Inquiry Lesson – 1928 to 1932: Trials and Tribulations during Hoover’s Administration Major...

Inquiry Lesson – 1928 to 1932: Trials and Tribulations during Hoover’s Administration

Major Events to consider

during Hoover’s

Administration

Jim Crow Atrocities

Farmers, the Dust Bowl,

and the Exodusters

The Response of Hoover’s

Administration

The Great Crash

The Bonus Army

Here is how the lesson will work ...

1. Remember, often it is not the answer that matters, but the questions that precede any answer.

2. Each color coded historical grouping (red, grey, black, green, and orange) will have 3-5 student partners. These student participants will attempt to evaluate a document, video, audio, etc. piece of primary source evidence.

3. To accomplish this primary source evaluation, students will use the Stripling Model of Inquiry (see next slide)

4. Then, each member will respond to guiding questions (see slide after Stripling Model of Inquiry):


during Hoover’s

Administration

Source: https://washington2011esd112.pbworks.com/w/page/48189352/Inquiry%20Process%20Model

Guiding Questions

1. What is the role of government, the individual, and the community in times of hardship? Where do they crossover, or do they?

2. Since this is an inquiry based exercise, what are your questions related to your piece of evidence. Generate one for each level.

The time allotment for this 55 minute class period will be: • 5 minute set up, • 20 minute interpretation/reflection, (see Library of Congress

interpretation/reflection guide – next slide)• 25 minute share, • 5 min wrap-up


during Hoover’s

Administration

Primary Source Analysis ToolGuiding Question - What is the role of government, the individual, and

the community in times of hardship? Where do they crossover, or do they?What inferences and/or

observations can you make about this source?

How do your observations and inferences connect with the guiding question?

What questions do you still have?

Guiding Question - What is the role of government, the individual, and the community in times of hardship? Where do they crossover, or do they?

Fill in connections to be made by the three entities.

Government

Community Individual

– Evidence piece #1Farmers, the Dust Bowl,

and the Exodusters

Evidence piece #1 Source Info

Left Side Right Side

Title: Farmer and sons walking in the face of a dust storm. Cimarron County, OklahomaCreator(s): Rothstein, Arthur, 1915-1985, photographerDate Created/Published: 1936 Apr.Summary: Photo shows the Dust Bowl area.Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-ppmsc-00241 (digital file from print) LC-USZ62-11491 (b&w film copy neg. from print) LC-USZC4-4840 (color film copy transparency from print) Photographs (http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/res/071_fsab.html)Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, DC 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print

Title: Son of farmer in dust bowl area. Cimarron County, OklahomaCreator(s): Rothstein, Arthur, 1915-1985, photographerDate Created/Published: 1936 Apr.Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-fsa-8b38282 (digital file from original neg.) LC-USZ62-130123 (b&w film copy neg. from file print)(http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/res/071_fsab.html)Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, DC 20540 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print


and the Exodusters


and the Exodusters



Title: Migrant agricultural worker's family. Seven hungry children. Mother aged thirty-two. Father is native Californian. Nipomo, CaliforniaCreator(s): Dorothea LangeDate Created/Published: 1936 Feb. or Mar.Digital ID: (b&w copy scan) fsa 8b29527 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/fsa.8b29527Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, DC 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print

Title: Destitute pea pickers in California. Mother of seven children. Age thirty-two. Nipomo, CaliforniaCreator(s): Dorothea LangeDate Created/Published: 1936 Feb. or Mar.Digital ID: (digital file from original neg.) fsa 8b29516 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/fsa.8b29516Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, DC 20540 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print


and the Exodusters


and the Exodusters



Title: More Oklahomans reach Calif. via the cotton fields of Ariz. ; "We got blowed out in Oklahoma." Share-croppers family near Bakersfield, Apr. 7, 1935Creator(s): Lange, Dorothea, photographerDate Created/Published: 1935.Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA

Title: Kansas "dust bowl" farmerCreator(s): Rothstein, Arthur, 1915-1985, photographerDate Created/Published: 1936 Mar.Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, DC 20540 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print


and the Exodusters

Evidence Piece #4Farmers, the Dust Bowl,

and the Exodusters

– Evidence piece #4 Source Info


and the Exodusters

Title: A Shower At LastCreator(s): Joe Parrish, cartoonistNewspaper: The Nashville TennesseanDate Created/Published: July 10, 1936Repository: International Team of Comic Historians (I.T.C.H.) http://superitch.com/?p=10159

Evidence Piece #5Farmers, the Dust Bowl,

and the Exodusters

Dust Bowl Interview – 4:31 duration Dust Bowl Film Clip -


Dust Bowl Interview – 4:31 duration Okie Audio clip #2 -

Interviewee – Mrs. Flora RobertsonAlbum – Voices from the Dust Bowl

Interviewee – Album –


and the Exodusters


and the Exodusters

Evidence Piece #6 Source Info

Title: Typescript for The Grapes of Wrath with copy-editing marks, Author/Creator(s): John Steinbeck (1902-1968)Date Created/Published: 1939Repository: Library of Congress Manuscript Division, Washington, DC 20540

http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trm143.html


and the Exodusters

Evidence piece #1Jim Crow Atrocities

Evidence piece #1 Source InfoJim Crow Atrocities

Newspaper Article: The Act of LynchingAuthor: No author citedPublication: Cleveland Gazette 17, no. 10 (10/07/1899)Source - Library of Congress http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/aaeo:@field(DOCID+@lit(o19196))

Jim Crow Atrocities Evidence piece #2


Title: The lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram SmithCreator(s): Lawrence BeitlerDate Created/Published: August 7, 1930Repository: Library of Congress, Washington, DC lcweb2.loc.gov/ and Images and the Media, Andover University http://www.andover.edu/Museums/Addison/Education/mlc/Documents/ImagesAndTheMediaPortfolioGuide.pdf

Jim Crow Atrocities

Evidence piece #3Strange Fruit (

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h4ZyuULy9zs)

Southern trees bear strange fruit,Blood on the leaves and blood at the root,Black bodies swinging in the Southern breeze, Strange fruit hanging from the poplar trees.

Pastoral scene of the gallant South,The bulging eyes and twisted mouth,The scent of magnolias, sweet and fresh,Then the sudden smell of burning flesh.

Here is a fruit for the crows to pluck,For the rain to gather, for the wind to suck,For the sun to rot, for the trees to drop,Here is a strange and bitter crop.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h4ZyuULy9zs



Title: Strange Fruit Creator(s): Abel Meeropol (aka Lewis Allen)Date Created/Published: 1936.Originally published: The New York Teacher, (a union magazine)Repository: Library of Congress Motion Picture and Television Reading Room Division Washington, DC http://www.loc.gov/rr/mopic/findaid/jazz/a-c.html

Title: Strange FruitCreator(s)/Performer: Abel Meeropol (aka Lewis Allen) writer; Billy Holiday (performed)Date Created/Performed: 1936/1939 respectivelyRepository: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h4ZyuULy9zs

Jim Crow Atrocities



Title: A Terrible Blot on American Civilization Author/Creator(s): District Colombia Anti-Lynching Committee North Eastern Federation of Colored Women’s ClubsCreated/Published: 1922Repository: Library of Congress Manuscript Division, Washington, DC http://memory.loc.gov/rbc/rbpe/rbpe20/rbpe208/20803600/001dr.jpg

Title: Lynchings for 1922Author/Creator(s): R.R. MotonCreated/Published: 01/13/1923Repository: Ohio Historical Center Archives Library http://dbs.ohiohistory.org/africanam/page1.cfm?ItemID=1782


Data Table:

Source: From Stewart E. Tolnay and E.M. Beck, A Festival of Violence: An Analysis of Southern Lynchings, 1882-1930.

http://www.umass.edu/complit/aclanet/USLynch.html

http://www.umass.edu/complit/aclanet/USLynch.html


Signage from Jim Crow South

Source: http://www.ferris.edu/news/jimcrow/what.htm

– Evidence piece #7Jim Crow Atrocities

{begin page 1}In dealing with all vexed questions, the chief aim of every honest inquirer should be to ascertain the facts.

No good purpose is subserved either by concealment on the one hand or exaggeration on the other. "The truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth," is the only sure foundation for just judgment.The purpose of this pamphlet is to give the public the facts, in the belief that there is still a sense of justice in the American people, and that it will yet assert itself in condemnation of outlawry and in defense of oppressed and persecuted humanity. In this firm belief the following pages will describe the lynching of nine colored men, who were arrested near Palmetto, Georgia, about the middle of March, upon suspicion that they were implicated in the burning of the three houses in February preceding.

The nine suspects were not criminals, they were hard-working, law-abiding citizens, men of families. They had assaulted no woman, and, after the lapse of nearly a month, it could not be claimed that the fury of an insane mob made their butchery excusable. They were in the custody of law, unarmed, chained together and helpless, awaiting their trial. They had no money to employ learned counsel to invoke the aid of technicalities to defeat justice. They were in custody of a white Sheriff, to be prosecuted by a white State's Attorney, to be tried before a white judge, and by a white jury. Surely the guilty had no chance to escape.

Still they were lynched. That the awful story of their slaughter may not be considered overdrawn, the following description is taken from the columns of the Atlanta Journal, as it was written by Royal Daniel, a staff correspondent.

The story of the lynching thus told is as follows:Palmetto. Ga., March 16.--A mob of more than 100 desperate men, armed with Winchesters and shotguns and pistols and wearing masks, rode into Palmetto at 1 o'clock this morning and shot to death four Negro prisoners, desperately wounded another and with deliberate aim fired at four others, wounding two, believing the entire nine had been killed.

– Evidence piece #7 (page 2)

Jim Crow Atrocities

{Begin page no. 2}The boldness of the mob and the desperateness with which the murder was contemplated and executed, has torn the little town

with excitement and anxiety. All business has been suspended, and the town is under military patrol, and every male inhabitant is armed to the teeth, in anticipation of an outbreak which is expected to-night. Last night nine Negroes were arrested and placed in the warehouse near the depot. The Negroes were charged with the burning of the two business blocks here in February.

At 1 o'clock this morning the mob dashed into town while the people slept. They rushed to the warehouse in which the nine Negroes were guarded by six white men. The door was burst open and the guards were ordered to hold up their hands.Then the mob fired two volleys into the line of trembling, wretched and pleading prisoners, and to make sure of their work, placed pistols in the dying men's faces and emptied the chambers.

Citizens who were aroused by the shooting and ran out to investigate the cause were driven to their homes at the point of guns and pistols and then the mob mounted their horses and dashed out of town, back into the woods and home again.

None of the mob was recognized, as their faces were completely concealed by masks. The men did their work orderly and coolly and exhibited a determination seldom equaled under similar circumstances.

The nine Negroes were tied with ropes and were helpless. The guard was held at the muzzle of guns and threatened with death if a man moved. Then the firing was deliberately done, volley by volley.

The Negroes now dead are: Tip Hudson, Bud Cotton, Ed Wynn, Henry Bingham.Fatally shot and now dying: John Bigby. Shot but will recover: John Jameson. Arm broken: George Tatum. Escaped without injury: Ison Brown, Clem Watts.

The men who were guarding the Negroes are well know and prominent citizens of Palmetto, and were sworn in only yesterday as a special guard for the night.The commitment trial of the Negroes was set for 9 o'clock this morning.Bud Cotton, who was killed, had confessed to the burning of the stores in Palmetto, and had implicated all the others who had been arrested


Author/Creator: Ida B. Wells-Barnett

Source: http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/connections/afam-perspectives/thinking.html

Evidence piece #1The Bonus Army

Evidence piece #1 – Source Data

.

The Bonus Army

Title: Forgotten MenCreator(s): Carey Orr Date Created/Published: Chicago Tribune, July 1932Repository: San Francisco State University

http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~scotty13/Cartoon.htm


.

The Bonus Army


Title: Veterans Bonus March, Washington D.C.Creator(s): Theodor Horydczak (ca. 1870-1971) Date Created/Published: July 1932Repository: Library of Congresshttp://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3c15563

Title: Veterans Bonus March, Washington D.C.Creator(s): Theodor Horydczak (ca. 1870-1971) Date Created/Published: July 1932Repository: Library of Congresshttp://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3c15563


.

The Bonus Army

Title: Bonus Army on Capitol lawn, Washington, D.C.

Creator(s): UnknownDate Created/Published: July 13, 1932Repository: Library of Congress

http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2002722914/3


Bonus Marchers


Title: What, more boarders? Creator(s): Carmack, Paul R., 1895-1977, artist Date Created/Published: 1934. Original Publication: Christian Science MonitorSource: Library of Congress


The Bonus Army


Newspaper Article: Rank and File (US military publication)

Date: December 5th, 1932Source:


The Bonus Army

– Evidence piece #6The Bonus Army

People keep advocating rebellion, but we are curious to know what they want to rebel against. The bonus marchers, if combined with the Kentucky miners would probably spend their time arguing about which grievance to support instead of doing anything. Unemployment has become a business . . .

In a democracy, there are a thousand, ten thousand groups…. Each has its own particular sorrow and its grievance; there exists no common tyranny against which to rebel, not even the tyranny of hard times. If you mixed bonus marchers with Kentucky miners, they would probably spend the rest of their lives arguing about what to rebel against . . .

Being out of a job perforates the walls of the mind, and thoughts seep off into strange channels. To say that the country is as rich as it ever was is a joke: something is gone that used to be here—the spirit of millions of men is gone, and a man’s spirit is just as real a natural resource as gold or wheat or lumber.


Author: E.B. WhiteDate: June 25, 1932Magazine Article: The New Yorker MagazineSource:http://www.newyorker.com/search/

query?keyword=Bonus%20army

The Bonus Army


HOOVER DEFENSE IN CALLING OUT TROOPS

The text of President Hoover's statement late yesterday in defense of his action in calling out troops to evacuate the bonus veterans, follows:

"A challenge to the authority of the United States Government has been met, swiftly and firmly.

"After months of patient indulgence, the Government met overt lawlessness as it always must be met if the cherished processes of self-government are to be preserved. We cannot tolerate the abuse of constitutional rights by those who would destroy all government, no matter who they may be. Government cannot be coerced by mob rule.

"The Department of Justice is pressing its investigation into the violence which forced the call for Army detachments and it is my sincere hope that those agitators who inspired yesterday's attack upon the Federal authority may be brought speedily to trial in the civil courts. There can be no safe harbor in the United States of America for violence.

"Order and civil tranquility are the first requisites in the great task of economic reconstruction to which our whole people now are devoting their heroic and noble energies. This national effort must not be retarded in even the slightest degree by organized lawlessness.

"The first obligation of my office is to uphold and defend the Constitution and the authority of the law. This I propose always to do."


Newspaper Article: President Hoover comments on use of federal troops

Date Created/Published: Washington Herald, July 30, 1932

Source: http://www.ecommcode.com/hoover/hooveronline/hoover_and_the_depression/bonus_march/group_index.cfm?GroupID=14

The Bonus Army


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0e/Bonus_marchers_05510_2004_001_a.gif


Photograph: Bonus Marchers clash with D.C. policeSource:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bonus_marchers_05510_2004_001_a.gif

The Bonus Army

– Evidence piece #9The Bonus Army


.

The Bonus Army


Title: Bonus Army shanty in flames, Washington D.C.Creator(s): Associated Press photoDate Created/Published: July 13, 1932Repository: Library of Congresshttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/peopleevents/images/pandeAMEX89.jpg

Title: Fire set by U.S. Army, consuming camp of Bonus Expeditionary Forces; Washington Monument in background. Creator(s): Associated Press photoDate Created/Published: July 1932Repository: KM Historic Photographshttp://www.amazon.com/consuming-Expeditionary-Forces-Washington-Monument/dp/B004J6405M


Newsreel Footage : US Army rousting Bonus Army from Encampments

Source – Universal Newspaper Newsreel http://www.youtube.com/user/UniversalNewsreels

The Bonus Army

– Evidence piece #1The Great Crash


Data Table:Source: AGRICULTURAL PRICES 1919 -1932UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

YEARBOOK OF AGRICULTURE, 1934

The Great Crash

Evidence piece #2The Great Crash


Title: STOCKS COLLAPSE IN 16,410,030-SHARE DAY, BUT RALLY AT CLOSE CHEERS BROKERS; BANKERS OPTIMISTIC, TO CONTINUE AID

Date Published: New York Times, October 29, 1929Source:

http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/991029onthisday_big.html#article

The Great Crash

– Evidence piece #3The Great Crash


.


Title: Prosperity: Fact or MythAuthor/Creator(s): Stuart ChaseDate Created/Published: C. Boni. , 1929Repository: Library of Congress, http://lcweb2.loc.gov/service/mss/eadxmlmss/eadpdfmss/2008/ms008009.pdf

Title: Comparative Operating Experience of Consumer Installment Financing Agencies and Commercial Banks, 1929-41Author/Creator(s)/Editor: Ernst A. Dauer Date Created/Published: National Bureauof Economic Research, 1944Repository: National Bureau of Economic Researchhttp://www.nber.org/books/daue44-1

The Great Crash


Title: Great Crash film clipAuthor/Creator(s): Unknown

Date Created/Published: 1929Repository: Library of Congress

The Great Crash


Once I built a tower, to the sunBrick and rivet and lime,Once I built a tower,Now its doneBrother, can you spare a dime?

Once in khaki suitesGee, we looked swellFull of that Yankee Doodle-de-dum.Half a million boots went sloggin' thru Hell,I was the kid with the drum.Say, don't you remember, they called me AlIt was Al all the timeSay, don't you remember I'm your Pal!Buddy, can you spare a dime?

They used to tell me I was building a dream,And so I followed the mobWhen there as earth to plough or guns to bearI was always there right on the job.

The used to tell me I was building a dreamWith peace and glory aheadWhy should I be standing in line just waiting for bread?

Once I built a railroad, made it run,Made it race against time.Once I build a railroad, Now its doneBrother, can you spare a dime?


Title: Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?Author/Creator(s): lyricist E. Y. "Yip" Harburg, composer Jay GornerDate Created/Published: 1931Repository: Library of Congress

The Great Crash


Title: Hoover Election Campaign PosterAuthor/Creator(s): Unknown

Date Created/Published: 1928Repository: Library of Congress

The Great Crash


.


Title: While such things are possiblePublication: Des Moines Register Creator(s): : Jay “Ding” Darling Date Created/Published: November 10, 1928,Repository: National Archives http://blogs.archives.gov/hoover-blackboard/2010/04/13/political-cartoons/

Title: An Awful Big ContractPublication: Des Moines Register Creator(s): : Jay “Ding” Darling Date Created/Published: March 4, 1929 (Hoover’s Inauguration Day)Repository: National Archives http://blogs.archives.gov/hoover-blackboard/2010/04/13/political-cartoons/

The Great Crash

– Evidence piece #1The Response

of Hoover’s Administratio

n

Evidence piece #1 Source DataThe Response


n

Title: “Sorry, I can’t shake hands right now”Publication: Des Moines Register Creator(s): Unknown Date Created/Published: October 1931Repository: Library of Congress



n

“OUR GOVERNMENT IS FOUNDED ON A CONCEPTION THAT IN TIMES OF GREAT EMERGENCY, WHEN FORCES ARE RUNNING BEYOND THE CONTROL OF INDIVIDUALS OR COOPERATIVE ACTION, BEYOND THE CONTROL OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES OR THE STATES, THEN THE GREAT RESERVE POWERS OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD BE BROUGHT INTO ACTION TO PROTECT THE PEOPLE. BUT WHEN THESE FORCES HAVE CEASED THERE MUST BE A RETURN TO STATE, LOCAL AND INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY.”

Evidence piece #2 Source DataThe Response


n

Title: Hoover Speech on his philosophy of governmentPublication: New York Times Creator(s): : Herbert Hoover Date Created/Published: October 1932Repository: National Archives

72


Administration

– Evidence piece #3


.Title: Priming the Old PumpPublication: New York Tribune Creator(s): : Jay “Ding” Darling Date Created/Published: April 8, 1930Repository: National Archives http://blogs.archives.gov/hoover-blackboard/2010/04/13/political-cartoons/

Title: The New Anti-ToxinPublication: New York TribuneCreator(s): : Jay “Ding” Darling Date Created/Published: January 20, 1932Repository: National Archives http://blogs.archives.gov/hoover-blackboard/2010/04/13/political-cartoons/


Administration




n

http://images.ewins.com/digital_asset_manager/image_resize.php?vi=318669&mdx=800

Evidence piece #5 and Sources

“OUR GOVERNMENT IS FOUNDED ON A CONCEPTION THAT IN TIMES OF GREAT

Response of Hoover’s

Administration

"We in America today are nearer to the final triumph over poverty than ever before in the history of any land. The poorhouse is vanishing from among us.“ (Presidential Candidate Herbert Hoover, 1928) – Source: National Archives

"I do not believe that the power and duty of the General Government ought to be extended to the relief of individual suffering. . . . The lesson should be constantly enforced that though the people support the Government the Government should not support the people." (President Herbert Hoover, 1930) Source: National Archives

EMERGENCY, WHEN FORCES ARE RUNNING BEYOND THE CONTROL OF INDIVIDUALS OR COOPERATIVE ACTION, BEYOND THE CONTROL OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES OR THE STATES, THEN THE GREAT RESERVE POWERS OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD BE BROUGHT INTO ACTION TO PROTECT THE PEOPLE. BUT WHEN THESE FORCES HAVE CEASED THERE MUST BE A RETURN TO STATE, LOCAL AND INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY.” - PRESIDENT HERBERT HOOVER, OCTOBER 1932 Source: National Archives

Evidence piece #6The Response


n

Evidence piece #6The Response


n

Title: Awful JobCreator(s): Date Created/Published: 1932Repository: Library of Congress

Evidence piece #7 – Source Data Library of Congress


Administration

Hoover Campaign Speech 1932 FDR Campaign Speech 1932

Evidence piece #8The Response of Hoover’s

Administration


.Title: Going Home to Palo Alto, CaliforniaPublication: Des Moines Register Creator(s): : Jay “Ding” Darling Date Created/Published: March 10, 1933,Repository: National Archives http://www.ecommcode.com/hoover/hooveronline/hoover_bio/archive/after/private.htm


Administration

Guiding Question - What is the role of government, the individual, and the community in times of hardship? Where do they crossover, or do they?

Fill in connections to be made by the three entities.

Government

Community Individual

Primary Source Analysis ToolGuiding Question - What is the role of government, the individual, and

the community in times of hardship? Where do they crossover, or do they? Who makes a difference? What should be the limits?

What inferences and/or observations can you make about

this source?

How do your observations and inferences connect with the guiding question?

What questions do you still have? Can you frame your previous questions in an AP three level structure?

Consider this guiding question across time and space. What other eras and/or events fit this question?

Today?

Inquiry Lesson – 1928 to 1932: Trials and Tribulations during Hoover’s Administration Major...

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