are known collectively

as a cylinder

Tracks of same diameter, simultaneously accessible across

both surfaces of all the platters

Platters

In a hard disk, the disks are called platters

The platters are usually double-sided (data is recorded on

both sides of the platter)

If the platter is double-sided it will have two read/write heads,

one for each surface

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Read/Write Head

It is Electromagnetic coil

It is used to read or write data to the disk

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Tracks

Disk surface is marked out into circular tracks, one inside the

other

Concentric circles of data

1000+ tracks

The tracks are numbered from the outside, from 0 to 1000+

Each track is divided into sectors

Sectors

A sector is a part (an arc) of the track (512B)

17-43 sectors per track

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As you move further out from the Centre of a platter, the

distance around the track (the circumference of the track)

gets larger

This means that, the further from the Centre of the disk the

more space on the track

To make better use of this space, the number of sectors per

track increases as you move away from the Centre.

5.4.2 Parts of a Hard Disk Drive

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5.4.3 Hard Drive Interfaces

ATA interface

– Many changes throughout years

– Parallel ATA (PATA) historically prominent

– Serial ATA (SATA) since 2003

Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)

– Pronounced “Scuzzy”

– Used in many high-end systems

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5.4.4 New Trends in HDD….

SSD

A solid-state drive (SSD) (also known as

a solid-state disk or electronic disk) is a data storage

device using integrated circuit assemblies as memory to store

data persistently. SSDs have no moving (mechanical)

components. This distinguishes them from

traditional electromechanical magnetic disks such as hard disk

drives (HDDs) or floppy disks.

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5.4 Optical Drivers

An optical drive is also known as ODD, CD drive, DVD

drive, BD drive and disc drive. Optical drives retrieve and store

optical data such as DVDs, CDs and BDs [Blue Ray Discs]. At the

back of the optical drive there is a port for a cable to connect to

the motherboard.

Ex:

- Compact Disk Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM)

- Digital Video Disk Read-Only Memory (DVD-ROM)

- Blue-Ray Disc.

- CD-Recordable (CD-R)

- CD-Rewritable (CD-RW)

- Photo CD

- Flash Drive

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How Optical Drives Works?

An optical disk is a high-capacity storage medium. An

optical drive uses reflected light to read data.

To store data, the disk's metal surface is covered with tiny

dents (pits) and flat spots (lands), which cause light to be

reflected differently.

When an optical drive shines light into a pit, the light cannot

be reflected back. This represents a bit value of 0 (off). A

land reflects light back to its source, representing a bit value

of 1 (on).

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5.5 Floppy Disk Drive (FDD)

A floppy disk is a low capacity disk which may be removed

from the computer.

There are two types of Floppy Disks:

1. Holding a small amount of data (typically 1.44 Mb)

2. Super floppies known as ZIP disks (typically 100 Mb)

Data may be written to and read from a floppy. A small

notch can be used to make the disk read-only. They are small

lightweight and easy to transport. Ideal for backups of small

amounts of data or for transfer of data from one machine to

another. Floppy Drives are common to most if not all computers. On the down side, they may be easily misplaced, damaged or

stolen. There is a risk of transferring VIRUSES.

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Structure of the Floppy Disk

How FDD (Magnetic Storage Device) Works?

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A magnetic disk's medium contains iron particles, which can

be polarized—given a magnetic charge—in one of two

directions (north or south).

Each particle's direction represents a 1 (on) or 0 (off),

representing each bit of data that the CPU can recognize.

A disk drive uses read/write heads containing

electromagnets to create magnetic charges on the medium.

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5.7 Power Supply Unit (PSU)

The power supply is one of the most important parts in the

computer. The power supply unit provides electrical power for

every component inside the system unit. The power supply unit

plays the critical role of converting commercial electrical power

(AC), into DC required by the components of the computer.

There are two basic types of power supplies:

1. AT power supplies – Designed to support AT-compatible

motherboards.

2. ATX power supplies – Designed according to newer ATX

design specifications to support the ATX motherboard.

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There are two major distinctions between the AT and the

new ATX power supplies.

The AT power supply has two 6-pin (12 pins) motherboard

power connectors (P8/P9). The AT design pulls air in

through the rear of the power supply unit and blows it

directly on the AT motherboard.

The ATX power supplies use a single 20-pin power connector

(P1). In the ATX-compatible power supply, the cooling fan

pulls air through the case from the front and exhausts it out

the rear of the power supply unit.

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Pin Side View of Main Power Connector

Power Connectors

5.9 Expansion Cards

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PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect)

- The “Peripheral Component Interconnect” is a high-

speed connection to adding devices to a computer

including SCSI cards, video, sound, modems, and other

PCI devices.

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Graphic Card

- It transfers data from the computer to the monitor. 3-D

cards are necessary for High-end games and Graphic

designing. AGP and PCIe Graphic cards are used in most

computers. It is also known as Graphic card, Graphic

adapter, Video adapter.

ATI R9 295x2 GDDR5 Graphic Card

NVidia GeForce Titan Z Graphic Card

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NIC (Network Interface Card)

- A card installed in a computer that unable the computer

to communicate a network. All NIC implement a

networking standards called Ethernet Every client &

server must have a network interface card in order to be

a part of network.

Sound Card

- Sound cards improve the quality of sound from games and

multimedia applications. Some bundled software allows

users to edit, compose and print music. So it is called a

sound card because it is everything to do with sound.

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06 OTHER PARTS OF A COMPUTER

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06. OTHER PARTS OF A COMPUTER

SYSTEM CASING

A System Case is the outer shell of a computer. This case is

what the motherboard, hard drives, cd drives, etc are mounted

to make the complete computer. It is also known as computer

case, computer chassis and computer housing.

There are two types of system casing,

1. Desktop model

2. Tower model

- Mini Tower

- Mid Tower

- Full Tower

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DESKTOP

The desktop design is one of the more familiar case styles.

Desktop units are designed to sit horizontally on the desktop.

The two important considerations in choosing a desktop case

style for a computer are:

– Available desktop space

– Motherboard Form factor(Newer motherboards use

ATX form factor)

In some models, the monitor sits on top of the system

unit.

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TOWER

Most of the casing now use tower style. Tower cases are

usually designed to sit vertically on the floor beneath a desk.

Tower cases come in three sizes:

1. Mini towers :

- Excellent size which can be placed on top or below of

a computer desk.

2. Mid towers :

- Excellent case which can fit below and on top of your

computer desk.

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3. Full-size towers :

- Excellent case for upgradability. These cases are often

use in server computers.

Parts of computer case

1. Front Panel

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2. Back Panel

3. Internal Panel

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UPS (UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIES)

An Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is a device that has

an alternate source of energy that can provide power when the

primary power source is temporally disabled. The switchover

time must be small enough to not cause a disruption in the

operation of the loads.

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Block Diagram of the UPS

Types of UPS

There are three main types of UPS are available today.

They are,

1. Offline UPS

- The mains to battery changeover time or battery to

mains changeover time in offline UPS is very low as

compared to inverter. Typically, changeover time in

inverters is 500 milliseconds & Offline UPS has

changeover time of 3-8 milliseconds.

2. Online UPS

- In this type of UPS, the system always remains on

battery, whether mains ac is present or not. When

mains ac is present, it provides power to DC supply

of inverter section as well as charges the battery

simultaneously. When mains ac is not present, it will

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run the connected load till the battery has a

recommended dischargeable level.

3. Line interactive UPS

- In this design, the battery to AC power converter

(inverter) is always connected to the o/p of the UPS.

Battery charging is done during times when the I/P AC

power is normal when the I/P AC fails, transfer switch

opens and then the inverter starts functioning to provide

power to load immediately.

-

Why We Need a UPS?

1. Line Noise

- Line noise consists of small variations in the voltage level

delivered to the computer. Noise that the power supply

cannot handle can cause it to malfunction and pass the

problem on to your motherboard or other internal

devices

2. Surges

- This is a temporary increase of voltage that can last just a

few thousandths of a second, but in this time the voltage

can increase from 230 to 1,000 volts or even higher.

Voltage surges can disrupt or even damage your

computer equipment.

3. Lightning Strike

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- Enormous amount of electricity involved in a storm, a

strike near your PC--near meaning within several miles--

can induce currents in metal objects. Any wire that comes

in from the outside and attaches to your PC can become

a conduit for a pulse of destructive energy such as a

telephone line or power cord.

4. Brownout

- When a brownout occurs, the voltage drops from its

normal level to a lower voltage and then returns; in some

ways, it's like the opposite of a surge.

5. Blackout

- A blackout, of course, is when the power totally fails.

So, Avoid above causes we use UPS

Voltage Selector Switch

Normally dual voltage selector to be set at either 110/220v.

220v is the Normal voltage setting. 110v is for in the U.S.A. If

110v is set to 220v damage can occur.

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THE END