Innovation in services related to public policies to ... · greenhouse gases: The clean development...
Transcript of Innovation in services related to public policies to ... · greenhouse gases: The clean development...
Innovation in services related to public policies to reduce
greenhouse gases: The clean development mechanism on
landfills
Silvia Regina Stuchi Cruz
Department of Science and Technology Policy, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Brazil;
PhD internship at Université Lille1, Clersé
Sônia Regina Paulino
School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil
Supported by:
Structure
1) Introduction
2) Objective
3) Methodology3) Methodology
4) Results
5) Conclusion
1.1The Kyoto Protocol
• Adopted in 1997 under the UNFCCC
• Emission reduction targets for developed countries –average of 5% below 1990 levels by 2008-2012
• At COP-18, 2012: extends the Kyoto Protocol to 2020.
• “Flexible Mechanisms” - To assist the developed • “Flexible Mechanisms” - To assist the developed countries in attaining their GHG emission reduction targets
- Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
CDM entails the implementation (in emerging and developing countries) of GHG emissions reductions projects
Garbage is delivered to landfill
The waste decomposes
and produces landfill gas
1.2 CDM Landfill Projects
Garbage is delivered to landfill
CH4Anaerobic
decomposition
produces
methane
Brazil: Out of the 300 Brazilian CDM projects, 43 are developed on landfills, 22 are
located in the State of São Paulo (UNEP RISOe, August, 2013)
1.3 CDM: Twofold Objective
1) Assist developed countries to achieve
KP targets
Methodologies to
measure GHG
2) Assist emerging and developing countries to
achieve sustainable development
Methodologies to
measure sustainable
development
Carbon credits
measure GHG
emission reduction
development
Brazilian projects: Terms of resolution
Nº1 of the Annex III of CIMGC
Development of working conditions;
Generation of jobs; Environmental
Sustainability; Technological
development; Income Distribution;
Regional integration; Links with other
sectors
2. Objective
This paper aims to advance the
development of indicators to evaluate
the social and environmental outcomes the social and environmental outcomes
that can be generated from clean
development mechanism (CDM) landfills
projects
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1 The landfills selected for empirical research
Bandeirantes Landfill
São João Landfill
São Paulo
City
Population11 million
inhabitants
Waste per day 17,000 tons
These landfills, from 1979 to 2007, received almost the entirety of the
municipal solid waste collected in São Paulo
50 % of the carbon credits revenues are allocated to the municipal City Hall
The SOCIALCARBON Standard is an additional certification which
proposes the use of sustainability indicators to be applied to carbon
market projects to evaluate social and environmental co-benefits
3.2 Social carbon methodology (SCM) to evaluate social and
environmental co-benefits
CDM defines methodologies to SOCIALCARBON defines methodologies to CDM defines methodologies to
measure contributions to GHG
emissions reductions
SOCIALCARBON defines methodologies to
measure contributions to sustainable
development
3.3 Proposed Indicators - Social Carbon Methodology Adjustment
Resource Topic Indicators
Natural(8
indicators)
Environmental quality
monitoring, gas emissions
monitoring, landfill closure
plan
Surface and underground
water monitoring; Biogas
capture; Fugitive gas
emissions; Compliance with
landfill closure plan…
Social(13
Indicators)
Access to CDM projects,
relationship between
stakeholders, and contribution
of CDM projects` resources to
the management of solid
waste
Stakeholders participation;
Disclosure of the Annex III
activities; Articulation
between municipal
departments ; Cooperatives
benefiting from CDM
revenues...
Sã
o J
oã
o SES – Municipal
Services
Department
More Life, Less
Rubbish
campaign
(Campanha
“Mais Vida,
Menos Lixo”)
SVMA -
Municipal
Department of
Green Areas
and the
Environment
SES – Municipal Services
Departmentprivate
concession-
holder
responsible
for the
landfill
management
private
private
concession-
holder
responsible for
the landfill
management
+ private
concession-
holder
responsible for
biogas recovery
Before CDM After CDM
Ba
nd
eir
an
tes
SES – Municipal
Services
Department
Perus-
Anhanguera
Development
Forum
SVMA -
Municipal
Department of
Green Areas
and the
Environment
PrivatePublic UsersPrivatePublic
SES – Municipal Services
Departmentprivate
concession-
holder
responsible
for the
landfill
management
private
concession-
holder
responsible for
the landfill
management
+ private
concession-
holder
responsible for
biogas recovery
3.5 Public-private innovation networks in service sectors
(ServPPINs) concept
CDM landfill projects under
the ServPPIN concept:
assists in the identification of
important elements for
innovation promotion in
public services
Mainly: relational and
Based on the ServPPINs concept, from the adaptation of the multiagent model of Windrum and
García-Goñi (2008) and Windrum (2013) (inspired by Gallouj and Weinstein, 1997)
Mainly: relational and
organizational aspects
4. Results4. Results
4. Limitations on the interaction among the stakeholders
Interaction between... Key points identified
a)... representatives of associations from the
communities surrounding the landfills and
municipal departments and private concession-
holders
- the need to develop a common language
- the need to publicize activities related to CDM projects
- the need to open up a communication channel
b)... concession-holders: private concession holder
managing the landfills and private concession
holders responsible for LFG recovery and power
generation
- coordination issues between concession-holders at the
landfills
c)... municipal departments and representatives of
associations from the communities surrounding - problems of access to revenue from the sale of
Certified Emission Reductionsassociations from the communities surrounding
the landfillsCertified Emission Reductions
d)... municipal departments and private
concession-holders managing the landfills
- lack of communication
- lack of characterization of the municipal waste
- absence of empirical data on local climate and
humidity conditions
e)... municipal departments and the private
concession holders responsible for LFG recovery
and power generation
- absence of local regulatory standards for fugitive gas
monitoring, as well as regarding the establishment of
criteria for the surface waterproofing system that
enables LFG recovery
- ongoing implementation of legal requirements
regarding the solid waste inventory in the municipality
5. Conclusion
• CDM = twofold goal: GHG emission reduction and
sustainable development promotion
• Becomes essential the construction of sustainability
indicators to evaluate environmental and social local
co-benefits
• CDM landfill projects studied under the ServPPINs • CDM landfill projects studied under the ServPPINs
concept, shows: lack of access of citizens/ service
users; and the lack of synergy between the public and
private sectors
• To obtain positive impacts of this new conformation:
mainly, the relational and organizational aspects
needs to be improved
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