Initialized decadal climate predictions focusing on the Pacific › events › workshops › ws.2017...

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Initialized decadal climate predictions focusing on the Pacific Gerald Meehl National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder Colorado

Transcript of Initialized decadal climate predictions focusing on the Pacific › events › workshops › ws.2017...

Page 1: Initialized decadal climate predictions focusing on the Pacific › events › workshops › ws.2017 › presentations › … · Initialized decadal climate predictions focusing

Initialized decadal climate predictions       focusing on the Pacific

Gerald MeehlNational Center for Atmospheric Research

Boulder Colorado

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Mid‐70s Shift 

Following Zhang, Wallace and Battisti (1997) the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO, Power et al., Folland et al. 1999) defined for entire Pacific;  the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO, Mantua et al. 1997, BAMS) defined for the North Pacific but patterns are comparable (Han et al 2014)Climate model simulations indicate IPO is internally generated

(Meehl et al., 2009, J. Climate;  Meehl and Arblaster, 2011, J. Climate; Henley et al., Env. Res. Lett., 2017)   

The observed IPO pattern resembles internally‐generated decadal pattern from an unforced model control run (pattern correlation= +0.63)

Observations  13 year low pass          Unforced model control run (CCSM4) 13 year low pass

Early‐2000s slowdownBig hiatus

IPO phase:  Positive Negative Positive Negative(Han et al., Cli.Dyn., 2014)

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To guard against “false alarms” in future predictions:  look at hindcasts of the IPO pattern of SSTs in the tropical Pacific (year 3‐7 average predictions, each initial year from 1960, 10 ensemble members for each initial year prediction) 

The model shows significant skill except for the early 1970s and early 1990s when the post‐eruption sequence of Pacific SSTs after Fuego and Pinatubo did not match the ensemble average model response to the forcing (Agung and El Chichon better matched the model hindcasts) (Meehl et al., 2015, GRL)

(Meehl, Hu, Teng, 2016, Nature Communications)

There is skill in predicting Pacific SSTs associated with the IPO in initialized hindcasts in CCSM4

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Could ENSO events on the interannualtimescale trigger decadal shifts of the IPO?

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Off‐equatorial ocean heat content in the tropical western Pacific can provide the conditions for ENSO events to trigger an IPO transition

(Meehl, Hu, Teng, 2016, Nature Communications)

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Initialized prediction of mid‐1970s shift of IPO to positive associated with prediction of 1976‐77 El NiñoNino3.4 SSTs, initialized 

January 1976 (black: observed; red: model initialized in Jan 1976)

3‐7 year prediction for 1978‐1982 (initialized in Jan 1976)

Pattern correlation = +0.81

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Initialized prediction of lat‐1990s of IPO to negative associated with prediction of 1998‐2000 La NiñaNino3.4 SSTs, initialized 

January 1996 (black: observed; red: model initialized in Jan 1996)

3‐7 year prediction for 1998‐2002 (initialized in Jan 1996)

Pattern correlation = +0.59

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Model initialized in 2013 predicts small warming in 2014 followed by larger El Niño in 2015‐2016 

Prediction (initialized in 2013) for years 3‐7 (2015‐2019) shows transition to positive phase of the IPO (top) that is quite different from persistence (middle) or uninitialized (bottom)

Initialized hindcasts show model qualitatively captures ENSO evolution in eastern equatorial Pacific and IPO transitions associated with off‐equatorial western Pacific ocean heat content anomalies

(Meehl, G.A., A. Hu, and H. Teng, 2016, Nature Comms.)

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Prediction initialized in 2013 (for the period 2013‐2022) produces larger rates of global warming associated with positive IPO compared to previous negative phase of IPO

Predicted rate of global warming from 2013 initial year greater than during early‐2000s slowdown and greater than uninitialized:

Observed: 2001‐2014: +0.08±0.05°C/decadePredicted: 2013‐2022:  +0.22±0.13°C/decade

Uninitialized 2013‐2022: +0.14±0.12°C/decade

Initialized prediction a factor of 3 larger than observed trend over observed early‐2000s slowdown, and about 60% bigger than uninitialized 

Decadal GMST trend increases for predicted positive IPO phase in       2013‐2022

(Meehl, G.A., A. Hu, and H. Teng, 2016, Nature Comms.)

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Conclusions:There is evidence from initialized hindcasts that the IPO phase in the Pacific can be predicted(volcanoes complicate hindcast verification)

Physical basis for prediction skill:  Initialized hindcasts show model qualitatively captures eastern equatorial Pacific ENSO evolution that could trigger decadal timescale IPO transitions associated with off‐equatorial western Pacific ocean heat content anomalies

The year 3‐7 average prediction (2015‐2019) from the 2013 initial state shows a small El Niño in 2014, and a larger El Niño in 2015‐2016, a transition to the positive phase of the IPO from the previous negative phase, and a resumption of larger rates of global warming consistent with a positive IPO phase