Innovation, Industry, and NIST - sim-metrologia.org.br Olthoff (NIST... · Innovation, Industry,...
Transcript of Innovation, Industry, and NIST - sim-metrologia.org.br Olthoff (NIST... · Innovation, Industry,...
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Innovation, Industry, Innovation, Industry, Innovation, Industry, Innovation, Industry,
and NISTand NISTand NISTand NIST
Dr. James K. Olthoff, DirectorDr. James K. Olthoff, Director
Physical Measurement Laboratory
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Metrology for Innovation Symposium
16 November 2016
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Outline
•NIST and today’s world of metrology
• NIST – Industry interactions
• Innovative metrology• Innovative metrology
• Future Challenges
2
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NIST: Innovation and Competiveness
Penny Penny Penny Penny PritzkerPritzkerPritzkerPritzker
Secretary of Commerce
National Oceanic and
Atmospheric
Administration
International Trade
Administration
National Institute of Standards
& Technology
Under Secretary of Commerce for
Standards and Technology
Economics and
Statistics
Administration
…Patent and
Trademark Office
Dr. Willie May
NIST Director
NIST’s mission is to promote U.S. innovation and industrial
competitiveness by advancing
measurement science, standards, and technology
in ways that enhance economic security and improve our quality of life.
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Scientific and
Engineering
Research
Manufacturing
Extension
Partnership
Centers
NIST: Who we are and what we do
Program in
Performance
Excellence
Advanced
Manufacturing
National Program
Office
Research at NIST has
garnered five Nobel
Prizes since 1997
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• The development and maintenance of standards provides the first and primary reason for NIST’s
existence. This standards work must keep abreast with the expansion of the frontiers of science.
• Our deep and broad research expertise and competencies support expanding standard needs as well
as technological innovation
An ever broadening mission
• Our non-regulatory status enables our important role as a convener to facilitate collaborations
between industry and government
Nanomanufacturing: New
measurement tools for advanced
materials manufacturing
Advanced Communications:
Testbeds, quality control, interoperability for
next-generation communications
Cybersecurity:
Improved response to
cyber threats
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20161901Support for the
Industrial Revolution Advanced Communications
Advanced Manufacturing
Advanced Materials
Interoperability of fire hose screw threads
Evolution of the NIST role
Biosciences
Cyber-physical Systems
Quantum Science
Cybersecurity
Forensic Science
Disaster Resilience
Light bulb standards
Standards for Iron and Steel
Work to reduce railway
accidents
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“When you can measure what you are speaking about, you
MetrologyThe science of measurement; a system of measures
“When you can measure what you are speaking about, you
know something about it. But when you cannot measure
it, your knowledge is of a meager and unsatisfactory kind.
It may be the beginning of knowledge, but you have
scarcely advanced to the stage of science.”
William Thomson, Lord Kelvin
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PML: Core MissionThe System of Physical Measurements in the U.S.
PML seeks to ensure that the US measurement system is…
• Scientifically based• Scientifically based
• Internationally accepted
• Realized in practice
• Disseminated for routine uses
• Disseminated fornew and novel uses
• Maintained and improved
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SI dissemination methodologies in practice
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Send us an artifact;
We’ll measure it and return it.
Example shown here: Gauge
blocks and other artifacts used as
dimensional metrology standards.
Other examples: masses, resistors
and other electrical devices.
Send us an instrument;
We’ll calibrate it and return it.
Example shown here: Proving ring
for force metrology.
Other examples: thermometers,
pressure gauges, photodiodes
(e.g., for optical power).
Don’t send us anything;
Buy one, and we’ll ship it to you.
Example shown here: Ocean
Shellfish Radionuclide Standard
(SRM 4358). Other examples:
certain lamps and photodiodes for
photometry and radiometry.
Don’t send us anything; We’ll
observe something together.
Example shown here: GPS satellite
constellation (atomic clocks on
orbit). Satellite common-view
used to transfer precision time
and frequency standards.
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NIST calibration services 591 services 591 services 591 services 591 services in eight metrology areasin eight metrology areasin eight metrology areasin eight metrology areas
Dimensional Electromagnetic Environmental Ionizing RadiationLength Voltage Ozone Measurements Radioactivity
Angular Resistance Mercury Measurements Sources & Dosimetry
Diameter and Roundness Power and Energy (Neutron, x ray, gamma
Complex Dimensional EM Field Strength ray, and electron)Complex Dimensional EM Field Strength ray, and electron)
Surface Texture Precision Ratios High Dose Applications
Mechanical Optical Radiation Thermodynamic Time and FrequencyMass Photometry Thermometry Time Dissemination
Force Optical Properties of Mtls Pressure and Vacuum Frequency Measurement
Volume and Density Color and Appearance Humidity Oscillator Characterization
Fluid Flow Spectroradiometry Radiance Temperature Noise Measurement
Acoustics and Vibration Laser Power and Energy Thermal Resistance GPS Receiver Analysis
10
Representative selection
Catalog online at: http://www.nist.gov/calibrations/
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Redefinition: The “New” SIFOR THE KILOGRAM
• Artefact based
• Only accessible at one location
• Only accessible at certain times
(3 x in 100 years)
• Only at one nominal value.
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Redefinition: The “New” SIFOR THE KILOGRAM
• Artefact based
• Only accessible at one location
• Only accessible at certain times
(3 x in 100 years)
• Only at one nominal value.
• Definition is based on fixed h
• Scalable
• Realization can be performed at any time,
anywhere
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Redefinition: The “new” SI
• Quantum SI
– Quantum phenomena
– Fundamental and atomic constants
• Tying metrology to fundamental
• kelvin
– Boltzmann constant
• kilogram
– Planck constant• Tying metrology to fundamental
properties of nature
– Removing artifacts as defining the SI
– Planck constant
• ampere
– Elementary electric charge
• mole
– Avogadro constant
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Techniques for Small Masses and Forces• Optomechanical system can balance
mechanical force with photon pressure
force
• Integrated interferometer and
calibrated light source
Fabry-Perot
Interferometer
(for displacement)
Superluminescent diode
(for photon momentum force)
Flexure Stage
(for mass and restoring force)
calibrated light source
• Optical power standards provide
low uncertainty for small force
measurements
– Scales down to the single photon level
– Femtonewton resolution
• Calibration of atomic force microscopy
14
500 um
See: J. Melcher, et al., “A self-calibrating
optomechanical force sensor with femtonewton
resolution,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 233109 (2014);
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4903801
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Outline
• NIST and today’s world of metrology
•NIST – Industry interactions
• Innovative metrology• Innovative metrology
• Future Challenges
15
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An example: Laser Welding
• Laser welding is an enabling technology - but
no measurement standards
• Goal: Calibrated laser power measurement
during a laser weld
• New radiation pressure technique
measures the very small force of light as it reflects
from a mirror
– Force is proportional to laser power
– Laser beam not absorbed, also used for the weld
– Force measured with commercial scale
ScaleAluminum
housing
Sensing mirror
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Progress towards a calibrated laser weld
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B. Simonds, P. Williams, J. Sowards, J. Hadler
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Laser welding: A cooperative effort
Partners provide:
• Samples
– Welds for structural analysis
– Weld processing materials for chemical
analysis
• Beta testing of metrology tools
– Power meters, beam profiles, in-situ
spectroscopy
• Graduate students
• Tech transfer
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Another example: Laser trackers
• Used by aerospace industry for large
scale dimensional metrology
• Capable of measuring large-scale
dimensions (up to approximately 120
http://www.faro.com/en-us/solutions/industries/aerospace
dimensions (up to approximately 120
meters in length) with 60 µm precision
• Example application: measurement of
airplane subassemblies at different
supply chain partner sites
• No standards or calibration protocols
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Laser trackers: Partnering with industry
Field calibrations
• Develop testing equipment and artifacts
• Adequate artifacts nonexistent
• Worked with industry and commercial partners to develop calibration artifactsdevelop calibration artifacts
Documentary standards
• Develop test methods and error correction analysis
• Develop geometric and optical error propagation models
• Provide technical support to standards writing organizations
• Two major standards published
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Last example: Quantitative imagingPositron Emission Tomography (PET)
Industry Need
• 2 million PET procedures in U.S. annually
• Primary method for monitoring cancer treatment
• Lack of absolute and precise results for comparison
NIST Solution
• Create a S.I.-traceable long-lived (Ge-68) PET phantom
• Commercial NIST-traceable phantoms now shipped by
scanner manufacturers
• Recommended by professional societies and funding
agencies
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Outline
• NIST and today’s world of metrology
• NIST – Industry interactions
• Innovative metrology• Innovative metrology
• Future Challenges
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Quantum-based voltage standards
• DC Volt
– Programmable Josephson
Volt Standard
– Quantized voltages: ±10 V– Quantized voltages: ±10 V
• AC Volt
– Programmable Josephson
Arbitrary Waveform
Synthesizer
– Quantum accuracy up to
1 MHz
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Josephson voltage systems
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“Next generation” JVS system
• “Off-the-shelf” instrumentation
• Electronic cyrocooler• Electronic cyrocooler
– No liquid He
– More user friendly
– Fully automated
• Identical performance
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Cryocooler
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Quantum Hall standards
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GaAs Quantum Hall Resistance• Basis for the Ohm
• Runs at 12.9 kΩ
• Difficult to scale
• Specialized equipment and training
Graphene Quantum Hall Resistance• Runs at 12.9 kΩ
• Runs at higher temperatures
• More easily scalable
• Possible future basis for the Ohm
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The ampere by counting e• Make devices to shuttle one electron at a
time at a high frequency using physics of
Coulomb blockade (i.e., charge pump).
island
Electrons shuttling through a Coulomb
blockade device made at NIST
Modulate this gate fast
• Need lots of electrons to make a measureable current, so need many parallel pumps, like concept above
• An historic problem is that traditional metal gated pumps aren’t as stable as we would like
• NIST is developing an all silicon approach to solve this problem
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Pressure standard: Mercury manometer
• 400 year old manometer
technology
• 230 kg of mercury• 230 kg of mercury
• Extensive instrumentation
• Slow
• Very expensive
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Jay Hendricks at the 3 meter Ultrasonic Mercury
Interferometer Manometer
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Photonic pressure standard
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Jay Hendricks at the 3 meter Ultrasonic Mercury
Interferometer Manometer
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Photonic pressure standard• Compact, portable, quantum-based
primary barometric pressure standard based
on the refractive index of nitrogen
• Range of 0.1 mPa to 360 kPa (3 ½ atm)
– Eight decades of pressure measurement in one – Eight decades of pressure measurement in one
instrument, replaces multiple commercial gauge
technologies
• Motivates elimination of mercury-based
pressure standards (manometers)
– Resolution of 0.1 mPa, 35x more sensitive
– 100x as fast
– 1000x lower pressure range
– Accuracy of 10 ppm
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Fixed Length Optical Cavity (FLOC) gauge
measures pressure from optical phase shift
between lower channel (high vacuum) and
upper channel (gas filled)
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Outline
• NIST and today’s world of metrology
• NIST – Industry interactions
• Innovative metrology
•Future Challenges
31
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Measurements are used everywhere . . .
Goal: NIST-quality measurements and physical standards
available directly where the customer/user needs them.
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A vision: Intelligent embedded sensors
• Embed sensors during the manufacturing process
– Temperature and strain monitoring during fabrication
– Improved manufacturing reliability– Improved manufacturing reliability
– Reduced development costs
• Integrated sensor network
– Monitor thermal and pressure cycling during use
– Improved safety and long-term reliability
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Emerging technologies
enable disruptive change
• Micro- and Nano-fabrication
– Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)
– Nanoelectronic
– Microfluidics– Microfluidics
– Integrated photonics (solid state lasers)
• Superconducting systems
• Quantum-based standards and phenomena
– Fundamental atomic and molecular properties
– New material properties
– Ultracold systems
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NIST Prototype (2004)
Commercialized (2011)
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Emerging technologies
enable disruptive change
• Micro- and Nano-fabrication
– Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)
– Nanoelectronic
– Microfluidics
A 21st century toolkit can enable
the development of a new
generation of artifacts and – Microfluidics
– Integrated photonics (solid state lasers)
• Superconducting systems
• Quantum-based standards and phenomena
– Fundamental atomic and molecular properties
– New material properties
– Ultracold systems
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generation of artifacts and
instruments with capabilities
that far exceed those
traditionally used for traceability
In some cases, they might rival
the capabilities of NMI!
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Embedded standards
Develop SI-traceable measurements and physical standards that are:
• Deployable in a factory, lab, device, system, home, anywhere...
• Usable:. Small size (usually), low power consumption, rugged,
easily integrated and operated
• Flexible: Provide a range of SI-traceable measurements and standards
(often quantum-based) relevant to the customer’s needs / applications
– One, few, or many measurements from a single small form package
• Manufacturable:
– Potential for production costs commensurate with the applications
– Low cost for broad deployment; or
– Acceptable cost for high-value applications
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Photonic temperature standard
Legacy technology: Electrical temperature sensors
o Standard in industrial settingso σ ≲ 10 mK @ (-196 ℃ to 500 ℃)
o Hysteresis o Mechanical or thermal shock resets calibration2 mm
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100 µm
Photonic thermometer (Thermodynamic Metrology Group, PML, NIST)
2 µm
Standard platinum resistance thermometer Industrial Pt PRT
Replacement technology: Photonic crystal cavity sensorso Micro/nano-scale sizeo Can be embedded
o Low cost and weighto Immune to electromagnetic
interference
o Negligible hysteresiso Fast response timeo Can tolerate harsh conditions
o CMOS technology compatible
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New photonic sensorsSi3N4 nanobeam optomechanical crystal
m
BTk
B
A
ωh=
2
A
B correlation
• Extremely stable, precise compact optical temperature sensors
on a chip
• Comparable in performance to state-of-the-art transfer
standards
• Working toward quantum standards
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New approach to E-field measurements• Electromagnetically induced transparency
of alkali atoms in Rydberg states– Stark splitting
– Amplitude measurement becomesa frequency measurement
– Self calibrating– Self calibrating
• Very weak E-fields, < 1 mV/m, to strong fields
• Broadband: 1 GHz to 500 GHz (maybe 1 THz)
• Less perturbative than conventional probe
• Potentially small and compact probes– At end of optical fibers
– Small cells to have reduced uncertainties
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(a)
Vapor Cell (Rb atoms)
L
(b)
RF Source Coupling (blue light)
Detector
Probe (red light)
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Chip-scale atomic magnetometers
• Derived from Chip-Scale Atomic Clock research
– Similar technology
– Optimized to be sensitiveto small magnetic fields
• May replace some SQUIDs
– Femtotesla sensitivity
– Operates at room temperature
• Application areas include:
– Magnetoencephalography
– Fetal magnetocardiography
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See: Phys. Med. Biol. 60, 4797–4811 (2015)
doi:10.1088/0031-9155/60/12/4797
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Chip-scale optical atomic clock
• Miniaturization of frequency comb allows design of chip-scale optical atomic clocks
• Applications in communication, • Applications in communication, navigation, and spectroscopy
• Technical path forward for 1000 times better performance on all sensors derived from microwave CSAC design (magnetometers, gyroscopes, gravimeters, etc.)
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See: Optica 1 (1), 10-14 (2014)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.1.000010
Microcomb optical clock with Rb atoms. A pump laser excites
a chip-based microresonator (see micrograph at right) to
create a 33 GHz spacing comb. Two lines of the comb 108
modes apart are stabilized to Rb transitions. The output is the
33 GHz microcomb line spacing, with stability better than the
rubidium transitions by a factor of 108.
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Another possibility: Dosimetry on a chip
Industry Need
• Phase out Co-60
• Low-energy e-beam processing
• Personalized medicine
NIST Solution
• e-gray – absolute dose with electrons
• Chip-scale photonic sensors
Potential Impacts in manufacturing, trade,
medicine, biology, security
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Shape-shifting sensor of
conditions deep within the body• NIST and National Institutes of Health (NIH) have devised
and demonstrated a new, micrometer-scale probe for high-
resolution chemical sensing deep within living organisms
• Novel devices, called geometrically encoded magnetic
sensors (GEMs), are microengineered metal-gel sandwiches
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sensors (GEMs), are microengineered metal-gel sandwiches
about 5 to 10 times smaller than a single red blood cell
• Magnetic, MRI biosensors can be used deeper in body than
optical, infrared techniques
• See: G. Zabow, S.J. Dodd and A.P. Koretsky, “Shape-changing
magnetic assemblies as high-sensitivity NMR-readable
nanoprobes,” Nature, Online March 16, 2015.
https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature14294
Example sensor for local pH.
Hydrogel between two magnetic disks
shrinks with decreasing pH, changing
resonance frequency of the device.
Locations are mapped using magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI).
Credit: Sean Kelley / NIST
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Possible Implications
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Possible Implications
• For NIST
– Focus shifts from developing best measurements we can do at NIST to best measurements we can do away from NIST
• For industry and users of metrology
– How will we obtain traceability?
– How will new sensor technology impact products?from NIST
– Technology transfer
• For NMIs
– What is the future of calibrations?
– What about mutual recognition?
– Measurement expertise still essential
– Training
impact products?
– How will the common use of quantum standards impact accreditation?
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Possible Implications
• For NIST
– Focus shifts from developing best measurements we can do at NIST to best measurements we can do away from NIST
• For industry and users of metrology
– How will we obtain traceability?
– How will new sensor technology impact products?from NIST
– Technology transfer
• For NMIs
– What is the future of calibrations?
– What about mutual recognition?
– Measurement expertise still essential
– Training
impact products?
– How will the common use of quantum standards impact accreditation?
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Possible Implications
• For NIST
– Focus shifts from developing best measurements we can do at NIST to best measurements we can do away from NIST
• For industry and users of metrology
– How will we obtain traceability?
– How will new sensor technology impact products?from NIST
– Technology transfer
• For NMIs
– What is the future of calibrations?
– What about mutual recognition?
– Measurement expertise still essential
– Training
impact products?
– How will the common use of quantum standards impact accreditation?
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Possible Implications
• For NIST
– Focus shifts from developing best measurements we can do at NIST to best measurements we can do away from NIST
• For industry and users of metrology
– How will we obtain traceability?
– How will new sensor technology impact products?from NIST
– Technology transfer
• For NMIs
– What is the future of calibrations?
– What about mutual recognition?
– Measurement expertise still essential
– Training
impact products?
– How will the common use of quantum standards impact accreditation?
• For metrologists
– Exciting times
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Thank you!Thank you!Thank you!Thank you!
Any questions?Any questions?Any questions?Any questions?
[email protected]@[email protected]@nist.gov
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