Learning, Instruction and Technology

Chapter 1

Purpose

1. To understand the meaning of Learning2. To learn the beginning of Instructional of technology3. To describe the Role of instruction4. To apply the technology in the classroom

Scope1. The changing face of education - A tradition view of teaching and learning - The changing Learner - A shift toward learner-centered instruction2. Learning - What is exactly learning? - Why is the study of learning so important?3. Technology - What is exactly instructional technology?4. The role of instructional - Instructional Design - Instructional Media - Instructional Computing 5. The active expert learner6. The teacher as instructional expert7. Applications in the learner-centered classroom

Learning

What exactly is Learning?

There are two definitions:

1. Driscoll (1994,pp. 8-9) states that “learning is a persisting change in human performance or performance potential about as a result of the learner’s interaction with the environment.”

2. Woolfolk (1998,p. 204) states that “learning occurs when experience causes a relatively permanent change in an individual’s knowledge or behavior”

****The key word in these definition is to change one’s level of ability or knowledge in a permanent way.

Why is the study of learning so important?

Important to both teacher and learner.

Impact on quality and quantity of what is learned.

Can design and develop learning strategies better and better.

Emphasize on what learner and teacher can do to positively impact learning, following: plan, implement and evaluate.

Technology

Technology Will Kill - YouTube.flv

The systematic application of scientific or other organized knowledge to practical tasks” (Galbraith,1967,p.12)

THE TEACHER AS INSTRUCTIONALEXPERT

The most important function is that which Woolfolk(1990)refer to as the “instructional expert” in capacity teacher

Planning Implement Evaluation

Teachers heavily influence what students experience and subsequently learn in the classroom.

Teacher arranges the activities and gives guidance and clarification.

Focus on what you as an instructional expert should know and do so that your students can learn.

As defined by Reigeluth(1983), planning involves “the process of deciding what methods of instruction are best for bringing about desired changes in student knowledge and skills for a specific course content and a specific student population”

Teacher identify gaps between current and desired levels of skills and knowledge, then select instructional methods and strategies to meet these needs.

- Teacher follow a previously complete plan or one suggested by other teachers or curriculum expert.

- The need instruction is brought together or developed in to a finished product, in the form of lecture notes, videotapes, reading assignment, small-group activities, computer programs, guided discovery activities, or a mixture of all of these.

- Require the teacher to personally disseminate information through some form of expository lecture, inquiry discussion or demonstration, to serve as manager of other learning vehicles(e.g., video presentation, small-group discussion), or to become a guide/coach who encourages and helps student experience learning on their own.

- Teacher have done this by examining how well students completed the lesson and by determining if they have attained the desired level of performance.

- Focus on providing continuous evaluation throughout all stages of learning (Stiggins, 1997).

- A time to reflect on successes achieved and problems encountered.

Tools : hardware or software that helpful (digital camera, or graphic software) to develop instructional materials.

Tips : the authors or others have learned through experience that warn you of potential problems and help you accomplish your job in a more professional and efficient manner(how to use visuals in instructional materials).

Techniques : toolbox will be devoted to different types of instructional techniques that have been shown effective in improving learning(mnemonics, analogies, reflection, and debriefings).

The role of Instruction Instruction is the deliberate

arrangement of learning condition to promote the attainment of some intended goal.

Teaching, education performed by a teacher A command or “Function”Instruction (computing science), a single

operation of a processor within a computer architecture

Instruction manual (gaming), a booklet that instructs the player on how to play the game

Instruction (band), a rock band (Music)

There are three kinds of instructional

-Instructional Design-Instructional Media-Instructional Computing

Instructional Design- The emphasis is on creating a plan for

developing instructional material and activities.

A means by which information can be delivered to a learner

VideotapeAudiotapeComputer software

A means of connecting learners

Instructional Media Key Attributes Example

Real objects and models

Text

Video

Audio

Graphics(visual, slides,Overhead transparencies)

Multimedia

Actual item or three-dimensional representation

Written words

Moving pictures

Sound

Pictures, line drawings, maps

Combination of various media forms

A living animalA plastic model of the human eye

Biology textbook

Instructional video on the procedures to insert memory chips in a computer

Audio CD of an inspirational speech

Projected overhead transparency of the state of South Carolina

Computer program on comparative culture

Present materials in a mannerDeliver materials independently of the

teacherAllow learners to experience materials

through various senses slidesProvide learners with repeated and varied

experiencesGain and maintain learners 'attention on the

subject matterMotivate students toward a goal

The computer has made a tremendous impact throughout our society, and that impact has been particularly strong within the field of education. Instructional computing is defined as the use of the computer design, development, delivery and evaluation of instruction.

Enhance the quality of instructional materialsReduce the time required to design, produce

and produce instructional materialsIncrease the overall effectiveness of

instructional materials through enhanced presentation

The real power of the computer is in its versatility. At times it becomes an assistant, helping to manage classroom and instructional development efforts.