Innovation & Industry
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Transcript of Innovation & Industry
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Innovation & Industry
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American Industrial Growth• Factories increase production– New tools and production methods for larger numbers
of goods– Mass production – Assembly lines– Long work days
• Transformation of the food Industry– Methods of processing food for shipping
• Railroads expand markets and shipping for resources
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Natural Resources—Coal • Abundant resources
help fuel growth
• Coal mines on Eastern Seaboard –fuel for powering steam locomotives and factories
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Forests & Riverways• LUMBER - Thick
forests cut down and used for construction
• Riverways transported resources to cities
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Discovery of Oil• World’s first oil well
drilled in 1859–Titusville,
Pennsylvania–Edwin Drake
• Drilled Oil cheap to produce/easy transport
• Oil industry grew quickly—encouraged growth in kerosene & gasoline industries
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Oil before Drake
• Oil used for light and fuel
• Oil obtained from boiled down whale blubber– Time consuming– Scarcity of whales
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A Growing Workforce• Large numbers of
immigrants come to the United States after the Civil War
• 1 million/year by 1900• Reasons for
Immigration– Political upheavals– Religious
Discrimination– Crop failures
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Immigrants & the Workforce
• Large willing workforce
• Provided cheap labor
• Prepared to move frequently
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Entrepreneurs• Flourish in system of Capitalism & Free
Enterprise
• Fuel industrialization by investing in products or ideas to make a profit
• Invested in factories, railroads, & mines
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Rags to Riches• Horatio Alger,
Jr. – an American author
• Stories of poor boys who worked hard and gained wealth and fame
• Anyone who works hard can escape poverty
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Government & Business• Gave free land to railroad builders • Use of protective tariffs• Laissez-faire policies• Patent—granted by the federal
government to an inventor for exclusive rights over their invention• Encourages invention and
innovation
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• 1876—Established research lab at Menlo Park, NJ
• Received more than 1,000 patents for new inventions– Battery for electric car– Mechanical voice recorder– Motion Picture Camera– Improved the Light Bulb
THOMAS EDISON
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George Westinghouse
• Technology for sending electricity over long distances• Powered homes,
factories, and city streets• Patent for train air
brakes in 1869
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Alexander Graham Bell• 1876—patented the
telephone• Spread quickly• By 1881, more than 34,000
miles of wire strung• Long distance lines connected
cites in the Northeast & Midwest
• More than 1 million telephones in the United States by 1900
• 1896—Guglielmo Marconi invented wireless telegraph
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Henry Bessemer & Steel• Bessemer Process -
developed in the 1850s in England by Henry Bessemer
• Process for purifying iron—resulted in strong and lightweight steel!
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Steel and Innovation• Quickly adapted by
Americans– out producing British in steel
manufacture by 1890• Steel used for skyscrapers,
elevators, suspension bridges – roadway suspended by steel
cables• Brooklyn Bridge (1883)• Flatiron building(1902)– one of first skyscrapers
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ELISHA OTISWorked on the elevator system in the U.S.
Created a system for abraking system for the elevator
His invention made skyscrapers practical
Steel made them possible!!!!
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Granville Woods & the Steam Boiler Furnace• 1884– Improved steam-
powered furnace for running trains
1887Telegraph system for trains
• More than 60 patents—mostly relating to trains and streetcars
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Gustavus Swift• Meatpacker• Developed
refrigerated cars for food• Pioneered use of
animal by-products for items such as soap, glue, & fertilizer
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C.F. Dowd’s Time Zones
• Throughout the 1800s, most towns set clocks independently
• Time differences made it hard to set train schedules
• In 1884, delegates from 27 countries divided the globe into 24 time zones.
• Railroads adopted this system
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Mass Production
• Growing demands from the American and European consumer
• Need for quickly and cheaply developed products
• Machinery and systems for making many products once done by hand
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Exports• By the 1880s,
Americans dominated international markets with grain, steel, and textiles
• Fueled the expansion of American economy
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Farming and Society• Farms became mechanized–Reduced need for farm laborers
• Many farmers moved to urban areas–Added to growing workforce–Dependent upon cash wages to buy
food–Higher cost of living
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Concerns for the Environment• Industrial waste, soil erosion,
and dust storms– Fueled concerns about
protecting the environment & natural resources
• Congress responded by setting aside land– Yellowstone National Park
(1872)