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InsectsinVegetables:AReviewof2011andWhattoKnowfor2012

RickFosterPurdueUniversity

CABBAGECATERPILLARS

DiamondbackMoth DiamondbackMoth

•  Mostseriouspestworldwide‐$1billionannually

•  Resistanttomanyinsecticidesinsomeplaces

•  Appearearlyingrowingseason•  Larvaearesmall(5/16inch),light‐green,tapered,andwigglewhendisturbed

ImportedCabbageworm ImportedCabbageworm

•  Adultsarewhitebutterflies•  Larvaearevelvetygreen,1inchlong•  Relativelyeasytocontrol

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CabbageLooper CabbageLooper

•  Doesnotoverwinter;lateseasonpest•  Larvaeloopwhentheycrawl•  Palegreen;11/2inchlong•  Relativelydifficulttocontrol

CaterpillarDamage

•  Chewholesinleaves;boreintohead•  Youngplantskilled•  Olderplantsstunted•  Headsabortorareunmarketable

•  Contamination

ManagementOptions

CabbageThresholds

Stage DiamondbackMoth ICWandLoopers

Transplanttocupping 50%with>5larvae/plant 30%

Cuppingtoearlyhead 50%with>5larvae/plant 20%

Earlyheadtoharvest 10%with>1larva/plant 10%

Broccoli,CauliflowerThresholds

Stage DiamondbackMoth ICWandLoopers

Seedbed 10% 10%

Transplanttofirstcurd 40% 20%

Firstcurdtoharvest 10% 10%

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Insecticides

•  Pyrethroids–Ambush,Asana,Baythroid,Brigade,Hero,MustangMax,Pounce,Warrior

•  Bt•  Avaunt•  Confirm,Intrepid,Rimon•  Coragen•  Radiant,Entrust,SpinTor•  Proclaim•  Larvin,Lannate

CabbageInsecticideTrial‐2011Chemical Rate/acre Loopers ICW DBM Yield

Untreated ‐‐‐‐‐ 30.0ab 103.25a 24.0ab 10.8e

Coragen 5fl.oz. 4.25c 8.5c 14.25bc 85.0a

Radiant 10fl.oz. 7.0c 8.5c 8.5c 77.5abc

Proclaim 4.8oz. 20.25abc 16.25bc 17.0abc 81.7ab

Agree 2lb. 35.25a 9.0c 12.25c 71.7bcd

Avaunt 3.5oz. 16.5abc 14.75bc 15.75bc 65.8cd

Entrust 2.0oz. 27.5ab 21.25b 10.5c 64.2d

Intrepid 10fl.oz. 13.75bc 13.75bc 30.5a 65.0cd

MustangMax 4fl.oz. 21.25abc 16.5bc 18.5bc 65.8cd

Crymax 2lb. 23.0abc 10.5bc 17.0bc 67.5cd

CaterpillarsAttackingSweetCornEars

•  EuropeanCornBorer•  WesternBeanCutworm

•  CornEarworm

EuropeanCornBorer

•  Twogenerationsperyear

•  DeclininginimportanceduetoBtcorn

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

1990 1992 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

EuropeanCornBorersPerUntreatedEarinInsecticideTrials

Lafayette,IN

EuropeanCornBorerManagement

•  Treatmentatpre‐rowtasselisthekey•  Pyrethroidinsecticidesworkwell–especiallyBrigade,MustangMax,HeroandWarrior

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WesternBeanCutworm Native to North America, first described in Arizona in 1887  Long time pest of dry land beans and corn  Gradual migration to the east, CO, NE, IA  2005, significant moth captures in Illinois  2006, first moths captured in Indiana  2007, first damage documented in NW Indiana  2009, significant damage documented in NW Indiana

WBCMothTrapping 2011

WBC,2010DocumentedDamage

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WesternBeanCutworm‐2011

•  Mothemergencewas2weekslaterthanin2010

•  Temperatureswereveryhighatpeakemergence

•  Eggmasseswereverydifficulttofind

•  Damagewasgreatlyreducedcomparedto2010

•  2012‐?????

First Documented Case of WBC Damage To Sweet Corn In Indiana - 2009

WBCScouting

•  Eggmassesonupperleaves

WBCScouting

•  Eggmassesonupperleaves•  Hatchedlarvaeinwhorlorleafaxils

WBCThreshold

•  Nothresholdyet•  Myrecommendationistotreatifyouseelarvae

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WBCTreatment

•  Foliarinsecticides– Earlyinstarlarvaeeasytocontrol– Timingiscritical–whorlstage/pre‐rowtassel– Pyrethroidshaveprovidedgoodcontrol

CornEarworm

•  Pestofsweetcorn,seedcornandtomato

•  Twogenerationsperyearwhereitoverwinters–2ndisusuallymostimportant

•  Doesnotoverwinterinlargenumbersinnorthern2/3ofIndiana

CornEarwormBiology

•  Femalesprefertolayeggsongreensilks

CornEarwormBiology

•  Femalesprefertolayeggsongreensilks•  Whenlarvaehatch,theymovedirectlyintotheeartip

•  Onceinsidetheear,thelarvaeareprotectedfrominsecticides

CornEarwormControl

•  Musthaveinsecticidepresentonsilkwhenlarvaehatchesfromegg

•  Pyrethroidshavebeenprimarycontroloptions,especiallyCapture,MustangMax,Hero,andWarrior

•  Someconcernsaboutresistance

•  CoragenandRadiantappeartobegoodalternatives

CornEarwormManagement•  Treatwhenfresh,greensilksarepresent(startat70%)

•  Treatifcatchingmorethan10mothspernight

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CornEarwormManagement

•  Maketreatmentsevery2‐5daysfrom70%silksuntilsilksarebrown;generally3‐4treatments

•  Shortenintervaliftemperaturesarehigh

•  Shortenintervalifmothcatchesarehigh

CornEarwormManagement

•  Firstgenerationpopulationsmayormaynotreacheconomiclevels

•  Duringmuchoftheseason,fewearwormspresent•  Oncethesecondgenerationhits,populationswilllikelybehighfortherestoftheseason

•  Dateofarrivalofsecondgenerationisvariable•  Apheromonetrapisacriticalmanagementtool

CEWManagementTips

•  Thefirstapplication(70%silks)isthemostcritical,witheachsucceedingspraybeinglessimportant

•  Gettinggoodcoverageofthesilksisimperative–considerdropnozzles.Testwithwatersensitivepaper.

•  Highgallonageispreferred–20gallonsperacreormore

RELATIONSHIPBETWEENCORNEARWORMPHEROMONETRAPCATCH

ANDEGGLAYING

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RelationshipBetweenPheromoneTrapCatchandEggLaying

NightlyRelationshipBetweenTrapCatchandEggLaying

WhatAffectsTrapCatch?

•  Fullmoonsuppressestrapcatch•  Highrelativehumidity(50–80%)increasedtrapcatch

WhatAffectsEggLaying?

•  Egglayingwassuppressedduringfullmoon•  Highhumiditysuppressedegglaying

•  Egglayingwasincreased(permothcaughtinpheromonetrap)inearlyseasonsweetcorn

So,howdoweusethreshold?

•  Ingeneral,weshouldcontinuetouse10mothspernightasthethresholdformostoftheseason

•  Forearlyseasonsweetcorn(beforenearbyfieldcorninsilking,useathresholdof1.

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0

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13‐Jun

20‐Jun

27‐Jun

4‐Jul

11‐Jul

18‐Jul

25‐Jul

1‐Aug

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5‐Sep

MothsPerW

eek

CEWPheromoneTrapCatch‐2011

Pinney

Lafayette

TOMATOES–HIGHTUNNELS

Hornworms

•  Hornwormsaregenerallyaminorprobleminfieldgrowntomatoes

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InsectsinHighTunnels

•  Popularliteraturesaysthatmostinsectswillbelessseriousinhightunnelsthaninfield

•  Hightunnels.org–  “…decreasedincidenceofpestanddiseaseproblems”

•  VermontHighTunnelGuide–  “Insectpestsgenerallycauselessdamageinhightunnelsthantheydointhefield…”

•  Notsupportedbyresearchdata•  Ourresearchshowsthatmostinsectscanbeasbadorworse

inhightunnels

‐0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

HT Field

Hornw

orms/Plant

A1.15

A0.32

2010 2011

HornwormsHighTunnelsvs.Field

BrownMarmoratedStinkBugsFoundinIndiana

•  FirstdiscoveryinElkhartCountyinNovember,2010

•  Confirmedin6counties

•  Likelypresentinmanyotherlocations

•  Allconfirmedcountiesarealonginterstate

Brown Marmorated Stinkbug, Halyomorpha halys (Stal)

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Whyshouldwecareaboutbrownmarmoratedstinkbugs?

•  Seriouspestofvegetablessuchastomatoes,peppers,sweetcorn,greenbeans,etc.

•  Seriouspestoffruitcropssuchaspeaches,apples,grapes,etc.

•  Pestofcornandsoybeans•  Pestofmanyornamentalplants•  Theyliketooverwinterinsidehomes•  Theyaredifficulttocontrol•  Theystink

History

•  ImportantpestinnativerangeofKorea,China,andJapan

•  FirstdetectedinAllentown,PAin2001•  Nowaseriousproblemalongmostoftheeasternseaboard

•  Problemsusuallyappearinhomesforseveralyearspriortobecomingaseriouscroppest

•  FindinElkhartCo.wasinahome–largenumbers

Biology

•  Overwintersasadult(inside)•  BecomeactiveinMay

•  Firstattacktreesandorchards•  Latervegetablesandsoybeans•  Probably2ormoregenerationsperyear

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Identification Management

•  Nogoodsamplingmethodsavailableyet–  Blacklighttraps–  Pyramidtrap– Directobservations

•  Noeconomicthresholds•  Noculturalmethods•  Nobiologicalcontrol•  Noorganiccontrolsolutions•  Severalpyrethroidsandanumberofolderinsecticidesseemtoprovidegoodcontrol

Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Trapping 2011

Blacklight Trap and Pyramid Traps

Blacklight Trap Only

Pyramid Trap Only

Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Trapping 2011

Blacklight Trap and Pyramid Traps

Blacklight Trap Only

Pyramid Trap Only

Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Trapping 2011

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0

0 0

0

0

0 0

0 0

0 0

Implications

•  WeprobablyhaveafewyearsbeforeBMSBbecomesaseriouscroppest

•  Growingorganicfruitsandvegetableswillbecomeincreasinglydifficult

•  Vegetablegrowerswilllikelyincreasepesticideuse

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Whatshouldyoudo?

•  Staycalm;it’snotaproblemyet•  IfyouthinkyouseeBMSB,collectsomeandreporttoyourcountyExtensioneducator

Questions?