Insects (Chapter 7) or · insects are either beneficial or harmless •Less than 3% of all insects...
Transcript of Insects (Chapter 7) or · insects are either beneficial or harmless •Less than 3% of all insects...
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Insects (Chapter 7) or
What’s this Bug?
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Did you know that . . .?
• The vast majority of
insects are either
beneficial or harmless
• Less than 3% of all insects
are classified as pests
• One-sixth of the world’s
food crops are consumed
by insect pests
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spiders, ticks, and
centipedes (chilopods)
millipedes (diplopods)
snails (molluscs)
mites (arachnids)
spiders (arachnids)
pillbugs (crustaceans)
Not all “bugs” are
insects.
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Arachnids
• Spiders and their Kin
Spiders
Ticks
Scorpions
Mites
• Spiders are mostly beneficial
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two main body regions - cephalothorax
(head and thorax fused together)
abdomen
Arachnids: spiders, ticks, scorpions, mites
no antennae
simple eyes
four pairs of jointed legs
no wings
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Mites
• Very small
• Piercing-sucking mouthparts – produce leaf stippling
• Web-spinning mites are common pests
– Like hot & dusty
– Outbreaks after insecticide application
– Find in greenhouses
• Rust, Bud & Blister mites have 4 legs
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Isopods
• Sowbugs & Pillbugs
– Related to crayfish & breathe through gills
– Have 7 sets of legs
– Feed on decaying organic material & fruits laying directly on ground
– Strawberries, squash, etc
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Wings - None, One or Two Pairs
Three Distinct Body Regions: Head, Thorax, Abdomen
Jointed Legs - Three Pairs Antennae - One Pair
Undergoes Metamorphosis
Insect Characteristics
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Orthoptera - crickets, grasshoppers
Hemiptera, suborder Heteroptera - true bugs
Hemiptera, subover Homoptera - aphids, scale, hoppers
Lepidoptera - butterflies, moths
Coleoptera - beetles, weevils
Diptera - flies, mosquitoes
Hymenoptera - bees, ants
Common Insect Orders
Characterized by:
Mouthparts
Type of legs, wings, antenna
Metamorphosis
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chewing mouthparts
piercing-sucking mouthparts
siphoning
Sponging
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Gradual metamorphosis
The immature stages of these
insects are known as nymphs
• Except for size and the lack
of fully formed wings, the
nymphs and adults look very
much alike
• Molt outer shell to grow
bigger
Examples: grasshoppers, crickets,
termites, and true bugs
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Insect has four distinct stages
Complete metamorphosis
Examples: bees, ants, wasps,
flies, beetles, butterflies, moths
and mosquitoes
egg
larvae - feeding, destructive stage
pupa - an inactive stage
adult - reproductive stage
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Nymphs resemble adults, except for
being wingless. Both adults &
nymphs cause damage.
Moderate to large, hard-bodied
adults with two pairs of wings.
Front wings are hard, leathery
ORTHOPTERA - grasshoppers, locusts, crickets, mantids, cockroaches
Gradual metamorphosis, chewing mouth
parts
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HEMIPTERA, sub order Heteroptera - true bugs
Gradual metamorphosis, Piercing-sucking
mouthparts in nymphs (immatures) and
adults
Recognized by
triangle on back
Harlequin Bug
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Suborder HOMOPTERA -aphids, scales, leafhoppers, cicadas, whiteflies,
mealybugs
Gradual metamorphosis, piercing-
sucking mouthparts in nymphs
(immatures) and adults
Small, soft-bodied insects,
except for cicadas
Aphids
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Mealybugs are considered a type
of scale. They are oval,
segmented, and covered with wax.
Scales may be small, round or football-
shaped, and armored (California red scale)
or soft-bodied (cottony cushion scale).
Hemiptera, Suborder:
HOMOPTERA
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Whitefles are tiny sap-suckers found in
vegetables, ornamentals, and citrus trees.
Suborder HOMOPTERA -aphids, scales, leafhoppers,
cicadas, whiteflies, mealybugs
Leafhoppers feed on undersides of
leaves, transmit virus diseases. Hosts
are: beans, cucurbits, potatoes,
eggplants, grapes, and apples
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Dermaptera - Earwigs
• Gradual metamorphosis
• Chewing mouthparts
• Forceps on rear end
• Can be pest or predator
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LEPIDOPTERA - butterflies, moths
Larvae - chewing
Adults - siphoning
Complete metamorphosis
Mouthparts
Larvae are worm-like,
voracious feeders with prolegs
on abdomen and thorax. Adults are soft-bodied with two
pairs of membranous wings
covered with small scales.
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Leaf-eating caterpillars (tomato hornworm, armyworms,
loopers) chew irregular holes. Many small caterpillars
roll leaves to form shelters.
LEPIDOPTERA - butterflies, moths
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Moth vs. Butterfly
Moth
• Antennae are feathery or wiry
• Wings at rest – out-stretched, folded or angled
• Day & night
Butterfly
• Antennae end in a club
• Wings at rest out-stretched or held vertically
• Day-time only
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Beetles = Coleoptera
• More Beetle species than all other animals
• Hard “shelled” forewing
• Vegetarians, predators, scavengers & parasites
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COLEOPTERA - beetles, weevils
Complete metamorphosis
Chewing Mouthparts
(adults and larva)
Larvae (grubs, wireworms,
borers) have head capsule
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COLEOPTERA - beetles, weevils
Adults have two pairs of wings.
Horny, leathery front wings (elytra)
cover membranous hind wings
underneath, used for flying.
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COLEOPTERA - beetles, weevils
Flea beetles, wireworms (click beetle larvae), cucumber
beetles, vegetable weevils, and green fruit beetles are
common pests in California home vegetable gardens
Lady beetles (ladybugs) are beneficials
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Flies & Mosquitoes - Diptera
Only 2 wings (1 pair)
Mouth parts adapted for sucking
or piercing & sucking
Complete metamorphosis
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Important garden and agricultural pests include the
cabbage maggot, onion maggot, apple maggot, walnut
husk fly, fruit flies, and leafminers
DIPTERA - flies, mosquitoes, gnats, midges
cabbage maggot
onion maggot apple maggot
walnut husk fly
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Hymenoptera: Ants, Wasps, Bees, Sawflies
• Narrow waists
• Chewing mouthparts
• Complete metamorphosis
• Can have up to 2 pairs of membranous wings
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HYMENOPTERA - bees, wasps, ants, sawflies
Many species are beneficial,
are parasites, natural
enemies or biological control
agents of many pest insects
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Raspberry horntail
Pear sawfly larvae Leafcutter wasp
Rose sawfly damage
HYMENOPTERA - bees, wasps, ants, sawflies
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WHAT IF YOU DON’T SEE A BUG?
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Symptoms of insect attack: Chewed foliage or fruit
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Grape leafhopper
Symptoms of insect attack: bleached, stippled or mined leaves
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Symptoms of insect attack: distortion
(swelling, twisting, cupping) of plant parts
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Symptoms or signs of insect attack: Dieback of twigs, stems or plant
Peach tree borer
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Symptoms of insect attack: presence of insect-related debris
sooty mold
frass
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So What’s that Bug?
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Red-humped caterpillar
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Bark Beetle
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Spider mites – not visible to
the naked eye, look for
webbing, suck juices from
plants
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Stink bugs attack stone fruits, broccoli,
cabbage, tomatoes. They give off an
offensive odor when disturbed.
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Centipede: not an insect,
but a general predator of
insects
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Curled, distorted leaves
and sticky honeydew
exudates on leaves are
strong signs of aphid
infestation.
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Tomato Hornworm: voracious
muncher of leaves
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Lygus bugs
attack beans,
strawberries and
orchard crops.
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Assassin Bug: eats beetles,
caterpillars, hornworms & other
insects
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Syrphid fly larvae are
important predators of
aphids & scales
Adults are
valuable
pollinators
Look like a bee,
but quicker and
don’t buzz
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Earwig, chews flowers & fruit,
can also be beneficial predator
by eating insects & larvae
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Walnut Husk Fly: 2 wings,
compound eyes
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Codling Moth: larvae are
“worm” in the center of
apples & pears, look for
stings, remove overwintering
pupae
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Lacewing: good bug, preys on
aphids and whiteflies
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Cucumber beetle: bad
bug, eats crops &
foliage
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Scales: suck plant juices
under their covering