Innovation… Leadership… Performance NAVY EFFORTS TO SUPPORT BIODIESEL USE AT DOD FACILITIES...
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Transcript of Innovation… Leadership… Performance NAVY EFFORTS TO SUPPORT BIODIESEL USE AT DOD FACILITIES...
Innovation…Leadership…
Performance
NAVY EFFORTS TO SUPPORT BIODIESEL
USE AT DOD FACILITIES
Bruce Holden P.E.
Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center
Code 423, Port Hueneme, CA 93043
Voice: 805-982-6050 Fax: 805-982-1409
2
Outline
• Biodiesel basics.• Environmental Security Technology Certification Program
(ESTCP) biodiesel emissions test program.• Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center’s biodiesel production project.
3
WHAT IS BIODIESEL?
• A replacement for petroleum A replacement for petroleum diesel fuel.diesel fuel.• Derived from recycled and Derived from recycled and virgin vegetable oils andvirgin vegetable oils and and animal fatsand animal fats• Nontoxic & biodegradableNontoxic & biodegradable• Designated Alternative Fuel Designated Alternative Fuel under EPACTunder EPACT• Registered as a fuel & fuel Registered as a fuel & fuel additive with USEPAadditive with USEPA• Specification set by Specification set by ASTM 6751ASTM 6751
4
BIODIESEL CHARACTERISTICS
• Higher cetaneHigher cetane• Better lubricityBetter lubricity• Reduces emissions & toxicityReduces emissions & toxicity• Blends easily with petroleum Blends easily with petroleum dieseldiesel• Can be run neat or in blendsCan be run neat or in blends• Minimal infrastructure changesMinimal infrastructure changes
5
U.S. GOVERNMENT USE OF BIODIESEL
U.S. Government B20 Biodiesel Use (gallons):
FY98 FY99 FY00 FY01 FY02
8,989 107,560 477,985 1,104,6291,892,391
FY02 FY03 FY04
Dept. of Air Force 506,621 600,8972,890,529
Dept. of Navy 24,256 5,926 167,943
Marine Corps 275,952 709,3611,030,954
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BIODIESEL COMPLIANCE ISSUES
• Supports Executive Order (EO) 13149, “Greening the Government through Federal Fleet and Transportation Efficiency,”. This EO requires that federal fleets reduce petroleum consumption by 20%.
• Supports EO 13148 “Greening the Government through Leadership in Environmental Management”.
• Supports Alternative Fuel Vehicle (AFV) program. For every 450 gallons of biodiesel fuel used on vehicles weighing more that 8,500 pounds, one AFV credit is earned. Each credit has a value between $2,500 and $20,000. This represents the addition cost to purchase an AFV.
8
OBJECTIVES OF BIODIESEL EMISSIONS TEST PROGRAM
• Obtain criteria pollutant and HAP emissions data for DoD diesel engines fueled with various biodiesel fuels.
• Provide emissions data for DoD facility air emissions modeling efforts.
9
PROJECT PLAN
• Test yellow-grease and soybean oil based biodiesel. Results will be compared to ULSD/JP-8.• Evaluate fuel additives.• Focus the Demonstration Plan on obtaining emissions data not currently available in the technical literature.• Test 8 vehicles and 2 portable/stationary engines.• Use EPA-approved duty-cycles and test procedures.• Use emissions test facilities operated by the University of California, Riverside (UCR), U.S. Army Aberdeen Test Center, and the DOE National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
10
TEST CYCLE/FUEL MATRIX
Item No.
Test Location
Application Description
Engine Make/Model
Model Year
Fuel Type/ Fuel
Additive
Test Cycle/Load
Regulated Emissions
HC & PM Charact-erization
NREL
None
1
UCR Mobile Lab
Thomas Bus
Cummins 5.9L
2002
ULSD B20 (soy) 49 State EPA No. 2 Diesel
Actual Use CBD
All
B20 (soy) No.2 Diesel
2 UCR HMMWV (Humvee)
GM 6.5L Model A2
2004 ULSD JP-8 B20 (YGA) B50 (YGA) B70 (YGA) B100 (YGA) B20 (soy) B100 (YGA) + Additive 1 B100 (YGA) + Additive 2
FTP, US06 All ULSD JP-8 B20 (YGA) B50 (YGA) B100 (YGA) B20(soy) FTP Modes Only
3 ATC
Harlan Aircraft Tug
Cummins C6 3.9L Engine family XCEXL0239AAA
1999 ULSD B20 (YGA)
In-use
CO, HC, NOx
None
11
TEST CYCLE/FUEL MATRIX
Item No.
Test Location
Application Description
Engine Make/Model
Model Year
Fuel Type/ Fuel
Additive
Test Cycle/Load
Regulated Emissions
HC & PM Charact-erization
4
UCR
Stake Truck, Ford F Series
Cummins 5.9L – 175HP
1993 ULSD B20 (YGA) B20 (soy)
8-mode All ALL
5 UCR Tractor, Ford L-9000
Caterpillar 3406C
1992 ULSD B20 (YGA) B20 (YGB) B100 (YGA) 49 State EPA No. 2 Diesel
8-mode All
All
6 ATC
Hyster 65 Forklift Model H65XM
Perkins 2.6L - 55HP Engine family 1PKXL02.6UB1
2001 ULSD B20 (soy)
In-use HC, CO, NOx
None
12
TEST CYCLE/FUEL MATRIX
Item No.
Test Location
Application Description
Engine Make/Model
Model Year
Fuel Type/ Fuel
Additive
Test Cycle/Load
Regulated Emissions
HC & PM Charact-erization
7
UCR
Ford F-350 Pickup
Navistar 7.3 L
1999
ULSD B20 (YGA)
FTP US06
All
All
8 UCR
Thomas Bus
CAT 3126, 330 HP
2000 Engine1999
ULSD B20 (YGA) B20 (soy)
8-Mode All All
9 UCR Portable 80 KW Generator
Kamatzu SA60125E-2
2000 ULSD B20 (YGA) B100 (YGA)
5-Mode All ULSD B100 (YGA) 75% Power Mode Only
10 UCR 60 KW Tactical Generator
Lippy MEP-806A
1995 ULSD JP-8 B20 (YGA)
5-Mode All None
Notes:
13
PROJECT STATUS
• Satisfactorily completed all of the testing.• Most of the data for regulated emissions is available. HC and PM speciation results are being processed. • Project report will be issued in January 2006.
15
UCR MOBILE TEST VAN
Connector to exhaust pipe
Above: Mobile Trailer Laboratory
Left: Trailer laboratory interior, looking forward. Connector at the front captures emissions as the truck pulls the trailer.
17
TESTING RESULTS
•
UCR - Chassis AVL 8 Mode Results Ford F700 Stakebed Truck
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
NMHC*10 CO*5 NOx PM*50
Em
issi
ons
(g/w
hp-h
r)
ULSDB20 - YGBB20 - Soy
19
TESTING RESULTS
UCR - FTP Emissions Results 2004 Humvee
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
THC*100 CO*5 NOx PM/25
FT
P E
mis
sion
Rat
e (g
/mi)
ULSD
B20 - YGA
B50 - YGA
B70 - YGA
CO increase 17-28%
THC increase 75-100%
PM decrease 28% for B50
21
TESTING RESULTS
ATC - Aircraft Tow Emissions Results
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
THC*10 CO NOx
Em
issi
ons
(pp
m)
ULSD
B20 - YGA
20% decrease
22
OBJECTIVES OF NAVY BIODIESEL PRODUCTION PROJECT
• Optimize the economical production of biodiesel by optimizing the chemical conversion process. • Develop capability to perform ASTM biodiesel testing at Naval Base Ventura County (Port Hueneme).• Develop a standard design for biodiesel production facilities to be located at DoD activities. Design plant to be compatible with any virgin or used vegetable oil starting material. • Form partnership between Navy, National Park Service, Biodiesel Industries, Inc., and County of Ventura to promote biodiesel and other bio-based products. Enter into CRADA with Biodiesel Industries to optimize the production process.
23
PRODUCING BIODIESEL
• Esterfication to produce biodiesel fuel: Methanol + Vegetable Oil = Glycerol + Biodiesel Base
3CH3OH + R3 -(C6H5O6) (C3H8O3) + 3R- (COOCH3)
All of the reaction products can be sold/used–Biodiesel is used as fuel–Glycerol is sold as soap, cosmetics, etc.–Wash water to remove acids/base from product can be used as gray water for irrigation.
•Biodiesel production processes typically use a batch reactor. The process runs at near ambient temperature and pressure.
25
BIODIESEL KINETICS STUDY
• The first step is to find the optimal catalyst concentration.
• Reaction parameters: 100 mL crude cottonseed oil 25 mL methanolX g catalyst (= NaOH)
• Reaction Container: 250 mL round bottom flask1” magnetic stir bar
• Stir at speed where a definite vortex appears, to ensure good mixing (CSTR).
• Run reaction for 90 minutes at 60oC (Isothermal).
Condenser
250 mL RB Flask
Oil Bath
Heater with T Controller
Thermometer
26
BIODIESEL KINETICS STUDY (Gas Chromatography)
• The biodiesel portion of product mixture is prepared for GC analysis.
• The GC looks for mass% of free and bound glycerin, monoG, diG, and triG. (“G” = glycerides)
• If the produced biodiesel fails to meet the specs, try running the reaction at different concentration of NaOH.
• Repeat until the specs are met.
Computer (Analysis)
Gas Tanks
GC Instrument (Data)
Samples