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Innovators of Technologies to Harness the Potential Of...
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Innovators of Technologies to Harness the Potential Of Water for the Advancement of Human Welfare
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Salinity Power Generation Texas-Mexico Border Energy Forum
By
Maher Kelada
MIK Technology- Houston, Texas
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Life Supporting Phenomena
Photosynthesis:
It is the foremost important Chemical Phenomenon in biology.
Plants and some microorganisms use water, carbon dioxide and the energy
from sunlight to produce food and livable atmosphere. Water + Carbon Dioxide Sugar + Oxygen
6H2O + 6CO2 C6H12O6 + 6O2
Osmosis: It is the foremost important Physical Phenomenon in biology. Without it no living cell can exist.
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Renewable Energy v Energy produced from virtually inexhaustible resources.
v Energy that can be replenished at the same rate as it is used
Natural surface renewable energy includes:
Wind Hydropower
Organic carbon Photovoltaic
Waves Ocean thermal gradient
Solar evaporation Salinity Osmotic Power
All surface renewable energy are derivatives of the solar energy
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Process Characteristics Spontaneity: Ø A spontaneous process is the time-evolution of a system in which it releases
free energy and moves to a lower, more thermodynamically stable, energy state.
Ø The process that can proceed without any outside intervention. Thermodynamic Reversibility:
Ø The process can be "reversed" by means of infinitesimal changes in some property of the system without loss or dissipation of energy (Sears & Salinger 1986). All the processes occurring in nature are irreversible processes.
Ø The process that can be reversed and causes no change in either the system or
its surroundings.
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Initial Fluids Status @ time = 0
FIG 1A
Water Brine
W W + S
Δ π > ΔP
P1 P2 = P1
2 1
Jw P1 P2 >P1
2 1
M
Water Brine
W W + S
Osmosis in Progress @ time > 0
FIG 1B
Osmosis Phenomenon
Δ π = ΔP
P1 P2 >P1
2 1
M
Water Brine
W W + S
Final Fluids Status @ Equilibrium
FIG 1C
M
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dU = TdS - pdV + µ dN + ϕ dQ + v dp + ψ dm + l dA +…
Osmotic Pressure π = ΦicRT
[temperature T, entropy S] , [pressure p, volume V] , [chemical potential µ, amount of substance N] , [electrical potential ϕ, electric power Q] , [mass m, momentum p], [gravitational potential ψ, mass m] , [surface tension l, area A], etc.
Gibbs free energy
Internal energy
π = Osmotic pressure, bars
Φ = Reflection Coefficient
i = Ions concentration (Na+ and Cl- ions = 2),
c = Molar concentration of the salt ions,
R = Gas constant (0.08314472 liter· bar / (k·mol)),
T = Ambient temperature in absolute Kelvin degree
dG = Vdp – SdT + Σi µi dNi
Heat Work Chemical Electrical Momentum Gravitational Surface Tension
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FIG 2B
2% Brine
M M
2% Brine
Water
π = P
Δ π > ΔP 156
m (5
12 ft
)
π = P
M
4% Brine
307
m (1
007
ft)
t = 0 & P > π
t = 0 & P > π
t = 0
FIG 2A FIG 2C
t = ∞
t = ∞
t = ∞
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FW: 1m3/s 2 m3/s @ 1.75%
SW: 1m3/s @ 3.5% Drain ~0.01% RO Brine: 1m3/s @ 7%
FIG 3B 2 m3/s @ 3.5% FW: 1m3/s
Drain ~0.01%
4.61 MJ
- 3.812 MJ
2.34 MJ - 0.6 MJ
- 1.84 MJ
- 0.6 MJ
Seawater/Freshwater Brine/Freshwater
P
T
M
T
P
M
FIG 3A FIG 3C
Energy Estimation FIG 3A FIG 3B FIG 3C Potential energy generation (E) @85% Total pumping energy (PE) @75% Membrane LMCD Net energy generation (NE) System Efficiency NE/E NE/m3 of brine feed
2.34 MJ -2.44 MJ
2.53 -0.1 MJ
0 0 MJ
4.61 MJ -4.41 MJ
5.1 0.2 MJ 4.3% 0.2 MJ
15.81 MJ -9.144 MJ
12.98 6.66 MJ 42.1%
6.66 MJ
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4 m3/s @ 6%
M
Drain ~0.01% salt
P
T
1 m3/s @ 24% Salt
- 7.344 MJ
- 1.8 MJ 15.8 MJ
FW: 3 m3/s
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Gunnison Bay/ Freshwater
PATENT
32.73 MJ -15.97 MJ
4.32 16.77 MJ
51% 16.77 MJ
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FIG 4: The Great Salt lake, USA
4,400 Square kilometer, 400 MW Osmotic Power
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FIG 5: Laguna Salada, Mexico
1,000 Square kilometer, 500 MW Osmotic Power
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Precipitation, mm/year
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FIG 6: Southwest USA & Northwest Mexico Precipitation
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FIG 7: Closed Osmotic Power Generation Unit
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T
Atmospheric Desalination
Plant
Desalinated Water
HX
To Next Train (s)
Brine Brackish or sea Water Salt Pond or Drain
C
> 10% Salinity
Sola
r Pan
el
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80o –100o C
FIG 8: Atmospheric Saline water Desalination
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§ MIK technology has developed a new concept for using osmosis to generate clean power from natural and manmade high salinity water domains.
§ Global osmotic power potential exceeds 50 Gigawatts, the equivalent of 25 Hoover dams. The Great Salt Lake can generate 400 MW enough to power 350,000 homes. Laguna Salada, Mexico can generate 500 MW.
§ Our patent pending concept functions like a reversible process, resulting in power generation efficiency higher than 50%.
§ The technology can provide electricity to 120 million people, recover seawater minerals in billions of tons, and generate jobs for hundreds of thousands of people. All without emission or radiation.
§ Project development requires a salinity lab and a 10KW osmotic power station for water salinity research, process optimization and training personnel.
§ We are seeking funds for $10 million to construct this facility and initiate commercial development.
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World-Class Development in Osmotic Power, Desalination and Ion Exchange for
Commercial and Industrial Applications