Innovations in Innovations in Agriculture:Agriculture:

Genomics for Better Agri-Genomics for Better Agri-ProductivityProductivity

Dr Shahana Urooj Kazmi Dr Shahana Urooj KazmiDean – Faculty of Science Dean – Faculty of Science

and Professor of Microbiology and Immunologyand Professor of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of KarachiUniversity of Karachi

(F-Member Animal Sciences )(F-Member Animal Sciences )_Pakistan Agricultural Research Council Islamabad_Pakistan Agricultural Research Council Islamabad

NutrigenomicsNutrigenomicsfor Better Healthfor Better Health

The nutritional health and well-being of humansThe nutritional health and well-being of humans is entirely dependent on plant foods either is entirely dependent on plant foods either directly or indirectly when plants are consumed directly or indirectly when plants are consumed by animals. by animals.

Plant foods provide almost all essential vitaminsPlant foods provide almost all essential vitamins and minerals / micronutrients and a number of and minerals / micronutrients and a number of other other health- promoting phytochemicals which are very health- promoting phytochemicals which are very often often low in staple crops, research is under way to low in staple crops, research is under way to understand understand and manipulate synthesis of micronutrients in and manipulate synthesis of micronutrients in order to order to improve crop nutritional quality. improve crop nutritional quality.

Genomics for ProductivityGenomics for Productivity

Genetic and biotechnology products are Genetic and biotechnology products are providing innovative solutions to the crucial providing innovative solutions to the crucial global problems. Advances in molecular global problems. Advances in molecular genetics, agricultural and veterinary genetics, agricultural and veterinary sciences and related biotechnology fields sciences and related biotechnology fields are leading to the development of novel are leading to the development of novel drugs, recombinant vaccines, diagnostics, drugs, recombinant vaccines, diagnostics, GM crops, removal of harmful pollutants GM crops, removal of harmful pollutants from the environment, safe food-chain from the environment, safe food-chain production and increasing world food production and increasing world food supply. supply.

Genomics---Genomics---

Genomics and proteomics are two very Genomics and proteomics are two very important expanding fields expected to lead important expanding fields expected to lead to the development of additional gene-base to the development of additional gene-base therapeutics, drugs, new generation of therapeutics, drugs, new generation of vaccines, diagnostic tests for the detection vaccines, diagnostic tests for the detection of genetic conditions, providing means of of genetic conditions, providing means of identifying and characterizing disease identifying and characterizing disease specific proteins as well as proteomics that specific proteins as well as proteomics that play important role in growth, reproduction play important role in growth, reproduction and metabolism of animals, microbes and and metabolism of animals, microbes and plants.plants.

Nutrigenomics Nutrigenomics

Nutrigenomics is the study of Nutrigenomics is the study of how constituents of the diet how constituents of the diet interact with genes, and their interact with genes, and their products, to alter phenotype products, to alter phenotype and, conversely, how genes and and, conversely, how genes and their products metabolize these their products metabolize these constituents into nutrients, constituents into nutrients, antinutrients, and bioactive antinutrients, and bioactive compounds. compounds.

Nutritional GenomicsNutritional Genomics

Genome sequencing projects are Genome sequencing projects are providing novel approaches for providing novel approaches for identifying plant biosynthetic genes identifying plant biosynthetic genes of nutritional importance. The term of nutritional importance. The term "nutritional genomics" is used to "nutritional genomics" is used to describe work at the interface of describe work at the interface of plant biochemistry, genomics, and plant biochemistry, genomics, and human nutrition. human nutrition.

ThattaThatta

MansehraMansehra

D.I.KhanD.I.Khan

BahawalpurBahawalpur

UmerkotUmerkot

KaghanKaghan

TandojamTandojam

FaisalabadFaisalabad

PARC (9)

NARC AZRC

SARC NSCRI NTRI KARINA

AZRIs

11311117TTIs

Muzaffarabad

GilgitPARC Research Establishments

PARC Research Establishments

National Agricultural Research National Agricultural Research CentreCentre

IslamabadIslamabad

Role of LivestockRole of Livestock

Livestock plays an important role in the economy of Livestock plays an important role in the economy of Pakistan and in the rural socio-economic systemPakistan and in the rural socio-economic system

30-40% of income of more than 35 million rural 30-40% of income of more than 35 million rural population comes from livestock production activitiespopulation comes from livestock production activities

The livestock sector contributed 50% of the The livestock sector contributed 50% of the agriculture value added and 11% to National GDP in agriculture value added and 11% to National GDP in

2006-072006-07 Eight percent of total exports derived from livestock Eight percent of total exports derived from livestock

and livestock productsand livestock products Pakistan possesses some of the finest dairy breeds Pakistan possesses some of the finest dairy breeds

like Nili-Ravi and Kundi buffaloes, and Red Sindhi & like Nili-Ravi and Kundi buffaloes, and Red Sindhi & Sahiwal cattle, > 30 small ruminant breeds Sahiwal cattle, > 30 small ruminant breeds

Fifth largest milk producing country Fifth largest milk producing country

Sub-Sectoral Contribution Sub-Sectoral Contribution to Agricultural GDP - 2006-to Agricultural GDP - 2006-

0707

Source: Economic Survey of Pakistan: 2006-07

Minor Crops12%

Forestry3%

Fisheries1% Major Crops

35%Livestock49%

LIVESTOCK IN NATIONAL LIVESTOCK IN NATIONAL ECONOMYECONOMY

Agriculture in Pak GDPAgriculture in Pak GDP 22.0 %22.0 % Livestock in Pak GDPLivestock in Pak GDP 10.4 %10.4 % Share in agri GDPShare in agri GDP 49.1 %49.1 % Livestock in exportLivestock in export 8.5 % (935 m US$) 8.5 % (935 m US$) Dependent populationDependent population > 6.5 m families> 6.5 m families Provides raw material for industryProvides raw material for industry Social security for rural poorSocial security for rural poor Security against crop failure in rainfed areasSecurity against crop failure in rainfed areas Growth rates Growth rates

1990s1990s 4.5%4.5%2000-20072000-2007

3.2 %3.2 %

Economic Survey (2006-07)Economic Survey (2006-07)

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTSLIVESTOCK PRODUCTS

Milk Milk 33.230 million tons33.230 million tons BeefBeef 1.237 million tons 1.237 million tons MuttonMutton 0.827 million tons 0.827 million tons Poultry meatPoultry meat 0.514 million tons 0.514 million tons EggsEggs 9.618 billions 9.618 billions WoolWool 41.2 thousand 41.2 thousand

tonstons HairHair 25.0 thousand tons25.0 thousand tons Skins and hidesSkins and hides 57.6 million 57.6 million

nos.nos.

Economic Survey (2006-07)Economic Survey (2006-07)

Challenges Facing LivestockChallenges Facing Livestock

Poor genetic & reproductive efficiencyPoor genetic & reproductive efficiency Epidemics of infectious diseasesEpidemics of infectious diseases Lack of organized marketingLack of organized marketing Small holders’ production systemSmall holders’ production system Shortage (by 30%) of feed resources Shortage (by 30%) of feed resources

in quantity & qualityin quantity & quality Unavailability of credit to the livestock Unavailability of credit to the livestock

farmers farmers (11% of agricultural credit)(11% of agricultural credit)

Preparedness for Bird Flu at Preparedness for Bird Flu at National and Regional Level National and Regional Level

(SAARC)(SAARC) Developed State of Art Developed State of Art Diagnostic ToolsDiagnostic Tools

Effective Surveillance & Effective Surveillance & Monitoring SystemMonitoring System

Network Covers whole Network Covers whole Pakistan (12 Labs)Pakistan (12 Labs)

Includes Domestic and Includes Domestic and Commercial Poultry, Commercial Poultry, Wild & Migratory BirdsWild & Migratory Birds

H5N1 in the Country H5N1 in the Country (yes)(yes)

Poultry Pathogen (H7 & Poultry Pathogen (H7 & H9) H9)

Bird Flu virus (AI type A)

Genetic Improvement of Genetic Improvement of Indigenous Cow (Dhanni) w/ Indigenous Cow (Dhanni) w/ Exotic Jersey Bull Yielded Exotic Jersey Bull Yielded Crossbreds upto 2 to 3 Crossbreds upto 2 to 3 Times Increase in Milk Times Increase in Milk Production (From 3 to 8.5 Production (From 3 to 8.5 lit/day)lit/day)

Exotic Rambouillet sheep of USA when cross-bred with Waghani Sheep of Malakand & Kaghan- valley sheep with doubling of quantity of wool of superior quality (from 0.8 kg to 2 kg & fiber diameter 30 to 23 µ per shearing per animal)

Improved Cattle Breeding Through Embryo Transfer Technique with Doubling of Milk Yield per Animal per Year

Research Priorities for Better Research Priorities for Better Future of LivestockFuture of Livestock

Breeding & Genetics Breeding & Genetics Characterization & sustainable management of Characterization & sustainable management of

animal genetic resources for meeting future animal genetic resources for meeting future needs of food and agriculture.needs of food and agriculture.

Development of genetic improvement programs Development of genetic improvement programs for indigenous livestock & poultry breedsfor indigenous livestock & poultry breeds

Development of breed inventories and Development of breed inventories and population trends for assessment of breed population trends for assessment of breed status.status.

Develop advanced molecular genetic techniques Develop advanced molecular genetic techniques for detection of QTLs for economically important for detection of QTLs for economically important traitstraits

Development of indigenous chicken breeds for Development of indigenous chicken breeds for backyard poultrybackyard poultry

Development of growth curves for different Development of growth curves for different dairy and meat breeds of livestockdairy and meat breeds of livestock

Development of recording and breeding models Development of recording and breeding models for various livestock breedsfor various livestock breeds

Improving Feed Resources and Improving Feed Resources and TechnologiesTechnologies

Improved fodder production & Improved fodder production & preservation.preservation.

Improving nutritional quality of Improving nutritional quality of existing feed/fodder resources & existing feed/fodder resources & agro-industrial wastes.agro-industrial wastes.

Economical calf and heifer rearing Economical calf and heifer rearing for different production systems.for different production systems.

Research & Biotechnological Research & Biotechnological interventions in relation to animal interventions in relation to animal nutrition.nutrition.

Animal HealthAnimal Health Development of efficient and innovative Development of efficient and innovative

methods for diagnosis of livestock and fish methods for diagnosis of livestock and fish diseases.diseases.

Development of techniques for production Development of techniques for production of vaccines to control important livestock & of vaccines to control important livestock & poultry diseases such as, FMD, PPR, AI, ND, poultry diseases such as, FMD, PPR, AI, ND, IBD, HS, Brucellosis, Infectious Mastitis, IBD, HS, Brucellosis, Infectious Mastitis, CCPP, etc. using genomics, proteomics and CCPP, etc. using genomics, proteomics and other techniques.other techniques.

Studies on antiviral activity of indigenous Studies on antiviral activity of indigenous plants.plants.

Epidemiology and control of emerging and Epidemiology and control of emerging and re-emerging infections/diseases in re-emerging infections/diseases in livestock.livestock.

Animals and farm bio-safety and bio-Animals and farm bio-safety and bio-security issues and disease epidemics.security issues and disease epidemics.

Animal ReproductionAnimal Reproduction

Improvement of cryo-Improvement of cryo-preservation techniques of preservation techniques of buffalo and cattle semen and buffalo and cattle semen and embryo.embryo.

Research in oestrus detection and Research in oestrus detection and control of seasonal infertility in control of seasonal infertility in buffaloes.buffaloes.

Biotechnological interventions in Biotechnological interventions in animal reproduction.animal reproduction.

Livestock Product Livestock Product TechnologyTechnology

Studies on improvement of Studies on improvement of quality of livestock productsquality of livestock products

Studies on development of value Studies on development of value added productsadded products

Establishment of starter culture Establishment of starter culture bank of fermented dairy productsbank of fermented dairy products

Research in human bio-safety Research in human bio-safety issues in animal origin food chainissues in animal origin food chain

Fisheries and AquacultureFisheries and Aquaculture Development of improved aquaculture system for Development of improved aquaculture system for

high value fish & shell fish species like carps, high value fish & shell fish species like carps, trout, catfish, snake head, prawn, crabs & trout, catfish, snake head, prawn, crabs & shrimpsshrimps

Development of genetically enhanced fish for Development of genetically enhanced fish for aquaculture system & production of superior aquaculture system & production of superior germplasm.germplasm.

Development of least cost feed for intensive fish Development of least cost feed for intensive fish cultureculture

Research on Immunology & infectious diseases of Research on Immunology & infectious diseases of fish.fish.

Effe3cts of pollution on fish & fisheries.Effe3cts of pollution on fish & fisheries. Marine & inland resource assessment & their Marine & inland resource assessment & their

management with specific reference to mangrove management with specific reference to mangrove forests, mahaseer, Hilsa (palla) and tuna fishes.forests, mahaseer, Hilsa (palla) and tuna fishes.

Establishment of data base on fish & fisheries Establishment of data base on fish & fisheries outlook.outlook.

NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR GENOMICS AND ADVANCED BIOTECHNOLOGY

(NIGAB)

PROJECT OBJECTIVES

1. Molecular evaluation of crops, microbes and food animals for improving productivity.

2. QTL mapping in selected plants and food animals.

3. Development of genetic linkage/fine genome maps for important traits and marker-assisted breeding.

4. Development of gene based therapeutics, vaccines and diagnostics for food animals.

5. Characterization of important genes of crops, animals and microbes and their exploitation through functional genomics.

6. Identification of SNPs/DNA mutation for disease management in animals and plants.

7. Data management and development of bio-informatics tools.

Activity Quantifiable/Monitor able Targets/Indicators

1 Molecular evaluation and QTL analysis of stress responsive genes in selected animals, crops and microbes

Quantification of genetic diversity and QTLs identification for biotic (disease, insect etc.) and abiotic (drought, salt, temperature) stresses in major crops. In case of domesticated animals (including livestock, poultry and fish), disease specific markers as well as growth enhancing markers will be identified for exploitation/ genetic manipulation.

2 Identification and characterization of targetted genes/SNPs/mutation of significance in animals, plants and microbes

SNPs and their association with disease resistance / susceptibility and drug efficacy in animals will be investigated. In case of microbes, gene mutation in avian influenza virus, FMD virus will be studied in field isolates, for developing new vaccines.In case of plants, gene/s responsive to growth/production, disease tolerance, insect/parasite , drought, salt, will be identified and their expression will be monitored accordingly.

3 Development of molecular diagnostic techniques

PCR, RT-PCR, and NA-sequence based diagnostics will be developed against 4 selected animal diseases and would be made available for public or private institutional usage.

QUANTIFIABLE/MONITORABLE TARGETS

4 DNA fingerprinting of traditional and improved cultivars of different and animals (cattle, poultry, fish etc) and crops (wheat, rice, etc)

DNA pattern and profiles of various crop cultivars and animal breeds would be available for identification and utilization in breeding programme

5 Development of transgenic plants (wheat, rice, etc, for disease, insect, drought and salt tolerance.

Genetically modified plants of given crops resistant to various stresses will be made available.

6 Development of DNA based vaccines against selected animal diseases

Genetically modified against at least 2 major food animal diseases (FMDV, Av influenza) will be made available for public or private sector usage.

7 Organize seminars/ workshops/ conferences/training courses

10 training Workshops/ seminars/ conferences to be conducted

PROJECT OUTPUTS

1. Molecular evaluation of major crops and animal species

2. Identification & transformation of disease resistance and stress responsive genes.

3. Elucidation of genetic diversity in local food animals such as chicken and buffalo.

4. Identification of genes affecting milk production and disease resistance.

5. Availability of genetically modified plants resistant to stresses (drought, salt, temperature etc).

6. Gene based diagnostic techniques will be made available for animal health improvement.

7. Genetically modified vaccines available against avian influenza and foot and mouth disease.

8. Availability of gene based therapeutic molecules for animal treatment.

9. Data base regarding gene sequencing from plants, animals and microbes.

PROJECT OUTPUTS contd..

Biotechnology ---Biotechnology ---

Genetic and biotechnology products are Genetic and biotechnology products are providing innovative solutions to the crucial providing innovative solutions to the crucial global problems. Advances in molecular global problems. Advances in molecular genetics, agricultural and veterinary genetics, agricultural and veterinary sciences and related biotechnology fields sciences and related biotechnology fields are leading to the development of novel are leading to the development of novel drugs, recombinant vaccines, diagnostics, drugs, recombinant vaccines, diagnostics, GM crops, removal of harmful pollutants GM crops, removal of harmful pollutants from the environment, safe food-chain from the environment, safe food-chain production and increasing world food production and increasing world food supply. supply.

Genomics and proteomics are two very Genomics and proteomics are two very important expanding fields expected to lead important expanding fields expected to lead to the development of additional gene-base to the development of additional gene-base therapeutics, drugs, new generation of therapeutics, drugs, new generation of vaccines, diagnostic tests for the detection vaccines, diagnostic tests for the detection of genetic conditions, providing means of of genetic conditions, providing means of identifying and characterizing disease identifying and characterizing disease specific proteins as well as proteomics that specific proteins as well as proteomics that play important role in growth, reproduction play important role in growth, reproduction and metabolism of animals, microbes and and metabolism of animals, microbes and plants.plants.

NIGABNIGAB

The ultimate goal of initiating The ultimate goal of initiating genomic studies is to understand the genomic studies is to understand the structure and function of every gene structure and function of every gene in an organism. With the intent of in an organism. With the intent of exploiting this knowledge for the exploiting this knowledge for the betterment of society, efforts will be betterment of society, efforts will be made to focus on plant species, food made to focus on plant species, food animal species and microbes animal species and microbes important to agriculture, and livestock. important to agriculture, and livestock.

NIGABNIGAB The present project will result in discovering The present project will result in discovering

new genes; function of the genes; structural new genes; function of the genes; structural and genomic organization of the genes; DNA and genomic organization of the genes; DNA markers for different traits of interest etc markers for different traits of interest etc which will play a pivotal role in developing which will play a pivotal role in developing new crop varieties, and animal breeds, new crop varieties, and animal breeds, development of new drugs, generation of development of new drugs, generation of new knowledge and development of human new knowledge and development of human resource. This increased emphasis on the resource. This increased emphasis on the genome will radically change fundamental genome will radically change fundamental agriculture & livestock research along with agriculture & livestock research along with the environment in the country.the environment in the country.

Objectives: NIGABObjectives: NIGAB 1) DNA based characterization of germplasm of important 1) DNA based characterization of germplasm of important

crops, genome of microbial pathogens and food animals .crops, genome of microbial pathogens and food animals .

2) Development of genetic linkage/fine genome maps for 2) Development of genetic linkage/fine genome maps for important traits of interest, and marker-assisted important traits of interest, and marker-assisted

breeding.breeding.

3) Development of gene-based veterinary therapeutics, 3) Development of gene-based veterinary therapeutics, drugs, vaccines & diagnostics.drugs, vaccines & diagnostics.

4) Discovery of important genes of crop, animal and 4) Discovery of important genes of crop, animal and microbes and their exploitation through functional microbes and their exploitation through functional genomics.genomics.

5) Data management and development of Bioinformatics.5) Data management and development of Bioinformatics. Outreach & Training.Outreach & Training.

ChallengesChallenges

Major challenges in the 21st Century are Major challenges in the 21st Century are increased food and fiber production, a increased food and fiber production, a cleaner environment, and renewable energy cleaner environment, and renewable energy resources. A greater understanding of the resources. A greater understanding of the organization and function of different organization and function of different genomes is essential, if agriculture in genomes is essential, if agriculture in Pakistan is to be successful in meeting the Pakistan is to be successful in meeting the growing needs for food, feed and a source growing needs for food, feed and a source of industrial raw materials as Pakistan of industrial raw materials as Pakistan moves towards an "agri-based" economy.moves towards an "agri-based" economy.

ChallengesChallenges The study of genomes, also called genomics, consists The study of genomes, also called genomics, consists

of mapping, sequencing, and analyzing genomes to of mapping, sequencing, and analyzing genomes to determine the function of genes in plants, microbes determine the function of genes in plants, microbes and animals. Efforts to study genomes of different and animals. Efforts to study genomes of different crop plants, i.e. Arabidopsis (USA); rice (India China crop plants, i.e. Arabidopsis (USA); rice (India China and Japan; cotton (USA); maize (USA) etc., have and Japan; cotton (USA); maize (USA) etc., have started very actively during the last five years.started very actively during the last five years.

Under these projects, a team of molecular, Under these projects, a team of molecular, quantitative and evolutionary geneticists and quantitative and evolutionary geneticists and bioinformatics experts has been assembled to build bioinformatics experts has been assembled to build up investments in plant genomics to develop the up investments in plant genomics to develop the novel high-throughput genetic mapping technologies novel high-throughput genetic mapping technologies and resources needed to meet the future challenges. and resources needed to meet the future challenges.

Information and knowledge gained through Information and knowledge gained through genomics would be utilized to improve the useful genomics would be utilized to improve the useful traits of plants through genetic engineering and traits of plants through genetic engineering and molecular breeding strategies. Similarly, in case of molecular breeding strategies. Similarly, in case of food animal genomics, linkage and comparative food animal genomics, linkage and comparative maps for all livestock species have been made maps for all livestock species have been made available to the public, through international available to the public, through international collaborations and efforts. collaborations and efforts.

The recent and ongoing development of whole The recent and ongoing development of whole genome sequence maps of chickens, honeybee, genome sequence maps of chickens, honeybee, dog, and cattle species is a major step forward. dog, and cattle species is a major step forward. SNP based maps now being developed from the SNP based maps now being developed from the chicken and cattle genome sequencing projects in chicken and cattle genome sequencing projects in USA and elsewhere, will be of enormous value in USA and elsewhere, will be of enormous value in evaluating genetic diversity, fine mapping of QTL evaluating genetic diversity, fine mapping of QTL and development of DNA-based animal and development of DNA-based animal identification systems. identification systems.

Nutritional GenomicsNutritional Genomics

Genome sequencing projects are Genome sequencing projects are providing novel approaches for providing novel approaches for identifying plant biosynthetic genes identifying plant biosynthetic genes of nutritional importance. The term of nutritional importance. The term "nutritional genomics" is used to "nutritional genomics" is used to describe work at the interface of describe work at the interface of plant biochemistry, genomics, and plant biochemistry, genomics, and human nutrition. human nutrition.

NutrigenomicsNutrigenomics

Results from molecular and genetic Results from molecular and genetic epidemiological studies indicate that epidemiological studies indicate that dietary unbalance can alter gene–dietary unbalance can alter gene–nutrient interactions in ways that nutrient interactions in ways that increase the risk of developing chronic increase the risk of developing chronic disease. The interplay of human disease. The interplay of human genetic variation and environmental genetic variation and environmental factors will make identifying causative factors will make identifying causative genes and nutrients a formidable, but genes and nutrients a formidable, but not intractable, challenge. not intractable, challenge.

TASKTASK

We can meet this challenge by using We can meet this challenge by using innovative methodologies ,comprehensive innovative methodologies ,comprehensive analyses of nutrient–genotype interactions analyses of nutrient–genotype interactions involving large and diverse populations. For involving large and diverse populations. For this we need to stimulate discourse and this we need to stimulate discourse and collaboration among nutrigenomic collaboration among nutrigenomic researchers and stakeholders, a process researchers and stakeholders, a process that will lead to an increase in global health that will lead to an increase in global health and wellness by reducing health disparities and wellness by reducing health disparities in developed and developing countries.in developed and developing countries.

Genomics and Metabolomics as Genomics and Metabolomics as Markers for the Interaction of Diet and Markers for the Interaction of Diet and

HealthHealth Foods are not purified compounds acting on Foods are not purified compounds acting on

single molecular targets, but complex mixtures single molecular targets, but complex mixtures of molecules that modulate many biochemical of molecules that modulate many biochemical pathways simultaneously. Diet affects the pathways simultaneously. Diet affects the probability of developing various diseases. probability of developing various diseases. Nevertheless, specific recommendations for Nevertheless, specific recommendations for individual diets are not simple. individual diets are not simple.

Recommending nutrient intakes above and Recommending nutrient intakes above and beyond those needed to provide adequacy beyond those needed to provide adequacy requires scientific knowledge and regulatory requires scientific knowledge and regulatory scrutiny to ensure the efficacy and safety even scrutiny to ensure the efficacy and safety even of essential nutrients of essential nutrients

Genomics and Metabolomics as Genomics and Metabolomics as Markers for the Interaction of Diet and Markers for the Interaction of Diet and

HealthHealth Designing a diet to improve metabolic Designing a diet to improve metabolic

health is a bold and ambitious goal. It is health is a bold and ambitious goal. It is possible to design foods that will alter possible to design foods that will alter metabolism, but what change will make metabolism, but what change will make everyone who is otherwise healthy even everyone who is otherwise healthy even healthier? Changing one aspect of healthier? Changing one aspect of metabolism to lower the risk of one disease metabolism to lower the risk of one disease does not improve overall health if it comes does not improve overall health if it comes at the expense of disrupting another aspect at the expense of disrupting another aspect of metabolism that increases the risk of of metabolism that increases the risk of another disease. another disease.

Pharmacogenomic Pharmacogenomic Differences Differences

An individualized system for metabolic An individualized system for metabolic assessment needed to establish the assessment needed to establish the efficacy and safety of nutrients such efficacy and safety of nutrients such as amino acids or fatty acids when as amino acids or fatty acids when these are designed to be consumed at these are designed to be consumed at levels providing improved metabolic levels providing improved metabolic health. The need to document the health. The need to document the lack of an adverse effect of a food or lack of an adverse effect of a food or drug on physiology necessitates a drug on physiology necessitates a global, i.e. metabolomic approach.global, i.e. metabolomic approach.

Individual Metabolism should guide Individual Metabolism should guide agriculture for improved health and agriculture for improved health and

nutrition nutrition

Genomics and bioinformatics have the vast Genomics and bioinformatics have the vast potential to identify genes that cause disease by potential to identify genes that cause disease by investigating whole-genome databases. investigating whole-genome databases. Comparison of an individual's geno-type with a Comparison of an individual's geno-type with a genomic database will allow the prescription of genomic database will allow the prescription of drugs to be tailored to an individual's genotype. drugs to be tailored to an individual's genotype.

This same bioinfor-matic approach, applied to the This same bioinfor-matic approach, applied to the study of human metabolites, has the potential to study of human metabolites, has the potential to identify and validate targets to improve person-identify and validate targets to improve person-alized nutritional health and thus serve to define alized nutritional health and thus serve to define the added value for the next generation of foods the added value for the next generation of foods and crops. and crops.

Individual Metabolism and agricultureIndividual Metabolism and agriculture

Advances in high-throughput analytical Advances in high-throughput analytical chemistry and computing technologies chemistry and computing technologies make the creation of a vast database of make the creation of a vast database of metabolites possible for several subsets metabolites possible for several subsets of metabolites, including lipids and of metabolites, including lipids and organic acids. In creating integrative organic acids. In creating integrative databases of metabolites for databases of metabolites for bioinformatic investigation, the current bioinformatic investigation, the current concept of measuring single biomark-ers concept of measuring single biomark-ers must be expanded to 3 dimensions – must be expanded to 3 dimensions – that is ---that is ---

Individual Metabolism agricultureIndividual Metabolism agriculture

1) include a highly comprehensive set of metabolite 1) include a highly comprehensive set of metabolite measurements (a profile) by multiparallel analyses,measurements (a profile) by multiparallel analyses,

2) measure the metabolic profile of indi-viduals 2) measure the metabolic profile of indi-viduals over time rather than simply in the fasted state, over time rather than simply in the fasted state, and and

3) integrate these metabolic profiles with genomic, 3) integrate these metabolic profiles with genomic, expression, and proteomic databases.expression, and proteomic databases.

Application of the knowledge of indi-vidual Application of the knowledge of indi-vidual metabolism will revolutionize the ability of nutrition metabolism will revolutionize the ability of nutrition to deliver health benefits through food in the same to deliver health benefits through food in the same way that knowl-edge of genomics will revolutionize way that knowl-edge of genomics will revolutionize individual treatment of dis-ease with individual treatment of dis-ease with pharmaceuticals.pharmaceuticals.

Genomics and Genomics and BiotechnologyBiotechnology

Molecular Biotechnology, accelerated by Molecular Biotechnology, accelerated by genomics, will create wealth for both genomics, will create wealth for both producers and consumers by reducing producers and consumers by reducing the cost and increasing the quality of the cost and increasing the quality of food. Famine and malnutrition in the food. Famine and malnutrition in the poorest countries may be alleviated by poorest countries may be alleviated by applying genomics or other tools of applying genomics or other tools of biotechnology to improving subsistence biotechnology to improving subsistence crops. crops.

The Rationale for BiotechnologyThe Rationale for Biotechnology

The new wealth of the developing world has The new wealth of the developing world has made possible the transition to a meat-made possible the transition to a meat-based diet, with a consequent expansion in based diet, with a consequent expansion in the demand for grain. The demand for food the demand for grain. The demand for food is expected to grow with population is expected to grow with population increase which will double over the next 45 increase which will double over the next 45 years . Worldwide production acreage years . Worldwide production acreage probably will not change, although in some probably will not change, although in some areas there will be decline because of areas there will be decline because of urbanization and environmental urbanization and environmental degradation. degradation.

Molecular BiotechnologyMolecular Biotechnology The ability to make large, qualitative or The ability to make large, qualitative or

quantitative improvements by using transgenic quantitative improvements by using transgenic methods provides the rationale for biotechnology methods provides the rationale for biotechnology in agriculture. Genomics is vital to this ability in agriculture. Genomics is vital to this ability because it can greatly accelerate the discovery of because it can greatly accelerate the discovery of genes for transformation and enhanced genes for transformation and enhanced productivity. productivity.

The next generation of improved traits will include The next generation of improved traits will include disease resistance, hybrid seeds and grain quality. disease resistance, hybrid seeds and grain quality. These traits may be conferred by multiple genes These traits may be conferred by multiple genes whose products cause major changes in cell whose products cause major changes in cell physiology. Stacking multiple traits into a single physiology. Stacking multiple traits into a single cultivar will be a challenge. cultivar will be a challenge.

Genomic DatabasesGenomic Databases Creating an EST (expressed sequence tags) DNA Creating an EST (expressed sequence tags) DNA

database of our major crops should be the top database of our major crops should be the top priority for agricultural plant genomics. In contrast, priority for agricultural plant genomics. In contrast, complete genome sequencing is currently only complete genome sequencing is currently only practical for microbes with small genomes, with the practical for microbes with small genomes, with the exception of a few large, international efforts to exception of a few large, international efforts to sequence the yeast, human, nematode, fruit fly, and sequence the yeast, human, nematode, fruit fly, and mouse-ear cress genomes. The sequence of the mouse-ear cress genomes. The sequence of the latter, also known as latter, also known as Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thaliana, will be , will be invaluable for both science and the development of invaluable for both science and the development of agricultural products. Contributing to the timely agricultural products. Contributing to the timely completion of the completion of the ArabidopsisArabidopsis sequencing project sequencing project should be the second-highest priority for agricultural should be the second-highest priority for agricultural plant genomics. plant genomics.

GenomicsGenomics Genomics will accelerate the application of Genomics will accelerate the application of

gene technology to agriculture , will enhance gene technology to agriculture , will enhance food security, by increasing productivity, and food security, by increasing productivity, and food safety, by eliminating mycotoxins and food safety, by eliminating mycotoxins and improving economic indicators. improving economic indicators.

significantly increases the value of seeds significantly increases the value of seeds and agricultural products adding wealth to and agricultural products adding wealth to the customers, company owners, employees, the customers, company owners, employees, and citizens of the nations in which genetic and citizens of the nations in which genetic supply companies operate, and to both supply companies operate, and to both producing and importing nations whose food producing and importing nations whose food costs consequently are decreased. costs consequently are decreased.

THANK YOU VERY MUCHTHANK YOU VERY MUCH