Initial Environmental Examination...The total floor area of KGA mezzanine level is 23,520 square...
Transcript of Initial Environmental Examination...The total floor area of KGA mezzanine level is 23,520 square...
Initial Environmental Examination
Project Number: 47279-002 July 2019
PAK: Karachi Bus Rapid Transit Red Line Project
Development of Staging Facility
(Underneath Karachi Goan Association Cricket Ground)
Prepared by the Transport and Mass Transit Department, provincial Government of Sindh for the Asian Development Bank.
CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 19 July 2019)
Currency unit – Pakistan rupee (PRs)
PRs1.00 = $0.00625 $1.00 = PRs160
ABBREVIATIONS
ADB – Asian Development Bank BRT – bus rapid transit DoF – Department of Forests EA – environmental assessment EAAC – Environmental Assessment Advisory Committee EARF – environment assessment review framework EIA – environment impact assessment EMP – environmental management plan EPA – Environmental Protection Agency GOP – Government of Pakistan GoS – Government of Sindh IA – implementing agency IEE – initial environmental examination KGA – Karachi Goan Association km – kilometer LAA – Land Acquisition Act (of 1984) LARP – land acquisition and resettlement plan Leq – equivalent sound pressure level NEQS – national environmental quality standards NGO – nongovernment organization O&M – operation & maintenance PAP – Project-affected person PC – public consultation PEPAct – Pakistan Environment Protection Act 1997 PFS – prefeasibility study PMU – Project Management Unit RP – resettlement plan SC – Steering Committee SEPA – Sindh Environmental Protection Agency SPS – Safeguard Policy Statement TMTD – Transport and Mass Transit Department tpd – tonnes per day
NOTE
In this report, "$" refers to United States dollars unless otherwise stated.
This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.
Content Details
S/No. Version Date Summary of Revisions made 1 1 19-7-19 First Draft of IEE report
Table of Content
1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Project Background ............................................................................................ 1
1.2 Project Objective ................................................................................................. 1
1.3 Environmental Category of the Project ............................................................. 2
1.4 Methodology of IEE Study .................................................................................. 2
1.5 Proponent of Project ........................................................................................... 2
1.6 Structure of the Report ....................................................................................... 2
1.7 Further Additions & Updating of IEE study ....................................................... 3
2 Policy and Legal Framework .................................................................... 5
2.1 General ................................................................................................................ 5
2.2 National Policy and Legal Framework ............................................................... 5
2.3 Regulations for Environmental Assessment, Pakistan EPA ............................ 5
2.4 Sindh Environmental Protection Act, 2014 ....................................................... 5
2.5 Other National and Sindh Government Laws and Regulations ....................... 7
2.6 Regulatory Clearances, Sindh EPA ................................................................. 10
2.7 Guidelines for Environmental Assessment, Pakistan EPA ............................ 10
2.8 National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) 2000 ............................... 10
2.9 Interaction with Other Agencies ...................................................................... 11
2.10 Provincial EPAs ........................................................................................... 11
2.11 Provincial Departments of Forests and Wildlife ........................................ 11
2.12 Provincial Governments ............................................................................. 11
2.13 ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 ....................................... 11
2.14 ADB’s Access to Information Policy (AIP) 2018 ........................................ 12
2.15 ADB’s Accountability Mechanism Policy 2012.......................................... 12
2.16 Implications of ADB’s safeguard policies on proposed project .............. 12
2.17 Comparison of International and Local Environmental Legislations ...... 14
3 Description of the Project ....................................................................... 19
3.1 Project Overview ............................................................................................... 19
3.2 Justification and Need for Project ................................................................... 20
3.3 Project Construction Schedule ........................................................................ 20
3.4 Construction Camps and Work Force ............................................................. 20
3.5 Machinery Requirement .................................................................................... 24
4 Description of Environment .................................................................... 25
4.1 General .............................................................................................................. 25
4.2 Physical Resources .......................................................................................... 25
4.2.1 Meteorological Parameters ......................................................................... 25
4.2.2 Air Quality ................................................................................................... 30
4.2.3 Noise .......................................................................................................... 33
4.2.4 Climate Change and Effects ....................................................................... 33
4.3 Geology, Soils and Groundwater ..................................................................... 36
4.3.1 Seismic activity ........................................................................................... 37
4.4 Hydrology, Water Quality and Sediment ......................................................... 39
4.4.1 Ground Water Quality ................................................................................. 41
4.4.2 Climate Vulnerability—Flooding .................................................................. 41
4.5 Biological Resources ........................................................................................ 42
4.5.1 Flora ........................................................................................................... 42
4.5.2 Fauna ......................................................................................................... 43
4.6 Socioeconomic Resources .............................................................................. 46
4.6.1 Population .................................................................................................. 46
4.6.2 Land Use .................................................................................................... 49
4.6.3 Physical Infrastructure ................................................................................ 50
4.7 Physical Cultural Resources ............................................................................ 54
4.7.1 Religious, Historical, Cultural and Archaeological Sites .............................. 54
5 Analysis of Alternatives .......................................................................... 55
5.1 Overview ............................................................................................................ 55
5.2 ‘No Project’ Option ............................................................................................ 55
5.3 Rationale for selected Staging Facility Location ............................................ 55
Alternative Location Options ................................................................................. 55
5.4 Assessment of alternatives to prevent demolition of associated facilities .. 56
6 Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures ................ 57
6.1 Design/Pre-Construction Phase ....................................................................... 57
Avoidance of demolition of Associated Facilities ................................................... 57
Relocation of Utilities ............................................................................................ 58
Identification of Locations for Labor Camps and ancillary facilities ........................ 58
Development of Traffic Management Plan ............................................................ 59
6.2 Construction Phase .......................................................................................... 60
Traffic Management .............................................................................................. 64
Air Quality ............................................................................................................. 66
Noise Levels ......................................................................................................... 70
Excavated Material (Earthworks) Disposal ........................................................... 73
Community Health and Safety .............................................................................. 73
Worker Health and Safety..................................................................................... 75
Water Resources .................................................................................................. 75
Camp & Batching plant effluent ............................................................................ 76
Soil Erosion and Sedimentation ............................................................................ 76
Soil Contamination ............................................................................................... 76
Drainage and Storm Water Run-off ...................................................................... 77
Hazardous and Non-Hazardous Waste Management ........................................... 77
Historical/Archaeological Sites ............................................................................. 78
Vegetation and Wildlife Loss ................................................................................ 78
Employment Conflicts ........................................................................................... 79
Communicable Diseases ...................................................................................... 80
Loss of Access around Project Site ...................................................................... 80
Land Use and Aesthetics ...................................................................................... 80
Natural and Man made Hazards ........................................................................... 80
6.3 Operation Phase................................................................................................ 81
Air Quality ............................................................................................................. 82
Noise Levels ......................................................................................................... 83
Solid Waste disposal ............................................................................................ 83
Land Contamination ............................................................................................. 84
Socioeconomic ..................................................................................................... 84
6.4 Cumulative Impacts .......................................................................................... 84
6.5 Indirect and Induced Impacts ........................................................................... 85
7 Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan ............................... 86
7.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 86
7.2 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) ......................................................... 86
7.3 Objectives of EMP ............................................................................................. 86
7.4 Environmental Management Framework ......................................................... 87
7.4.1 Roles of TMTD PIU and SMTA ................................................................... 87
7.4.2 Roles of CSC Consultants during Design/Construction .............................. 87
7.4.3 Role of the Contractor ................................................................................ 87
7.4.4 Role of Sindh EPA ...................................................................................... 89
7.5 Environmental Management/Monitoring and Reporting ................................ 89
7.6 Monitoring Parameters ..................................................................................... 89
7.7 Environmental Training .................................................................................... 89
Capacity Building and Training ............................................................................. 89
7.8 Further Additions & Updating of IEE study & EMP ......................................... 90
7.9 Environmental Management Costs .................................................................. 95
8 Public Consultation and Information Disclosure................................ 135
8.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 135
8.2 Objective of Consultations ............................................................................. 135
8.3 Identification of Main Stakeholders ............................................................... 136
8.4 Approach for Public Consultation ................................................................. 136
8.5 Consultations .................................................................................................. 137
8.6 Key Discussion points .................................................................................... 137
9 Grievance Redress Mechanism .................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
9.1 General ............................................................................................................ 146
10 Conclusions and Recommendations .................................................. 149
11 References ............................................................................................. 151
ANNEXURES
Annexure A Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist
Annexure B NEQS Guidelines
Annexure C Photographs of Project Area Settings
Annexure D Photographs of Public Consultations
Annexure E List of Participants of Public Consultations
Annexure F Photographs of Ambient Air Quality and Noise
Monitoring
Annexure G Methodology for Air Quality and Noise Monitoring
Annexure H Results of Air Quality, Noise and Vibration Monitoring
Annexure I Traffic Management Plan
Annexure J Occupational Health and Safety Plan
Annexure K Emergency Response Plan
Annexure L Archaeological ‘Chance Find’ Procedure
Annexure M ToRs of Third Party Monitor
Annexure N Certifications of SUPARCO Laboratory
Annexure O Dust Management Plan
Annexure P Site Specific EMP (SSEMP) Guide & Template for
Guidance to Contractor
List of Figures
Figure 1.1: Key Map of Proposed Project ................................................................... 4
Figure 3.1: Layout of Mezzanine Level of Staging Facility ....................................... 21
Figure 3.2: Layout of Ground Floor of Staging Facility ............................................. 22
Figure 3.3: Detailed Layout of Proposed Staging Facility ......................................... 23
Figure 4-1: Monthly Average Precipitation (mm) and Evapotranspiration (mm) at
Karachi Airport ......................................................................................................... 26
Figure 4-2: Minimum and maximum Precipitation (mm) and Evapotranspiration (mm)
at Karachi (2009-2018) ............................................................................................. 26
Figure 4-3: Monthly Averages for Mean, Maximum and Minimum Temperatures
(Deg-C) at Karachi Airport ........................................................................................ 27
Figure 4-4: minimum, maximum and average temperature of Karachi (2009-2018) 27
Figure 4-5 Average cloud and Humidity of Karachi (2009-2018) .............................. 28
Figure 4-6: maximum and average wind speed of Karachi (2009-2018) .................. 29
Figure 4-7: Annual Wind Rose for Karachi ............................................................... 30
Figure 4.8: Monitoring Location for Ambient Air Quality and Noise Levels ............... 32
Figure 4-9: Katchi Settlements Flooded and Dry ...................................................... 36
Figure 4-10: Geological Map of Karachi and Surrounding Area ............................... 38
Figure 4-11: Historical Reconstruction of Earthquakes in the Vicinity of Karachi and
Southern Pakistan .................................................................................................... 39
Figure 4-12: Generalized Schematic of Drainage Basins in Karachi Metropolitan
Area .......................................................................................................................... 41
Figure 4-13: Images of Flooding in Karachi .............................................................. 42
Figure 4-14: Administrative map of Karachi ............................................................. 48
Figure 4-14: Population Distribution by Area, Age and Sex. .................................... 48
Figure 6-1: Predominant Wind Direction & Expected Impact from Dust Emissions
from Construction Site .............................................................................................. 68
Figure 9.1: Grievance Redress Mechanism ........................................................... 148
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1: Other National and Sindh Government Laws and Regulations ................. 8
Table 4-1: Humidity and Dew Point Temperature for Karachi .................................. 28
Table 4.2: Ambient Noise Monitoring Results (24 hrs) at Staging Facility Project Site
................................................................................................................................. 33
Table 4.3: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results (24 hrs) at Staging Facility
Proposed Location ................................................................................................... 35
Table 4.4: Comparison of ambient air quality results versus applicable Air Quality
standards ................................................................................................................. 35
Table 4-5: Birds of Karachi and Dow University Campuses (1996—2015) .............. 44
Table 4-6: Mammals and Reptiles Historically Present in the Area of Karachi District
................................................................................................................................. 45
Table 4-7: District-wise 2017 Population for Karachi Division .................................. 47
Table 4-8: Medical Facilities in Karachi .................................................................... 52
Table 4-9: Mortality Statistics of Karachi and Nationwide ......................................... 53
Table 6.1: Associated Facilities next to KGA ground to be impacted ....................... 57
Table 6.2: Screening of Possible Impacts during Construction Phase ..................... 60
Table 6.3: Control measures for Fugitive Dust emissions ........................................ 67
Table 6.4: Construction Equipment Noise Ranges, dB(A) ........................................ 71
Table 6.5: Summary of Possible Impacts during Operation Phase .......................... 81
Table 7.1: Pre-Construction Monitoring Requirements............................................. 91
Table 7.2: Construction Phase Monitoring Requirements ........................................ 92
Table 7.3: Operation Phase Monitoring Requirements............................................. 94
Table 7.4: Capacity Development and Training Programme .................................... 95
Table 7.5: Annual Cost Estimates for ‘Pre-Construction Phase’ Environmental Monitoring ................................................................................................................ 96
Table 7.6: Annual Cost Estimates for ‘Construction Phase’ Environmental Monitoring
................................................................................................................................. 96
Table 7.7: Annual Cost Estimates for ‘Operation Phase’ Environmental Monitoring 96
Table 7.8: Estimated Costs for EMP Implementation ............................................... 96
Table 7.9: Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan ................................... 98
Table 8.1: Summary of Public Consultations .......................................................... 139
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Project Overview
1. This IEE study has been prepared for development of a BRT vehicle staging facility
under the Karachi Goan Association (KGA) ground, adjacent to Numaish station. A
map of the project area is provided as Figure ES-1.
2. The KGA ground will be reconfigured to house an underground commercial area as
well as a staging facility for the BRT network. The total floor area of KGA mezzanine
level is 23,520 square meters.
3. As per the preliminary designs, the existing structures on the KGA ground will need to
be demolished during construction, the concept design proposes to reconstruct the
ground and its associated facilities on top of the Mezzanine floor at ground level. The
associated facilities possess a rich historical and cultural value since they are over
100 years old, although they are not listed as national and cultural heritage by the
Government of Sindh. However, during the detailed design phase, all efforts need to
be made to prevent demolition of the associated facilities of the KGA ground as far as
possible by considering all alternatives (technical and location related) and through
continuing of the stakeholder consultative process.
4. The staging facility is proposed to be constructed at the KGA ground which will be an
underground facility consisting of 2 floors having a basement or the underground level
which will be used for bus lanes, drivers sitting area, dispatch center and washrooms.
The Mezzanine level will be for the commuters and will have the ticketing booths,
waiting and commercial areas.
5. It will also provide ease of transfer of passengers from one line to the other and
include parking lots for the buses, maintenance of buses, offices, ticketing booth,
waiting areas and turnaround facility for the routes that terminate at Numaish.
6. As all BRT corridors converge at Numaish station, this location holds importance in
permitting customer interchange between routes. This area also holds importance as
a BRT vehicle staging facility for the following reasons:
▪ Since limited space is available along the M. A. Jinnah Road to hold BRT vehicles,
in order to cater the difference in demand between peak and off-peak periods,
Numaish is an ideal location to stage vehicles and thus optimize operations.
▪ A staging facility at Numaish shall ensure interoperability between all corridors by
ensuring physical and operational integration.
▪ A large number of BRT vehicles and people will pass through Numaish station;
this gives Numaish an additional significance for potential Transit-Oriented
Development (ToD).
7. Commercial activities within the system will not only enhance non-fare revenue, but
also provide a sense of security around the station area.
Project Need
8. The staging facility will help in optimizing and adjusting fleet operations as the
demand varies along the day. Additionally, it shall provide a turnaround facility for
routes that terminate at Numaish, and will thus reduce the dead mileage for
operations without passengers.
Study Methodology
9. Primary and secondary data has been collected and used to assess the
environmental impacts of the Project. Detailed baseline monitoring in the project area
to assess potential impacts on air quality and noise levels has been conducted and
presented in this study. This IEE report highlights all potential environmental impacts
associated with the Project and recommends mitigation measures. Any environmental
impacts associated with the project need to be properly mitigated, through the existing
institutional arrangements described in this report.
10. The significance of impacts from the proposed project were then assessed and for
those impacts requiring mitigation, suitable measures were proposed to reduce
impacts to within acceptable limits as per local and international applicable
regulations. A detailed environmental management and monitoring plan was
developed to ensure compliance to the proposed measures during the project
development.
Public Consultation Process
11. Detailed and extensive consultations with different key stakeholders have been
conducted to date, consisting of the KGA Ground management and the local
communities residing in close proximity to the proposed project site and their
comments/concerns/suggestions were obtained. Furthermore, representatives of the
relevant public sector agencies such as the Karachi Municipal Corporation were also
consulted. The details of the persons consulted are provided as Annexure E.
12. The key comments and concerns raised as a result of the consultations as part of the
scoping activity are as follows:
▪ Restoration of existing motorbike parking space along-with the cricket ground must
take place.
▪ There are some exposed and uninsulated electricity wires on the M.A Jinnah Road,
which should be insulated to avoid any mishap.
▪ The work activities going on at the adjacent Green Line works creates dust
emissions and the flats which are facing the M.A Jinnah Road and KGA Ground
are exposed to large volumes, particularly in windy conditions.
▪ Prior notice should be provided before commencement of works for the staging
facility.
▪ Dust and noise levels must be minimized through all possible measures. Sprinkling
must be conducted as much as possible so that huge clouds of dust do not reach
their residences.
▪ Expressed positive views about the staging facility with a major reason that the
existing conditions will be restored.
▪ He mentioned that it must be ensured by the Contractor that the existing route
being used for the Green Line works is used by the vehicles for the staging facility
development.
▪ Access of the residences around the KGA must be blocked any more than the
existing situation due to the Green line works.
▪ It was mentioned that work in the evening hours onwards must not be allowed or
must be restricted as far as possible to enable the residents to rest properly in the
evenings and night-time.
▪ Proper safety barricading must be installed around the work site since a deep pit
will be created due to excavation and the safety of the community, particularly its
children must be ensured.
▪ Water sprinkling and all other required measures must be implemented to minimize
dust emissions.
▪ It must be ensured that worker camps are not developed near our residences to
ensure our safety and proper sanitary facilities must be provided to them to ensure
they do not defecate openly.
▪ Contractor must conduct works in accordance with international best practices.
▪ Safety and convenience of the local communities must be kept a priority during the
project works.
Analysis of Alternatives
▪ It was hoped that some employment opportunities will be provided for the residents
for the proposed Staging facility development.
▪ It must be ensured that ground is restored as per existing situation to ensure the
aesthetics of the area are not adversely affected.
▪ A Contractor that has experience and reputation for timely completion of works
must be engaged to ensure the works are not delayed as is the case for the Green
Line.
13. The ‘No Project’ alternative was considered, which is not a viable option since the
development of the staging facility, to be part of the BRT system, will benefit millions
of people using public transport in Karachi city each day that would otherwise not
benefit from a sustainable, more efficient, more economical and safer transport
system and would continue to suffer congestion and traffic accident risks in the city.
14. Alternative Location Option: As all BRT corridors converge at Numaish station, this
location holds importance in permitting customer interchange between routes. This
area also holds importance as a BRT vehicle staging facility for the following reasons:
▪ Since limited space is available along the M. A. Jinnah road to hold BRT vehicles,
in order to cater the difference in demand between peak and off-peak periods,
Numaish is an ideal location to stage vehicles and thus optimize operations.
▪ A staging facility at Numaish shall ensure interoperability between all corridors by
ensuring physical and operational integration.
▪ A large number of BRT vehicles and people will pass through Numaish station;
this gives Numaish an additional significance for potential Transit-Oriented
Development (ToD).
15. Due to the factors mentioned above, the KGA ground site was selected to be the
most suitable along with having the required land available to meet the Staging
facility requirements.
16. As mentioned above, in order to make efforts to prevent demolition of the
associated facilities located next to the KGA ground, during the detailed design
phase, all potential alternatives related to technical and location related aspects of
the proposed staging facility development will need to be reviewed and assessed.
Potential Major Impacts
Traffic Management
17. The traffic management plan shall be prepared by the Contractor and approved by the
GoS and ADB prior to commencement of the project construction activity. The main
objectives of the plan shall be to maximize the safety of the workforce and the
travelling public while keeping the traffic flowing as freely as possible.
Disruption to Utilities
18. The project will require demolishing and relocating some of the structures within the
ROW such as water supply pipes, drainage structures, power and communication
cables. Temporary suspension of services (planned or accidental) can affect the
economy, industries, businesses and residents’ daily lives.
19. All required mitigation measures shall be implemented such as planning of activities
through coordination with relevant line departments to minimize impacts on utilities at
work sites in the project area, advance notices to communities to enable them to
prepare for utility outages etc.
Ambient Monitoring (Air Quality & Noise Levels)
20. The EPA certified and well-reputed laboratory, SUPARCO, was engaged to conduct
ambient monitoring for air quality and noise levels at the project site.
Air Quality
21. The potential impacts on air quality have been assessed for both the construction and
operation phases of the project. The major impacts expected during the construction
phase of the project are due to dust emissions resulting from vehicular movement,
emissions from construction machinery, use of generators and construction vehicles.
These impacts will be mitigated through employing of best practices such as water
sprinkling, tuning and maintenance of construction equipment and vehicles, covering
of materials susceptible to dust formation during transportation etc.
22. Detailed air quality monitoring at the project site has been conducted and the results
have been presented in this IEE report. As can be observed, SO2, PM2.5 and PM10 are
already exceeding the permissible limits, which indicates that the airshed is already
quite degraded. Thus, all possible efforts will need to be made during the construction
phase through adoption of best practices to minimize any further worsening of the
pollutant concentrations in the airshed of the project area.
Construction Noise impacts
23. Based on the ambient monitoring, the noise levels have been observed to be
considerably exceeding the permissible levels. Thus, it will need to be ensured as part
of the mitigation measures that during the construction works, at no time must the
noise levels be permitted to exceed 3 dB from the ambient noise levels as per IFC
guidelines.
24. As measured, existing average noise levels at the project site during daytime is 76.3
dB, in accordance to the IFC guidelines, the noise limit will be 79.3 dB. Also, duration
of the anticipated noisy construction activities are expected to be short and during
daytime. Therefore, residences may not object to the noise.
Land Acquisition & Resettlement
25. No land acquisition and/or resettlement shall be required for the development of the
Staging facility.
Cumulative Impacts
26. The construction works for the BRT – Green Line are presently ongoing along the
entire western face of the proposed KGA ground. The ongoing activities consist of
major earthworks in order to develop the Numaish station and BRT corridor. However,
considering the progress and completion status of these existing activities, they will
have already been completed by the time the proposed Staging Facility related
construction works would commence. Thus, no Cumulative impacts are expected.
Indirect and Induced Impacts
27. The potential impact of development of the proposed Staging facility at the KGA
cricket ground location has been examined, which has indicated that the existing and
planned infrastructure such as water supply, wastewater collection and treatment,
municipal solid waste collection and disposal would be adequate to accommodate any
potential population intake as a result of the proposed project development. Impacts
on the environment from air emissions, traffic and community noise, and treated
effluent discharge have also been assessed and have found to be acceptable and
within the carrying capacities of the environmental media. Thus, negative indirect and
induced impacts from this project are not expected.
Institutional Arrangements
28. During the construction phase, the overall responsibility for the implementation and
monitoring of the EMP rests with the Project Director (PD). The PD through
assistance from the Supervision Consultant’s Environmental staff and the Environment team of TMTD, will supervise the implementation of the proposed
mitigation measures and monitor the implementation progress in the field. Monthly
environmental monitoring data/reports will be incorporated in the project
implementation progress reports to be shared with ADB and such monthly reports will
be consolidated into bi-annual monitoring reports and submitted to ADB for review
and clearance. Upon clearance, all such reports will be uploaded on the TMTD and
ADB websites.
Conclusion & Recommendations
29. An action plan with clear roles and responsibilities of stakeholders has been provided
in the report. The TMTD, Contractors and the Construction Supervision Consultant
are the major stakeholders responsible for the action plan. The action plan must be
implemented prior to commencement of construction work.
30. Mitigation will be assured by a program of environmental monitoring conducted during
construction and operation to ensure that all measures in the EMP are implemented
and to determine whether the environment is protected as intended. This will include
observations on and off-site, document checks, and interviews with workers and
beneficiaries, and any requirements for remedial action will be reported. The engaging
of external environmental monitoring consultants for ensuring efficient and effective
implementation of the mitigation measures is also under consideration.
31. Therefore, the proposed Staging Facility development is likely to cause certain
significant adverse impacts, mostly during the construction phase, that shall be
mitigated through necessary measures. The potential adverse impacts that are
associated with design, construction, and operation can be mitigated to standard
levels without difficulty through proper engineering design and the incorporation or
application of recommended mitigation measures and procedures. Based on the
findings of this IEE study, the classification of the Project as Category ‘A’ is confirmed.
It is concluded that the proposed project should proceed, with appropriate mitigation
measures and monitoring programs identified in the IEE.
32. As a result of this IEE study, it has been determined that any adverse or harmful
impacts shall be effectively mitigated through implementation of necessary measures
and through regular monitoring. The project falls under the Category ‘B’ of ADB's Guidelines and thus an IEE has been prepared for the proposed project.
Figure ES-1: Project Area Map
Introduction 1 | P a g e
1 Introduction
1.1 Project Background
33. The proposed Staging facility will be developed as part of the BRT network being
developed in Karachi city. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) will be financing the
development of the BRT – Red Line, the 2.4 km Common Corridor along M.A Jinnah
Road (Municipal Park to Tower) and this proposed Staging Facility, located opposite
Numaish station.
34. The KGA ground will be reconfigured to house an underground commercial area as
well as a staging facility for the BRT network. The total floor area of KGA mezzanine
level is 23,520 square meters.
35. As all BRT corridors converge at Numaish station, this location holds importance in
permitting customer interchange between routes. This area also holds importance as
a BRT vehicle staging facility for the following reasons:
▪ Since limited space is available along the M. A. Jinnah Road to hold BRT vehicles,
in order to cater the difference in demand between peak and off-peak periods,
Numaish is an ideal location to stage vehicles and thus optimize operations.
▪ A staging facility at Numaish shall ensure interoperability between all corridors by
ensuring physical and operational integration.
▪ A large number of BRT vehicles and people will pass through Numaish station; this
gives Numaish an additional significance for potential Transit-Oriented
Development (ToD).
36. Commercial activities within the system will not only enhance non-fare revenue, but
also provide a sense of security around the station area.
37. This IEE study report presents the screening of potential environmental impacts of the
proposed project and contains the mitigation measures in order to eliminate or reduce
the negative impacts to an acceptable level, describes the institutional requirements
and provides an environmental management plan.
The project area map of the proposed project is provided as Figure 1.1 below.
1.2 Project Objective
38. The development of the Staging facility will help in optimizing and adjusting fleet
operations as the demand varies along the day. Additionally, it shall provide a
turnaround facility for routes that terminate at Numaish, and will thus reduce the dead
mileage for operations without passengers.
Introduction 2 | P a g e
1.3 Environmental Category of the Project
39. According to ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009, a Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist was prepared (Annexure-A). The Pakistan
Environmental Protection Agency’s “Guidelines for the Preparation and Review of
Environmental Reports (2000)” were also consulted. Based on the initial findings, it
was ascertained that limited adverse environmental impacts are expected due to
development of the proposed Staging Facility and thus it has been classified as
Category ‘B’ from environmental safeguards perspective. Thus, this IEE study has
been prepared.
1.4 Methodology of IEE Study
The following methodology was employed for this IEE study:
40. Available secondary data was reviewed from the existing EIA report for the Main Red
Line, the finalized PC-1 document, EIA report for the Green Line and any other
documents that were found to be relevant to the environmental assessment of this
proposed Staging Facility.
41. Field visits were undertaken consisting of preliminary scoping through surveys and
assessment activities along with primary data collection such as ambient monitoring
(air quality and noise levels) and stakeholder consultations to establish the potential
impacts and categorization of activities and the Rapid Environmental Assessment
(REA) was completed. The key receptors and stakeholders within the project area
were identified.
42. Detailed and extensive stakeholder consultations have been conducted with key
stakeholders such as KGA ground management, local businesses, government and
local government bodies etc. in line with the national and ADB requirements.
43. The significance of impacts from the proposed project were then assessed and for
those impacts requiring mitigation, suitable measures were proposed to reduce
impacts to within acceptable limits as per local and international applicable
regulations.
44. A detailed environmental management and monitoring plan was developed to ensure
compliance to the proposed measures during the project development.
1.5 Proponent of Project
45. The Transport and Mass Transit Department (TMTD), Government of Sindh (GoS) is
the proponent of the Project and all planning and execution activities will be
accomplished through a designated Project Director (PD).
1.6 Structure of the Report
46. The IEE report contains eleven chapters as follows:
▪ Introduction
▪ Policy and Legal Framework
▪ Description of the Project
▪ Description of Environment
▪ Analysis of Alternatives
▪ Assessment of Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures
▪ Institutional Requirements Environmental Management Plan
▪ Public Consultation
▪ Grievance Redress Mechanism
▪ Findings, Recommendations and Conclusions
▪ References
1.7 Further Additions & Updating of IEE study
47. This version of the report shall be further updated once the detailed design is
completed and any other details of the proposed staging facility become available
over the coming weeks and months. These revisions shall be incorporated into any
subsequent updated versions of this IEE report.
Introduction 4 | P a g e
Figure 1.1: Key Map of Proposed Project
Policy and Legal Framework 5 | P a g e
2 Policy and Legal Framework
2.1 General
48. This section provides an overview of the policy framework and national legislation
that applies to the proposed project. The project is expected to comply with all
national legislation relating to the environment in Pakistan, and to obtain all the
regulatory clearances required.
2.2 National Policy and Legal Framework
49. The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy (NCS) that was approved by the
federal cabinet in March 1992 is the principal policy document on environmental
issues in the country (EUAD/IUCN, 1992). The NCS outlines the country's primary
approach towards encouraging sustainable development, conserving natural
resources, and improving efficiency in the use and management of resources. The
NCS has 68 specific programs in 14 core areas in which policy intervention is
considered crucial for the preservation of Pakistan's natural and physical
environment. The core areas that are relevant in the context of the proposed project
are pollution prevention and abatement and increasing energy efficiency while
conserving biodiversity.
50. Prior to the adoption of the 18th Constitutional Amendment, the Pakistan
Environmental Protection Act (PEPA) 1997 was the governing law for environmental
conservation in the country. Under PEPA 1997, the Pakistan Environmental
Protection Council (PEPC) and Pak EPA were primarily responsible for administering
PEPA 1997. Post the adoption of the 18th Constitutional Amendment in 2011, the
subject of environment was devolved and the provinces have been empowered for
environmental protection and conservation.
2.3 Regulations for Environmental Assessment, Pakistan EPA
51. Under Section 12 (and subsequent amendment) of the PEPA (1997), a project falling
under any category specified in Schedule I of the IEE/EIA Regulations (SRO 339
(I0/2000), requires the proponent of the project to file an IEE with the concerned
provincial EPA. Projects falling under any category specified in Schedule II require
the proponent to file an EIA with the provincial agency, which is responsible for its
review and accordance of approval or request any additional information deemed
necessary.
2.4 Sindh Environmental Protection Act, 2014
52. The following articles of the SEPA 2014 have a direct bearing on the proposed
Project:
53. Article 11(1): ‘Subject to the provisions of this Act and the rules and regulations
therein, no person shall discharge or emit or allow the discharge or emission of any
effluent, waste, pollutant, noise or any other matter that may cause or likely cause
Policy and Legal Framework 6 | P a g e
pollution or adverse environmental effects, as defined in Section 2 of this Act, in an
amount, concentration or level which is in excess to that specified in Sindh
Environmental Quality Standards.
54. Article 11(2): ‘All persons, in industrial or commercial or other operations, shall
ensure compliance with the Environmental Quality Standards for ambient air, drinking
water, noise or any other Standards established under section 6(1)(g)(i); shall
maintain monitoring records for such compliances; shall make available these
records to the authorized person for inspection; and shall report or communicate the
record to the Agency as required under any directions issued, notified or required
under any rules and regulations.
55. Section 11(3): Monitoring and analysis under sub-section (1) and (2), shall be
acceptable only when carried out by the Environmental Laboratory certified by the
Agency as prescribed in the rules. All stipulated tests will be regularly performed from
designated laboratories approved by Sindh EPA.
56. Article 14 (1): ‘Subject to the provisions of this Act and the rules and regulations, no
person shall cause any act, deed or any activity’, including; (b) disposal of solid and hazardous wastes at unauthorized places as prescribed; (c) dumping of wastes or
hazardous substances into coastal waters and inland water bodies; and (d) release
of emissions or discharges from industrial or commercial operations as prescribed.
57. Article 15 (1): ‘Subject to the provisions of this Act, no person shall operate or
manufacture a motor vehicle or class of vehicles from which air pollutants or noise
are being emitted in an amount, concentration or level which is in excess of the Sindh
Environmental Quality Standards or, where applicable, the standards established
under sub-clause (i) of clause (g) of sub-section (1) of section 6’.
58. Article 17(1): ‘No proponent of a project shall commence construction or operation
unless he has filed with the Agency an initial environmental examination or
environmental impact assessment, and has obtained from the Agency approval in
respect thereof.
59. Article 17(2): The agency shall; o a) review the initial environmental examination and
accord its approval, subject to such terms and conditions as it may prescribe, or
require submission of an environmental impact assessment by the proponent; or o
(b) review the environmental impact assessment and accord its approval subject to
such terms and conditions as it may deem fit to impose or require that the
environmental impact assessment be re-submitted after such modifications as may
be stipulated or decline approval of the environmental impact assessment as being
contrary to environmental objectives.
60. Article 17(3): ‘Every review of an environment impact assessment shall be carried
out with public participation and, subject to the provisions of this Act, after full
disclosure of the particulars of the project’.
Policy and Legal Framework 7 | P a g e
61. Article 17(4): ‘The Agency shall communicate its approval or otherwise within a period of two months from the date that the initial environmental examination is filed,
and within a period of four months from the date that the environmental impact
assessment is filed complete in all respects in accordance with the regulations, failing
which the initial environmental examination or, as the case may be, the
environmental impact assessment shall be deemed to have been approved, to the
extent to which it does not contravene the provisions of this Act and the rules and
regulations’.
62. Article 20(1): ‘The Agency shall from time to time require the person in charge of a
project to furnish, within such period as may be specified, an environmental audit or
environmental review report or environmental management plan containing a
comprehensive appraisal of the environmental aspects of the project’.
63. Article 20(2): The report of a project prepared under sub-section (1) shall include: (a)
analysis of the predicted qualitative and quantitative impact of the project as
compared to the actual impact; (b) evaluation of the efficacy of the preventive,
mitigation and compensatory measures taken with respect to the project; and (c)
Recommendations for further minimizing or mitigating the adverse environmental
impact of the project.
64. Article 20(3): ‘Based on its review of the environmental audit report, the Agency
may, after giving the person in charge of the project an opportunity of being heard,
direct that specified mitigation and compensatory measures be adopted within a
specified time period and may also, where necessary, modify the approval granted
by it under section 17’.
65. Section 31(1): The Agency shall cause relevant details of any proposed project
regarding which an Environmental Impact Assessment has been received to be
published, along with an invitation to the public to furnish their comments thereon
within a specified period. (2) In accordance with such procedure as may be
prescribed, the Agency shall hold public hearings to receive additional comments and
hear oral submissions. (3) All comments received under sub-sections (1) and (2)
shall be duly considered by the Agency while reviewing the environmental impact
assessment or strategic impact assessment, and decision or action taken thereon
shall be communicated to the persons who have furnished the said comments.
2.5 Other National and Sindh Government Laws and Regulations
66. The national laws and regulations are provided in Table 2.1 below.
Policy and Legal Framework 8 | P a g e
Table 2.1: Other National and Sindh Government Laws and Regulations
National and Provincial
Legislation
Brief Description
Sindh Factories Act 2015 The Sindh Factories Act 2015 deals with regulations related to project area, workers and workplace Environment Health and Safety (EH&S) requirements. The Factories Act also provides regulations for handling and disposal of toxic and hazardous materials. As construction activity is classified as ‘industry’, these regulations will be applicable to the project & construction contractors’ scope of work also.
The Protection against Harassment of women at the work place Act 2010
It shall be the responsibility of the employer to ensure implementation of this Act, including but not limited to incorporate the Code of Conduct for protection against harassment at the workplace as a part of their management policy and to form Inquiry Committee referred to in section 3 and designate a competent authority referred to in section 4 of this act.
Employment of Child Act 1991 Article 11(3) of the Constitution of Pakistan prohibits employment of children below the age of 14 years in any factory, mines or any other hazardous employment. In accordance with this Article, the Employment of Child Act (ECA) 1991 disallows the child labour in the country. The ECA defines a child to mean a person who has not completed his/her fourteenth year of age. The ECA states that no child shall be employed or permitted to work in any of the occupation set forth in the ECA (such as transport sector, railways, construction, and ports) or in any workshop wherein any of the processes defined in the Act is carried out. The contractor will be bound by this Act to disallow any child labour at the project sites or campsites.
Bonded labor system
(Abolition) Act 1992
On the commencement of this act, the bonded labor system shall stand abolished and every bonded labourer shall stand freed and discharged from any obligations to render any bonded labor.
Sindh Cultural Heritage Act
1994
This provincial Act empowers the Government of Sindh to preserve and protect any premises or objects of archaeological, architectural, historical, cultural, or national interest in Sindh by declaring them protected.
Antiquity act 1975 The Antiquities Act relates to the protection, preservation and conservation of archaeological/historical sites and monuments.
The Sindh Minimum Wages
Act, 2015
To provide for the regulation of minimum rates of wages and various allowances for different categories of workers employed in certain industrial and commercial undertakings and establishments.
Workmen’s compensation 1923 The liability of an employer is confined to payment of compensation to a “workman” and then only in respect of an injury caused by “accident arising out of and in the course of his employment”. The liability of employer is limited by ceiling fixed in Schedule to the Act.
Policy and Legal Framework 9 | P a g e
Land Acquisition Act, 1894 This Legislation relates to land acquisition and compensation. The LAA 1894 is, however, is limited to a cash compensation policy for the acquisition of land and built-up property and damage to other owned assets, such as crops, trees and infrastructure. The LAA does not consider the rehabilitation and resettlement of disrupted populations and the restoration of their livelihoods.
The Pollution Charge for
Industries (calculation and
Collection) Rules 2001
Related to methods for evaluation and collection of fee for not meeting environmental standards.
The Sindh Forest Act 2012 The law requires review and revision to meet the challenges of management and empower the forest managers to carryout management interventions with full legal support. The new legal instrument should amply address the provision and requirements of UNFCCC, CBD and Convention on Combating Desertification. Legal aspects of carbon sequestration and carbon credit marketing should also be kept in view.
The Cutting of Trees
(prohibition) Act, 1992
It mandates that no person shall, without prior written approval from authorized officer shall cut, fell or damage trees growing in: First Zone (Area adjacent to and beyond the external frontier of Pakistan to a line at four kilometers measured from the external frontiers of Pakistan) if the number of remaining trees in any field falls short of the number to be calculated at the rate of fifteen trees per acre; and Second Zone (Area adjacent to and beyond the first one extending towards Pakistan to a line at four kilometers measured from the first zone) if the number of remaining trees in any field falls short of the number to be calculated at the rate of ten trees per acre.
Sindh Wildlife Protection
Ordinance, 1972 (SWPO)
This ordinance provides for the preservation, protection and conservation of wildlife by the formation and management of protected areas and prohibition of hunting of wildlife species declared protected under the ordinance. The ordinance also specifies three broad classifications of the protected areas; national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and game reserves. Activities such as hunting and breaking of land for mining are prohibited in national parks, as are removing vegetation or polluting water flowing through the park. Wildlife sanctuaries are areas that have been set aside as undisturbed breeding grounds and cultivation and grazing is prohibited in the demarked areas. Nobody is allowed to reside in a wildlife sanctuary and entrance for the general public is by special dispensation. However, these restrictions may be relaxed for scientific purpose or betterment of the respective area on the discretion of the governing authority in exceptional circumstances. Game reserves are designated as areas where hunting and shooting is not allowed except under special permits.
Policy and Legal Framework 10 | P a g e
Hazardous Substance Rule,
2014
These Rules were notified to streamline procedures for issuance of licenses to industries / businesses that generate hazardous waste, safety precautions for workers and devices them methods for the removal of hazardous wastes in an environmentally friendly manner. The rules also specify procedures to be adopted for import, transport and disposal of hazardous waste; and identify two hundred and forty-three hazardous substances and synthetic chemicals. The rules also specify the requirement of obtaining license from Sindh EPA for the import, transport, storage and disposal of hazardous substances as specified in the rules
2.6 Regulatory Clearances, Sindh EPA
67. In accordance with provincial regulatory requirements, an IEE/EIA satisfying the
requirements of the Sindh Environmental Protection Act (2014) is to be submitted to
Sindh environmental protection agency (SEPA) for review and approval, and
subsequent issuance of NOC before the commencement of construction.
2.7 Guidelines for Environmental Assessment, Pakistan EPA
68. The Pak-EPA has published a set of environmental guidelines for conducting
environmental assessments and the environmental management of different types of
development projects. The guidelines that are relevant to the proposed project are
listed below:
▪ Guidelines for the Preparation and Review of Environmental Reports, Pakistan,
EPA1997;
▪ Guidelines for Public Consultations; Pakistan EPA May 1997;
2.8 National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) 2000
69. The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS), 2000, specify the following
standards:
▪ Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (32 parameters) in municipal and
liquid industrial effluents discharged to inland waters, sewage treatment facilities,
and the sea (three separate sets of numbers);
▪ Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (16 parameters) in gaseous
emissions from industrial sources;
▪ Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (two parameters) in gaseous
emissions from vehicle exhaust and noise emission from vehicles;
▪ Maximum allowable noise levels from vehicles;
Policy and Legal Framework 11 | P a g e
70. These standards apply to the gaseous emissions and liquid effluents discharged by
batching plants, campsites and construction machinery. The standards for vehicles
will apply during the construction as well as operation phase of the project. Standards
for ambient air quality have also been prescribed.
2.9 Interaction with Other Agencies
71. The Transport & Mass Transit Department (TMTD), GoS is responsible for ensuring
that the project complies with the laws and regulations controlling the environmental
concerns of the Staging facility construction and operation and that all
preconstruction requisites, such as permits and clearances are met.
2.10 Provincial EPAs
72. TMTD will be responsible for providing the complete environmental documentation
required by the SEPA and remain committed to the approved project design. No
deviation is permitted during project implementation without prior and explicit
permission of the SEPA.
2.11 Provincial Departments of Forests and Wildlife
73. No uprooting or clearing of trees is expected for the proposed project. However, any
removed trees or vegetation under private ownership will be compensated as per
provision that in case of disruption to vegetation or trees, the project contractor will
be responsible for acquiring a 'No-Objection Certificate' (NOC) from the concerned
forest department. The application for an NOC will need to be endorsed by the
TMTD.
2.12 Provincial Governments
74. The TMTD and its contractors must ensure that the project meets the criteria of
provincial/district governments as related to the establishment of construction camps
and plants, and the safe disposal of wastewater, solid waste, and toxic materials.
TMTD will coordinate and monitor environment related issues.
2.13 ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009
75. The ADB’s SPS 2009 requires that environmental considerations be incorporated
into ADB funded projects to ensure that the project will have minimal environmental
impacts and be environmentally sound. Occupational health & safety of the local
population should also be addressed as well as the project workers as stated in SPS.
A Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) to receive application and facilitate
resolution of affected peoples’ concerns, complaints, and grievances about the
project’s environmental performance is also established.
76. All loans and investments are subject to categorization to determine environmental
assessment requirements. Categorization is to be undertaken using Rapid
Environmental Assessment (REA) checklists, consisting of questions relating to (i)
the sensitivity and vulnerability of environmental resources in project area, and (ii) the
Policy and Legal Framework 12 | P a g e
potential for the project to cause significant adverse environmental impacts. Projects
are classified into one of the following environmental categories:
Category A: A proposed project is classified as category A if it is likely to have
significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse or
unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area larger than the sites or facilities
subject to physical works. An environmental impact assessment (EIA) is required.
Category B: A proposed project is classified as category B if its potential adverse
environmental impacts are less adverse than those of category A projects. These
impacts are site-specific, few if any of them are irreversible, and in most cases
mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for category A projects. An
initial environmental examination (IEE) is required.
Category C: A proposed project is classified as category C if it is likely to have
minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. No environmental assessment is
required although environmental implications need to be reviewed.
Category FI: A proposed project is classified as category FI if it involves investment
of ADB funds to or through a financial intermediary (FI).
2.14 ADB’s Access to Information Policy (AIP) 2018
77. ADB’s new Access to Information Policy (AIP), reflects the ADB’s ongoing commitment to transparency, accountability, and participation by stakeholders. The
policy contains principles and exceptions to information sharing with external
stakeholders, led by a new overarching principle of “clear, timely, and appropriate disclosure.”
2.15 ADB’s Accountability Mechanism Policy 2012
78. The objectives of the Accountability Mechanism is providing an independent and
effective forum for people adversely affected by ADB-assisted projects to voice their
concerns and seek solutions to their problems, and to request compliance review of
the alleged noncompliance by ADB with its operational policies and procedures that
may have caused, or is likely to cause, them direct and material harm. The
Accountability Mechanism is a “last resort” mechanism.
2.16 Implications of ADB’s safeguard policies on proposed project
79. The objectives of ADB’s safeguards are to:
▪ avoid adverse impacts of projects on the environment and affected people, where
possible;
▪ minimize, mitigate, and/or compensate for adverse project impacts on the
environment and affected people when avoidance is not possible; and
▪ help borrowers/clients to strengthen their safeguard systems.
Policy and Legal Framework 13 | P a g e
80. ADB’s SPS sets out the policy objectives, scope and triggers, and principles for three
key safeguard areas:
▪ environmental safeguards,
▪ involuntary resettlement safeguards, and
▪ Indigenous Peoples safeguards.
81. The objective of the environmental safeguards is to ensure the environmental
soundness and sustainability of projects and to support the integration of
environmental considerations into the project decision-making process. ADB’s policy principles are summarized in Table 2.2 below.
Table 2.2: ADB Policy Principles
Policy principle Summary
1 Screening and
categorization
Screening process initiated early to determine the
appropriate extent and type of environmental
assessment.
2 Environmental
assessment
Conduct an environmental assessment to identify
potential impacts and risks in the context of the
project’s area of influence.
3 Alternatives Examine alternatives to the project’s location, design, technology, and components and their potential
environmental and social impacts, including no
project alternative.
4 Impact mitigation Avoid, and where avoidance is not possible,
minimize, mitigate, and/or offset adverse impacts and
enhance positive impacts. Prepare an environmental
management plan (EMP).
5 Public consultations Carry out meaningful consultation with affected
people and facilitate their informed participation.
Involve stakeholders early in the project preparation
process and ensure that their views and concerns are
made known to and understood by decision makers
and taken into account. Continue consultations with
stakeholders throughout project implementation.
Establish a grievance redress mechanism.
6 Disclosure of
environmental
Disclose a draft environmental assessment in a
timely manner, in an accessible place and in a form
and language(s) understandable to stakeholders.
Policy and Legal Framework 14 | P a g e
assessment Disclose the final environmental assessment to
stakeholders.
7 Environmental
management plan
Implement the EMP and monitor its effectiveness.
Document monitoring results, and disclose
monitoring reports.
8 Biodiversity Do not implement project activities in areas of critical
habitats.
9 Pollution prevention Apply pollution prevention and control technologies
and practices consistent with international good
practices. Adopt cleaner production processes and
good energy efficiency practices. Avoid pollution, or,
when avoidance is not possible, minimize or control
the intensity or load of pollutant emissions and
discharges. Avoid the use of hazardous materials
subject to international bans or phaseouts.
10 Occupational health and
safety
Community safety.
Provide workers with safe and healthy working
conditions and prevent accidents, injuries, and
disease. Establish preventive and emergency
preparedness and response measures to avoid, and
where avoidance is not possible, to minimize,
adverse impacts and risks to the health and safety of
local communities
11 Physical cultural
resources
Conserve physical cultural resources and avoid
destroying or damaging them. Provide for the use of
“chance find” procedures.
2.17 Comparison of International and Local Environmental Legislations
82. The ADB SPS requires application of pollution prevention and control technologies
and practices consistent with international good practice, as reflected in internationally
recognized standards. The SPS states that when host country regulations differ from
these standards, the EA will achieve whichever is more stringent.
83. In order to select the most stringent standards applicable, a mix of local (NEQS) and
international (IFC) regulations have been selected. The IFC Environmental, Health,
and Safety (EHS) Guidelines, General EHS Guidelines: Environmental, Noise
Management has noise level guidelines for daytime and nighttime, which are
applicable. Considering the high baseline noise levels in the project area, it shall be
ensured that the increase in noise levels is minimized as far as possible. Also, project
related noise levels in the project area are not allowed to increase the existing levels
Policy and Legal Framework 15 | P a g e
by 3 dB or more. Furthermore, it shall be ensured that all necessary noise mitigation
measures are implemented to minimize the noise levels in the project area.
84. The Table 2.3 presents IFC workplace noise standards that are applicable to the
construction workers. It should also be noted that IFC EHS guidelines advise that
where existing ambient noise levels already exceed thresholds, the Project should not
result in an increase of more than 3 dB over existing ambient noise at the nearest
receptor location off-site.
85. Since measured existing background noise levels along the project alignment in
average are 85 dB during the daytime and 79 dB during the nighttime, per IFC
guidelines, noise limits could be set at 3 dB above these existing background levels.
Therefore, average hourly daytime limit could be 88 dB and nighttime limit could be 82
dB.
86. A comparison of applicable local and international guidelines for ambient air quality
has been provided in Table 2.4 below. In the case of most pollutants, the NEQS
standards for ambient air quality are more stringent in comparison to USEPA and
WHO/IFC standards. The applicable and most stringent parameters for each
respective pollutant are highlighted in green.
87. Similar to the standards for air quality, the comparison of noise standards provided in
Table 2.5 clearly shows that NEQS standards for noise are more stringent in
comparison to the IFC standards. The only exception is the daytime noise level
standard for Industrial areas where the IFC standard is more stringent (70 dB(A)) in
comparison to NEQS (75 dB(A)) and so for this particular parameter, the IFC standard
will be used. Apart from this one exception, the NEQS standards have been used for
the proposed BRT project.
88. As far as regulations regarding other environmental parameters are concerned such
as acceptable effluent disposal parameters, the local regulations i.e. NEQS take
precedence over any other international regulations such as IFC.
Table 2.3: IFC Work Environment Noise limits
Type of Work, workplace IFC General EHS Guidelines
Heavy Industry (no demand for oral communication) 85 Equivalent level Leq,8h
Light industry (decreasing demand for oral communication)
50-65 Equivalent level Leq,8h
Policy and Legal Framework 16 | P a g e
Table 2.4: Comparison of International and local Air Quality Standards*
Pollutants
USEPA WHO/IFC Pak. NEQS
Avg. Time Standard Avg. Time Standard Avg. Time Standard
SO2
3 hrs
1 hr
0.5 ppm
75 ppb
24 hr
10 min
20 ug/m3
500 ug/m3
Annual Mean
24 hrs
80 ug/m3
120 ug/m3
CO
8 hrs
1 hr
9 ppm (11
mg/m3)
35 ppm (43
mg/m3)
- -
8 hrs
1 hr
5 mg/m3
10 mg/m3
NO2
Annual
Mean
1 hr
100 ug/m3 (53
ppb)
100 ppb
1 yr
1 hr
40 ug/m3
200 ug/m3
Annual Mean
24 hrs
40 ug/m3
80 ug/m3
O3 8 hrs 0.07ppm (148
ug/m3)
8 hrs
100 ug/m3
1 hr
130 ug/m3
TSP - - - -
Annual Mean
24 hrs
360 ug/m3
500 ug/m3
PM10 24 hrs 150 ug/m3 1 yr 20 ug/m3 Annual Mean 120 ug/m3
Policy and Legal Framework 17 | P a g e
*: The standards highlighted in green for each respective pollutant are the most stringent based on a comparison between local and international
regulations and thus shall be applicable for the proposed project.
* In instances where the airshed is significantly degraded and the pollutant levels are already exceeding the ambient pollutant concentrations provided in the table
above, it shall be ensured that the project activities cause as small an increase in pollution levels as feasible, and amounts to a fraction of the applicable short term and
annual average air quality guidelines or standards as established in the project specific environmental assessment.
24 hr 50 ug/m3 24 hrs 150 ug/m3
PM2.5
Annual
Mean
24 hrs
15 ug/m3
35 ug/m3
1 yr
24 hr
10 ug/m3
25 ug/m3
Annual Average
24 hrs
1 hr
15 ug/m3
35 ug/m3
15 ug/m3
Policy and Legal Framework 18 | P a g e
Table 2.5: Comparison of International and Local Noise Standards
*: The standards highlighted in green for each respective Area/Zone are the most stringent based on a comparison between local and international regulations and thus shall be
applicable for the proposed project.
* In instances where baseline noise levels are already exceeding the standards above, it will need to be ensured that the project activities do not cause an increment of more than 3
dB(A) from the baseline noise levels.
Category of Area/Zone
Limit in dB(A) Leq
NEQS WHO/IFC
Day Time
06:00 – 22:00
Night Time
22:00-06:00
Day Time
07:00 – 22:00
Night Time
22:00-07:00
Residential area (A) 55 45 55 45
Commercial area (B) 65 55 70 70
Industrial area (C) 75 65 70 70
Silence zone (D) 50 45 55 45
Description of the Project 19 | P a g e
3 Description of the Project
3.1 Project Overview
89. The development of a BRT vehicle staging facility under the Karachi Goan
Association (KGA) ground, adjacent to Numaish station is being considered with the
layouts of the proposed facility provided as Figures 3.1 to 3.3 below. The KGA
ground will be reconfigured to house an underground commercial area as well as a
staging facility for the BRT network. The total floor area of KGA mezzanine level is
23,520 square meters.
90. The existing structures on the KGA ground will need to be demolished during
construction, the concept design proposes to reconstruct the ground and its
associated facilities on top of the Mezzanine floor at ground level.
91. The staging facility is proposed to be constructed at the KGA ground, which will be an
underground facility consisting of 2 floors having a basement or the underground level
which will be used for bus lanes, drivers sitting area, dispatch center and washrooms.
The Mezzanine level will be for the commuters and will have the ticketing booths,
waiting and commercial areas.
92. It will also provide ease of transfer of passengers from one line to the other and
include parking lots for the buses, maintenance of buses, offices, ticketing booth,
waiting areas and turnaround facility for the routes that terminate at Numaish.
93. As all BRT corridors converge at Numaish station, this location holds importance in
permitting customer interchange between routes. This area also holds importance as
a BRT vehicle staging facility for the following reasons:
▪ Since limited space is available along the M. A. Jinnah Road to hold BRT vehicles,
in order to cater the difference in demand between peak and off-peak periods,
Numaish is an ideal location to stage vehicles and thus optimize operations.
▪ A staging facility at Numaish shall ensure interoperability between all corridors by
ensuring physical and operational integration.
▪ A large number of BRT vehicles and people will pass through Numaish station;
this gives Numaish an additional significance for potential Transit-Oriented
Development (ToD).
94. Commercial activities within the system will not only enhance non-fare revenue, but
also provide a sense of security around the station area.
Project Need
95. The staging facility will help in optimizing and adjusting fleet operations as the
demand varies along the day. Additionally, it shall provide a turnaround facility for
Description of the Project 20 | P a g e
routes that terminate at Numaish, and will thus reduce the dead mileage for
operations without passengers.
3.2 Justification and Need for Project
96. The staging facility will help in optimizing and adjusting fleet operations as the
demand varies along the day. Additionally, it shall provide a turnaround facility for
routes that terminate at Numaish, and will thus reduce the dead mileage for
operations without passengers.
97. It is important to mention that the Staging Facility shall be a part of the overall Karachi
BRT system, which will deliver a sustainable urban transport system that focuses on
accessibility and people's mobility needs. The BRT system will aim to organize urban
growth and public space along the BRT corridors through integration of land-use and
transport planning, improving quality of life, and providing a holistic solution for
integrated urban mobility. The purpose of this project is to develop a sustainable
urban transport system that delivers fast, affordable, comfortable, safe, and secure
services to all.
3.3 Project Construction Schedule
98. The project construction phase is expected to last for a total of 12 months with the
activity expected to commence in the third quarter of 2019 and completed by the third
quarter of 2020.
3.4 Construction Camps and Work Force
99. The construction activity is expected to span over approximately twelve months.
There shall be a number of contracts for a variety of works. The selected Contractor
shall have the option to select suitable site(s) located near the project site to establish
his labor camps.
100. The work bases shall be setup by the contractor in consultation with the engineering
teams. Essential for the work bases is easy approach, availability of a suitable place
for temporary storage of material and availability of water for construction in the
vicinity. Presence of shade from trees close to the work bases can add to the comfort
of the labor while taking rest during the hot season.
101. The location of storage materials and camps will be critical. Since the project
contractor(s) will be responsible for identifying the suitable locations for storage and
labor camps from the private sector, thus there will need to be clear guidelines for this
process, which will need to be closely monitored by the implementing agency. As far
as possible, the project design team shall be assigned the task to identify the suitable
location(s) for storage of materials since inappropriate storage of materials may result
disruption of the traffic movement.
Description of the Project 21 | P a g e
Figure 3.1: Layout of Mezzanine Level of Staging Facility
Description of the Project 22 | P a g e
Figure 3.2: Layout of Ground Floor of Staging Facility
Description of the Project 23 | P a g e
Figure 3.3: Detailed Layout of Proposed Staging Facility
Description of the Project 24 | P a g e
3.5 Machinery Requirement
102. For storing materials, stocking equipment and parking machinery and vehicles, the
Contractor shall require open and accessible sites close to the labor camps. The
Contractor, at his own expense, but keeping in view his contractual obligations to
honor the NEQS regarding level of pollution, shall make the arrangements.
Description of Environment (25)24 July 2019
4 Description of Environment
4.1 General
103. The description of various features of the project area environment including the
physical, ecological, cultural and socio-economic environmental aspects are
presented in the following sub-sections.
4.2 Physical Resources
4.2.1 Meteorological Parameters
104. Karachi is located just above the tropical zone on the coast of the Arabian Sea at
24.9 N latitude and 67.13 E longitude at about 20 m ASL (airport weather station). It is
classified as BWh (arid/desert/hot) under the Köppen system. According to Budyko’s criteria, Karachi is characterized by the following parameters:
▪ Radiation index of Dryness: 7.54
▪ Budyko Evaporation 211 mm/year
▪ Budyko Runoff 1 mm/year
▪ Budyko Evaporation 99.5 %
▪ Budyko Runoff 0.5 %
105. The best estimate of annual rainfall is 212 mm. Net moisture allowance follows the
pattern shown in the Figure 4-1 below and as can be seen, precipitation is exceeded
by evapotranspiration for every month (arid/desert), hence, it is only during heavy
rains that Karachi experiences runoff. Note that these values as well as other data in
this section are long term averages compiled by the FAO and available through its
“Climate Estimator”1. No particular year is represented in Figure 4-1 below. On the
other hand, Figure 4-2 depicts the last 9 years maximum and minimum precipitation
at Karachi.
1 The FAO Climate Estimator is a software program and database that provides estimates of average climatic conditions at
locations throughout the world. The program can be used to create climatic maps and extract data in various formats for further processing, available at http://www.fao.org/nr/climpag/pub/en3_051002_en.asp.
Description of Environment 26 | P a g e
Figure 4-1: Monthly Average Precipitation (mm) and Evapotranspiration (mm) at Karachi Airport
Figure 4-2: Minimum and maximum Precipitation (mm) and Evapotranspiration (mm) at Karachi (2009-2018)
Source: Pakistan Metrological Department
106. The temperature ranges are shown in Figure 4-3 below. Cool weather can prevail
during the night from November through March; however, daytime temperatures are
generally hot. Temperatures may reach 40°C during May (considered the hottest
month), and extreme temperatures of greater than 45°C are not uncommon. No
0 days
25 days
50 days
75 days
100 days
Description of Environment (27)24 July 2019
particular year is represented in Figure 4-3 below. On the other hand, the Figure 4-4
depicts the last 9 years maximum, minimum and average temperature of Karachi.
Figure 4-3: Monthly Averages for Mean, Maximum and Minimum Temperatures (Deg-C) at Karachi Airport
Figure 4-4: minimum, maximum and average temperature of Karachi (2009-2018)
Source: Pakistan Metrological Department
107. Despite arid conditions, humidity is relatively high throughout the year. The average
annual relative humidity is 75.9% and average monthly relative humidity ranges from
Description of Environment 28 | P a g e
60% in December to 85% in August (Table 4-1). The Figure 4-5 depicts the last 9 years
average cloud and humidity of Karachi.
Table 4-1: Humidity and Dew Point Temperature for Karachi
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Aver
Relative Humidity (%) 61 70 77 79 83 83 83 85 84 79 67 60 75.9
Average Dew Point
Temperature °C ( °F)
12.2
(53.9)
15.4
(59.8)
20.2
(68.4)
23.2
(73.8)
26
(78.8)
27.5
(81.5)
26.6
(79.9)
25.7
(78.3)
25
(77.1)
23.5
(74.4)
18.6
(65.6)
13.4
(56.1)
21.5
(70.6)
InterpretationComfor
table
Comfor
tableHumid
Very
humid
Severely
high
Severely
high
Severely
highM uggy M uggy
Very
humidHumid
Comfor
table
Very
humid
Figure 4-5 Average cloud and Humidity of Karachi (2009-2018)
Source: Pakistan Metrological Department
108. Karachi weather is considered pleasant by some due to its breeze from the sea. The
wind speed has highest velocities during the summer months, when the direction is
south-west to west. The last nine years’ maximum and average wind speeds are
given in Figure 4-6 and the Onshore winds from the Arabian Sea contribute to humid
conditions, with winds from the west-southwest and southwest being 57% of the time
and are depicted in the wind rose in
109.
110.
Description of Environment (29)24 July 2019
111. Figure 4-7 below.
Figure 4-6: maximum and average wind speed of Karachi (2009-2018)
Description of Environment 30 | P a g e
Source: Pakistan Metrological Department
Figure 4-7: Annual Wind Rose for Karachi
4.2.2 Air Quality
112. The main sources of air pollution in Karachi include motor vehicles, uncontrolled
waste burning, and industry, including metal working shops, chemical and
engineering works, an oil refinery, railroad yards, jute and textile factories, printing
and publishing plants, and food processing plants. Re-suspended dust, and small
scale unlicensed businesses using ‘dirty fuels’ for manufacturing and production purposes are also contributors.
113. Air pollutant emissions are directly related to fuel consumption. Pakistan’s consumption of petroleum products is growing at 6 per cent annually, of which one-
half is consumed by the transport sector. The high content of sulphur in diesel (0.5-1
%) and furnace oil (1-3.5 %) is a major contributor to air pollution. Energy from waste
fuels such as waste paper, wood and textile waste contribute a disproportionate load.
Industrial emissions are further compounded by the widespread use of small diesel
generators in commercial and residential areas in response to the poor reliability of
electricity supplies. (Hashmi, et.al 2005)
114. Air pollution from vehicles is severe, with high concentrations gaseous emissions,
and fine particulate that cause respiratory problems for an exposed population. The
number of diesel trucks and buses has increased. A major share of the emission load
from motor vehicles can be attributed to low quality diesel fuel and oil burning two-
stroke engines.
Description of Environment (31)24 July 2019
115. To offset this trend, Karachi has witnessed an increase in vehicles fuelled by
compressed natural gas (CNG) in recent years and many formerly diesel fuelled
vehicles have been converted to run on CNG. However, there has been a greater
increase in traffic overall and Karachi has a preponderance of old buses that run on
diesel fuel and produce high emissions. Buses and trucks cause significant air
pollution and since the main sources of pollutants are traffic, and traffic has increased
on the Red Line corridor, it is assumed that air quality has deteriorated as a result.
116. The main air pollutants in Karachi City are nitrogen oxides (NOX) sulphur dioxide
(SO2) particulate matter (PM10, PM with diameter of 10 microns or smaller and PM2.5,
i.e. PM 2.5 microns or smaller) and carbon monoxide (CO). Motor vehicles are the
major source of PM pollution. Most of the PM pollution (>80%) comes from diesel-run
vehicles. Sindh Environmental Quality Standards (SEQS) for these parameters in
addition to lead (Pb) and ozone (O3) are set by the Government and have been
promulgated at provincial level by the Government of Sindh as well as standards for
vehicle emissions in line with Euro II. Finally, the Government has promulgated
tailpipe emissions standards.
117. The EPA certified and well-reputed laboratory, SUPARCO, was engaged to conduct
monitoring for ambient air quality near the proposed project site for the Staging facility
development with the results provided as Annexure H.
The location selected for the monitoring activity is shown on the map as Figure 4.8
below.
Description of Environment 32 | P a g e
Figure 4.8: Monitoring Location for Ambient Air Quality and Noise Levels
Description of Environment (33)24 July 2019
118. Detailed 24 hourly ambient air quality monitoring at the proposed project site for the
Staging facility has been conducted and the results of this monitoring are provided as
Table 4.3 below. Furthermore, a comparison of these monitoring results with the
applicable air quality guidelines is also presented in Table 4.4 below. As can be
observed, SO2, PM2.5 and PM10 are already exceeding the permissible limits, which
indicates that the airshed is already quite degraded. Thus, all possible efforts will
need to be made during the construction phase through adoption of best practices to
minimize any further worsening of the pollutant concentrations in the airshed of the
project area.
4.2.3 Noise
119. Traffic is a major contributor of noise pollution in all the big cities of the World.
Karachi is noted for its high level of noise from improperly maintained vehicles, weak
and ineffective noise pollution regulations and lack of enforcement.
120. The results of this monitoring activity are provided in Table 4.2 below. Since the
ambient noise levels have been observed to be exceeding the permissible levels, thus
it will need to be ensured as part of the mitigation measures that during the
construction works, at no time shall the noise levels be permitted to exceed 3 dB from
the ambient noise levels.
Table 4.2: Ambient Noise Monitoring Results (24 hrs) at Staging Facility Project Site
Monitoring Location Parameter Noise Reading Results
Day Time Readings (0600 to 2200)
Staging Facility Project Site dB(A) Leq* 76.3
Night Time Readings (2200 to 0600)
Staging Facility Project Site dB(A) Leq* 67.6
Source: SUPARCO Monitoring Report, June 2019
*dB(A) Leq: Time weighted average level of sound in decibel on scale which is relatable to human hearing
4.2.4 Climate Change and Effects
121. Climate change acting hand-in-hand with urban dislocation and growth promises to
exert a significant negative impact on Karachi’s urban infrastructure systems and services, its built environment and ecosystem services, and therefore on its urban
population and economy. As one of the region’s coastal mega cities, which includes
Manila, Bangkok, Jakarta, Mumbai and Shanghai, Karachi will face increased flooding
and damage from unpredictable weather patterns along with other forms of extreme
event including drought with attendant risks on water supply, heat waves with
attendant effect on fuel consumption and water use, sea level rise that impacts
mangrove and other ecosystems, flood water removal, and complicity with tropical
cyclones. (Anwar 2012)
Description of Environment 34 | P a g e
122. Another prominent study (Hasan et.al. 2017) maintains that Karachi, being a city of
migrants located in the midst of an alien and unwelcoming province, suffers from a
disconnect of governance that bodes ill for dealing with the effects of climate change:
“Of the estimated 3.35 million ‘illegal’ immigrants in Pakistan, 75 per cent (or 2.5
million) are settled in more than 100 migrant-concentrated residential areas in
Karachi. Living conditions in these settlements are mostly cramped, and services
such as clean drinking water, sanitation and solid waste disposal are hard to come by.
Research from the region suggests that processes and structures of unplanned rapid
urbanisation, environmental change and social exclusion reinforce urban vulnerability
for migrants.” (p. 6)
123. The report concludes with recommendations to enhance capacity and political
support for institutional reforms, reconstitute the low-cost housing market and support
private and public-sector cooperation in health and housing provision, as means for
reducing vulnerabilities among the Katchi Abadi population.
Description of Environment (35)24 July 2019
Table 4.3: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results (24 hrs) at Staging Facility Proposed Location
Monitoring Location Parameter
NO
(ug/m3)
NO2
(ug/m3)
CO
(ug/m3)
SO2
(ug/m3)
O3
(ug/m3)
PM2.5
(ug/m3)
PM10
(ug/m3)
SPM
(ug/m3)
Staging Facility
Project Site
Min 5.6 25.0 2.2 16.0 5.7
61.5 133.8 385.6 Max 19.6 98.0 6.4 30.0 31.5
Average 11.5 58.5 3.5 24.0 16.7
Source: SUPARCO Monitoring Report, June 2019
Table 4.4: Comparison of ambient air quality results versus applicable Air Quality standards
Monitoring Location Parameter
NO
(ug/m3)
NO2
(ug/m3)
CO
(ug/m3)
SO2
(ug/m3)
O3
(ug/m3)
PM2.5
(ug/m3)
PM10
(ug/m3)
SPM
(ug/m3)
Applicable Guideline
(ug/m3) for 24 hrs - 80 - 20 - 25 50 500
Staging Facility
Project Site
Min 5.6 25.0 2.2 16.0 5.7
61.5 133.8 385.6 Max 19.6 98.0 6.4 30.0 31.5
Average 11.5 58.5 3.5 24.0 16.7
Exceeding applicable guidelines for acceptable pollutant levels Within’ applicable guidelines for acceptable pollutant levels
Description of Environment 36 | P a g e
Figure 4-9: Katchi Settlements Flooded and Dry
4.3 Geology, Soils and Groundwater
124. The physical features of Karachi and the hinterland in southern Sindh includes
plains, hills, rivers, valleys and coasts. The city covers an area of approximately 3,530
km2, comprised largely of flat or rolling plains, with hills on the west and north
demarcating the limits of urban expansion.
125. The Arabian sea beaches line the southern coastline of Karachi. Dense mangroves
and creeks of the Indus Delta can be found toward the southeast along the coast.
Cape Monze, an area marked with projecting sea cliffs and rocky sandstone
promontories is located toward the North West. Beaches can also be found in this
area including nesting locations for the green turtle, like Hawkes Bay.
126. Rocks ranging in age from Eocene to recent, deposited under shallow marine deltaic
conditions are exposed. Karachi is a part of major synclinorium stretching from
Ranpathani River in the east to Cape Monze in the west. (Hamid et.al. 2013) Mehar
and Mol mountains lie in the north. Within the synclinorium a number of formations
are exposed. The Geotechnical report prepared for the BRT-Red Line project (MML
2018) identifies these as:
▪ Kirthar Formation (Eocene) ▪ Nari Formation (Oligocene)
▪ Gaj Formation (Miocene) ▪ Mancher Formation (Pliocene)
▪ Dada Formation (Pleistocene) ▪ Terrace Deposits
▪ Piedmont and Sub-piedmont Deposits
127. The geological map of Karachi and surrounding areas is attached as Figure 4-10
below. Various rock formations have been folded to form anticlinal hills and synclinal
valleys, with moderate to gentle dips. The fold axes run approximately north-east to
south west and there are two main zones. The first zone is to the east and northeast
and is characterized by relatively more intense folding and faulting. Rocks ranging in
age from Palaeocene to Oligocene are also exposed in this zone. The second zone is
located in the center and to the west and southwest and comprises a large area that
opens towards the south and consists of horizontal or near horizontal strata that form
gentle undulations in the form of synclines and anticlines with low dips of 2 to 6
degrees (rarely up to 10 degrees). These folds have a general southward plunging
direction.
128. According to the geological map, most of the project lies in the TMG designation,
comprised of shales and limestones of the Gaj formation in the Kirthar range. The Gaj
Formation is divided into Lower (Mol) and Upper (Sharji) members. The lower
Description of Environment (37)24 July 2019
member (Mol) is comprised of clay in the lower part and limestone in the upper part.
The limestone unit is very hard, thinly-bedded, light brown to cream colored, massive
and nodular. It is siliceous in some parts and may be fossiliferous, coralline and
chalky where found exposed in a weathered escarpment. It is generally about 68 m
thick and decreases in thickness toward the east. The Gaj formation, whether
exposed or underground, encompasses most of Karachi and in particular around the
project area.
4.3.1 Seismic activity
129. Karachi is located in a moderate earthquake zone. Pakistan falls into three seismic
zones. Zone-III is the most severe and Zone-I the least. The Karachi Building Control
Authority has placed Karachi in Zone-II. Based on the actual events, past
observations of fault movement and other geological activities, Karachi is situated in a
region where moderate earthquakes may occur of magnitude 5.0 to 6.0 equivalent to
intensity between VII and VIII on Modified Mercallis Scale (M).
130. On the basis of earthquakes experienced from 1970 to 2005 (see Figure 4-11), four
seismically active zones have been identified in and around Karachi. One seismic
zone lies to the west of Karachi, shown as the Ornach Nal Fault merging into the
regional Chaman Fault. The zone extends southwest into the Arabian sea and is
aligned with the submarine Murray Ridge; to the north it extends towards Uthal-Bela
areas. No large earthquake is known historically on the Ornach Nal system.
131. The second seismic zone follows the south-eastern margin of Kirthar Range from the
north to the south, swinging ultimately towards the southwest. This zone includes
Thano Bula Khan, Lakhra, Jhimpir, Jungshahi, Thatta and areas further south. The
third zone passes across the eastern vicinity of Badin in the northeast-southwest
direction along the eastern margin of the Indus Delta. The fourth seismic zone
straddles the Pakistan-India border. Earthquakes of low to moderate magnitudes —
3.1M to 4.0M and 4.1M to 5.0M — dominate in these zones. (Sarwar and Alizai 2013)
Quakes of higher magnitudes (above 5.0M) take place to the southeast in the Rann of
Kutch, which is a known high-risk area. Records show that earthquakes of low to
moderate magnitudes have occurred in the following zones – Murray Ridge-
Sonmiani-Uthal, south-eastern Kirthar, and NESW Badin. Moderate magnitude
earthquakes in Jangshahi, Thatta, Jhimpir and Thano Bula Khan Area produce low to
moderate intensity shocks in Karachi, as experienced in 1985.
132. The seismic zoning for Karachi was revised after the 2005 earthquake. Probabilistic
Seismic Hazard Assessment (PSHA) carried out for revision of seismic provisions of
the Building Code of Pakistan shows that Karachi falls in Zone 2B. The Zone 2B has
Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) in the range of 0.16g to 0.24g for a return period of
475 years and is considered to be at ‘Moderate’ risk of a major earthquake event. It is
recommended that project structures be designed for the requirements of Zone 2B.
(MML 2018)
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Figure 4-10: Geological Map of Karachi and Surrounding Area
Description of Environment 39 | P a g e
133. Some earthquakes of more than 4M have taken place in the west of Karachi in the
Arabian sea but the earthquakes were not felt in Karachi. The great Bhuj earthquake
of 2001, measured 8.0 on the Richter scale and caused enormous damage in
Ahmedabad and its surrounding areas but did not cause much damage in Karachi or
Hyderabad; even though these two Pakistani cities are situated not far away from the
epicentre at Ahmedabad. (Bilham et.al. 2007)
134. Bilham et.al. (2007) traces the historical record with the destruction of the major
population centre of Bhaminabad around 980 A.D., and other major seismic events, to
show the potential for a major earthquake in the Karachi area. Sarwar and Alizai
(2013) support the hypothesis of increasing activity among faults and subduction
zones near Karachi, and the potential for tsunamis to add to the earthquake threat.
Figure 4-11: Historical Reconstruction of Earthquakes in the Vicinity of Karachi and Southern Pakistan
From Bilham et.al. 2007
4.4 Hydrology, Water Quality and Sediment
135. Four drainage systems are said to encompass Karachi City, the Lyari, the Malir, the
Budnai, and small streams referred to collectively as the coastal basin. These can be
seen generally on the following map (Figure 4-12). The Malir River Basin and the
Lyari River Basin contribute about 80% of the surface runoff from the City.
Description of Environment 40 | P a g e
136. Thus, the natural drainage system of Karachi city includes mainly the tributaries of
the Malir and Lyari rivers. While these are perennial streams, instream flow is
intermittent, and fresh water inflow depends on rainfall and runoff; both rivers also
intercept discharges from sewer lines and outfalls and carry sewage to the sea from
all parts of the City. The Budnai Basin and the Coastal Basin are minor basins. The
Malir river flows from the east towards the south and centre, and the Lyari river
stretches from north of the city to the southwest ending in the Arabian Sea. Karachi
Harbour is another hydrographic landmark, and is a sheltered bay to the southwest of
the city, protected from storms by Sandpit Beach, Manora Island and Oyster Rocks.
137. Drainage channels collect surface runoff through hundreds of small/large side
channels and lined nullahs (drains) that serve as important components of the
drainage network. These are generally dry built channels and streambeds that flow
into the main rivers described above. Whenever a heavy rain takes place, the huge
amount of runoff that course through these channels may cause the rivers to overflow
their banks and spread over adjacent floodplains. In any event, the drainage network
of the city is severely stressed due to increased runoff from paved surfaces, and
encroachment on drainage channels.
138. The Lyari river is an ephemeral stream having a substantial catchment area starting
from as far back as the Badra range of hills, some 100 km north of the city. Its
catchment covers an area of 700 km2, out of which approximately 150 km2 is in the
metropolitan area.
139. The river is the main contributor to an estimated amount of 200 MGD of sewage that
enters the Arabian Sea. A large number of industries including leather tanning units,
pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, refineries, chemical, textile, paper and pulp,
engineering works and thermal power stations, located along the river, regularly
discharge their untreated industrial waste, including the waste flows from the SITE
industrial estate in Orangi that flows via the Orangi Nala to the Lyari and thence to the
ocean. (Nergis et.al. 2013) A range of contaminants affect the marine ecology along
the coastal shelf.
140. Malir river is shorter with a smaller drainage area. It is ephemeral and is constituted
from two major tributaries, the Mol and Khadeji, as well as some minor tributaries.
Khadeji is a perennial stream that originates at Khadeji falls and gains flow as it
travels across the Malir Basin. The Malir and Khadeji River basins include dry hill
torrents and flow depends upon precipitation during rains. Once the Malir enters
urban space, it receives large amounts of industrial effluent from the Korangi industrial
area, and discharges into the sea. Data by the World Bank (2006) report values of
650 and 1,250 mg-COD/L for the Lyari and Malir rivers, respectively.
Description of Environment (41) 24 July 2019
Figure 4-12: Generalized Schematic of Drainage Basins in Karachi Metropolitan Area
from Akhtar and Dhanani 2012.
4.4.1 Ground Water Quality
141. Karachi obtains its drinking water from the Indus river, about 120km to the east and
the Hub river in the west. Some limited groundwater is extracted for private use in the
Karachi area, but groundwater resources in the Karachi area are limited. The aquifers
close to the coastal belt are mostly saline and unusable for domestic purposes.
Aquifers near the Hub river are well developed and serve as sources of water for
agriculture and domestic use. The aquifers are estimated to lie at depths of 50-100 m.
4.4.2 Climate Vulnerability—Flooding
142. Despite dry conditions, flash flooding is common (see Figure 4-13). Pakistan’s regional flooding in 2010 left one-fifth of the country’s land area submerged. Flooding of Karachi on 1 Sept 2017 left 16 dead. These and other similar events seem not to
be addressed in a statistical fashion in the literature, though causative factors are
mentioned, including blocking of drainage channels through land encroachment by
both wealthy and poor inhabitants. Drainage is enough of a critical factor to be overly
compensated for in the design of streets for the more affluent parts of the city.
Description of Environment 42 | P a g e
Figure 4-13: Images of Flooding in Karachi
143. Although the climate of Karachi is arid and rainfall is low and highly variable,
whenever torrential rain comes and heavy rainfall occurs, within a short duration
surface runoff intensifies. This is because the rate of water percolation into soil is
lower than the amount of rainwater falling on the surface. Heavy showers take place
in the city either due to the effects of tropical storms usually in June, which rarely
affect coastal areas but bring heavy showers for short periods and cause flooding. As
the result of a tropical storm (6 June 2010), Karachi received 130 mm rain within a
day, which caused huge surface runoff. The heavy monsoon rain mostly occurs in
July and August and is the main cause of flooding in the city. However, its
reoccurrence is estimated to occur at between about 3 to 5-year intervals. Flood
affected areas of the city and areas susceptible to flooding include the old city areas
such as Kharadar, Mithadar, Bunder Road, Ram-swami and Arambagh.
4.5 Biological Resources
4.5.1 Flora
144. The definitive source of information on Karachi’s flora is Jafri (1966). In his taxonomy, he included 72 families, 249 genera and 403 species, excluding some of the
commonly cultivated and almost naturalized taxa. Work by Hussain et. al. (2010) and
others have documented species loss. Their assessment is that, for more than 35 %
of the species mentioned in Jafri’s Flora of Karachi can now be included in the Red
Data book for threatened species, and categorized as extinct, endangered,
vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, or threatened. (Hussain et.al. 2010)
Description of Environment (43) 24 July 2019
145. Hussain et.al. (2010) lists 16 native tree species that are threatened, 11 threatened
species of shrub, and 29 species of understory shrub species, also considered
threatened. Threatened woody climber species number 11, and herbaceous climbers
that are threatened number seven (7); while herbaceous plants (herbs) considered
threatened number 59. The authors state that among trees Tecomella undulata has
become locally extinct, along with three other tree species that are endangered, and
one (1) in the rare category (Mimosa hamata).
146. Some time back, Karachi University campus provided the best representation of the
flora of Karachi. As of 2010, many have been eradicated, so that the main repositories
remaining of Karachi’s native and indigenous plants are in the protected and enclosed
areas of Malir cantonment, Shah Faisal cantonment, Masroor Airport area and
Korangi, and PAF base area. (Hussain et.al. 2010)
147. The principal habitats are arid hills and low lying sandy areas found in and between
the courses of the Lyari and Malir rivers that run through Karachi city. Hillside
vegetation comprises mainly camelthorn (Prosopis spicigera), wild caper (Capparis
decidua) and large succulents such as Euphorbia caudicifolia. Sandy areas are
typically vegetated with a sparse cover of small trees such as Acacia senegal,
Zizyphus nummularia and Prosopis cineraria (mesquite), and shrubs such as
Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Colotropis procera, Rhazya stricta, Inula grantioides,
Zygophyllum, simplex and Sueda fruticosa. Species on calcareous hills include
Vernonia cinerascens, Commiphora wightii, Grewia tenax and Euphorbia caducifolia.
Shallow slopes with varied soils at low altitudes are populated by (trees) Zizyphus
nummularia, Salvadora oleoides, and Capparis deciduas. Shrubs such as Grewia
tenax, Seddera latifolia, and Rhazya stricta are the most commonly found species,
together with the grasses Ochthochloa compressa, Cymbopogon jawarancuss and
Aristida funiculata.
148. Prosopis cineraria (mesquite), Indigofera oblongifolia, a perennial shrub found in a
range of habitats including grassland, bushland and sandy soils, and Euphorbia
caducifolia, a succulent that grows profusely on sandy soils, form the most common
combination of native vegetation of Karachi City.
149. However, a wide variety of trees have been introduced over the years and the
Karachi University Botanical Garden, opened to the public in 2008, exemplifies many
of these species, with over 2,000 exotic and indigenous plant species represented.
While the Garden is located on 80 ha of land at the campus near the alignment,
KUBG is set back sufficiently far so as not to be affected by the project.
150. Destruction of native plants occurs through clearing of brush and ‘cleanliness drives’, where those instigating these moves are unaware of the plants being eradicated.
Habitats have shrunk and species numbers been reduced placing many on the
threatened species list.
4.5.2 Fauna
Avian Fauna
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151. Shaukat and Raza (2016) conducted long-term observations of avian species at
Karachi University and Dow University campuses (1996-2015, K.U. and 2008-2015
D.U.H.S.) Bird species identified over the period are listed in Table 4-5.
Table 4-5: Birds of Karachi and Dow University Campuses (1996—2015)
Scientific Name Common Name
Streptopelia tranquebarica Little Brown Dove
Streptopelia senegalensis Laughing Dove
Columba livia Blue Rock Pigeon
Corvus splendens Sindh House Crow
Dendrocitta vagabunda Rufous Treepie
Passer domesticus House Sparrow
Passer pyrrhonotus Sind Sparrow
Alauda arvensis Eurasian Skylark
Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow
Motacilla alba White Wagtail
Motacilla flava Western Yellow Wagtail
Lanius vittatus Bay-Backed Shrike
Lanius meridionalis Southern Grey Shrike
Acridotheres ginginianus Bank Myna
Acridotheres tristis Common Myna
Sturnus roseus Rosy Starling
Pycnonotus cafer Red Vented Bulbul
Pycnonotus leucogenys White Cheeked Bulbul
Cinnyris asiaticus Purple Sunbird
Phylloscopus collybita Chiffchaff
Estrilda amandava Red Avadavat
Lonchura punctulate Scaly-Breasted Munia
Amandava amandava Red Avadavat
Dicrurus macrocercus Black Drongo
Phoenicurus ochruros Black Redstart
Copsychus fulicatus Indian Robin
Turdoides striata Jungle Babbler
Coturnix coturnix White Wagtail
Francolinus pondicerianus Grey Partridge
Francolinus francolinus Black Partridge
Upupa epops Hoopoe
Merops orientotalis Green Bee-Eater
Coracias benghalensis Indian Roller
Halcyon smyrenensis White-Throated Kingfisher
Alcedo atthis Common Kingfisher
Milvus migrans Black Kite
Circaetus gallicus Short-Toed Snake-Eagle
Circus aeruginosus Western Marsh-Harrier
Accipiter badius Shikra
Egretta garzetta Little Egret
Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret
Ardeola grayii Indian Pond Heron
Description of Environment (45) 24 July 2019
Scientific Name Common Name
Vanellus indicus Red-Wattled Lapwing
Psittacula krameria Rose-Ringed Parakeet
Eudynamys scolopacea Asian Koel
Tyto alba Barn Owl
Athene brama Spotted Owlet
Pterocles exustus Sandgrouse
Dipnopium benghalensis Golenbacked Woodpecker
(Shaukat and Raza 2016)
Mammals and Reptiles
152. EMC (2015) listed some 19 mammals, of which six are domesticated bovines, and
six species of reptile, known to have been present in Karachi district as shown in
Table 4-6 below. Only a few would be found in the typical urban space of the built-up
City, and even less along the median where construction takes place. Most
information in the literature related to fauna currently inhabiting areas near Karachi in
Sindh province focuses on the coastal zone including its mangrove embayment fringe
and areas around Buleyji that are rich in marine biodiversity.
Table 4-6: Mammals and Reptiles Historically Present in the Area of Karachi District
Common Scientific Name Status
Mammals
Indian Hedgehog Paraechinus micropus Very rare
Asiatic Jackal Canis aureus Rare
Chinkara Gazalla bennetti Very rare
Indian Fox Vulpes bengalensis Rare
Small Indian Mongoose Herpes javanicus Common
Indian Pangolin Manis crassicaudata Rare
Indian Desert Cat Felis silvertris ornate Rare
Indian crested porcupine Hystrix indica Rare
Ratel or Honey badger Mellivora capensis Vulnerable
Hog Deer Axis porcinus Very rare
Cairo Spiny Mouse Acomys cahirinus Rare
Grey spiny mouse or Rock mouse Mus saxicola Rare
Desert cat Felis libyca ornate Rare
Hares, rabbits Common
Domestic Bovines:
Domestic Sheep Ovis aries
Domestic Cattle Bos Taurus
Domestic Goat Capra hircus
Indian Water Buffalo Bubalus arnee
Arabian Camel Camelus dromedaries
Domestic Horse Equus caballus
Reptiles
Spiny tailed lizard Uromastyx hardiwickii Common
Krait Bangarus caerulus Vulnerable
Description of Environment 46 | P a g e
Common Scientific Name Status
Indian Python Python molurus Very rare/
Endangered
Mugger Crocodylus palustri Vulnerable
Gharial Gavialis gangeticus Endangered
Marsh crocodile Crocodulus palustris Endangered
4.6 Socioeconomic Resources
153. There are many reports and documents available describing the socioeconomic
setting of Karachi. The USAID/IMMAP Pakistan Development Perspective report
(USAID/IMMAP, undated) provides a comprehensive overview with data and
graphics, but without any particular theme. The work by Anwar et.al. (2013) is aimed
at characterizing gender themes in the development of the city, and provides much
detailed and quantitative data. ADB’s Megacity Final Report (ADB 2005) also
contains extensive textual and tabular data related to development themes.
Infrastructure conditions along roadways are described in the ITDP final report related
to Karachi NMT & Parking Improvement Plan & Design (ITDP 20115a). A number of
transport planning documents, such as the KTIP reports and others, also contain
excellent through somewhat dated summaries of Karachi’s urban environment.
Results obtained from primary socioeconomic survey and the above mentioned
reports have been used to describe the socioeconomic conditions of Karachi in
overview, and then, to the extent possible, for the areas nearby the Red Line
alignment.
154. The project is located in Karachi the capital of Sindh province and Pakistan’s biggest commercial hub. The city accounts for more than 90 per cent of Pakistan’s foreign trade and contributes to more than 30 percent of Pakistan’s industrial production. The city is made up of 20 contiguous towns. The pattern of incomes shows that 9.5% are
extremely poor and another 14 per cent are transitorily poor. It may be said that 50
percent of the population are below the poverty line. There is a continuous growth in
the slum areas.
4.6.1 Population
155. Provisional results of the 2017 census show urban Karachi with a population of
14,910,352 capita, an increase of 58% over the 1998 urban population 9,448,808.
Karachi’s population increase was outstripped over the same period by Lahore
(116%), Peshawar (100.4%) and Islamabad (91.8%). Karachi grew at an average
annual rate of 2.43%.
156. Karachi’s urban population is divided into six districts, two of which also contain rural populations (see
157.
Description of Environment (47) 24 July 2019
158. Table 4-7). Cantonment areas are not counted and are generally considered not to be
part of the city.
Table 4-7: District-wise 2017 Population for Karachi Division
POPULATION - 2017
Administrative units Households Male Female Tsxual Total Population
1998
Sex
ratio
2017
1998- 2017
average
annual
growth rate
KARACHI DIVISION 2,770,074 8,439,659 7,610,365 1,497 16,051,521 9,856,318 110.9 2.6
RURAL 193,871 606,588 534,499 82 1,141,169 407,510 113.49 5.56
URBAN 2,576,203 7,833,071 7,075,866 1,415 14,910,352 9,448,808 110.7 2.43
Districts
KARACHI CENTRAL 538,983 1,543,950 1,427,349 327 2,971,626 2,277,931 108.17 1.41
KARACHI EAST 509,239 1,528,019 1,379,225 223 2,907,467 1,472,896 110.79 3.64
KARACHI SOUTH 327,518 943,546 848,010 195 1,791,751 1,478,047 111.27 1.02
KARACHI WEST 634,459 2,065,847 1,848,553 357 3,914,757 2,089,509 111.75 3.35
RURAL 44,051 149,220 134,014 13 283,247 73,568 111.35 7.34
URBAN 590,408 1,916,627 1,714,539 344 3,631,510 2,015,941 111.79 3.14
KORANGI 421,618 1,284,015 1,172,737 267 2,457,019 1,561,742 109.49 2.41
MALIR 338,257 1,074,282 934,491 128 2,008,901 976,193 114.96 3.86
RURAL 149,820 457,368 400,485 69 857,922 333,942 114.2 5.08
URBAN 188,437 616,914 534,006 59 1,150,979 642,251 115.53 3.11
Data from the USAID/IMMAP report shows population density in some areas reaching as high as 60,000 cap/sq
km and the largest demographic between 5 – 9 yrs. (Figure 4-15)
Description of Environment 48 | P a g e
Figure 4-14: Administrative map of Karachi
Figure 4-15: Population Distribution by Area, Age and Sex.
Description of Environment (49) 24 July 2019
From USAID/IMMAP undated.
4.6.2 Land Use
City-wide Aspects
159. From a city-wide perspective, two aspects of land use predominate. One is the
presence of the katchi abadi, or squatter developments that dominate in some areas
of the City. According to ADB (2005), rapid and uncontrolled growth of the city has
resulted in unregulated development and inappropriate land-use changes, with an
estimated 50% of the population living in unplanned, poorly serviced and heavily
polluted informal settlements. Karachi has been noted for an extreme level of violence
over the last ten years, with one of the highest murder rates of any city in the world.
The general discourse holds that violence originates in these closely packed informal
settlements. While the abadis may be centers for crime and violence, they also
constitute the living space of poor and vulnerable people. According to UN research,
most of the migrants who end up living in such vulnerable circumstances tend to be
women (Anwar et.al. 2013). The growth of ‘Abadis' in Karachi has been extensive,
increasing from 212 distinct areas in 1958 to more than 500, as identified by Arif and
Hamid (2008).
160. As described in Anwar et.al. (2013), a series of decrees have been passed to
regularize and formalize the abadis, which have been more or less successful in
achieving some permanence for their inhabitants. The Sindh Katchi Abadis Act (1987)
set out criteria for formalizing unplanned settlements, as did the Sindh Gothabad Act
(1987) and others. These decrees for land regularization also set out exceptions such
as the minimum number of households (40) that must be present in order to establish
eligibility for regularization. Without regularization, those who reside in an unplanned
settlement may not receive financial or livelihood support.
161. Unplanned settlements define the city’s spatial landscape and remain critical in
housing over 60% of its population. Unplanned settlements have grown at twice the
rate of planned settlements, fuelling Karachi’s urban expansion. (Anwar et.al. 2013)
162. Another aspect of land use is characterized by guarded communities for the wealthy.
These developments are situated along new infrastructure corridors such as the
Super Highway where the city’s rapidly expanding middle and upper-middle class
population resides. (Anwar et.al. 2013) The upper classes tend to reside in securitized
and well-served suburban housing estates, some located in close proximity to the city
centre, such as the Defense Housing Authority (DHA) area near Clifton Cantonment.
High concentrations of wealth can be found in these estates where new areas of
commerce and services have emerged.
163. There are of course many other aspects of city-wide land use, such as the old city
areas that are mainly built up with five to six storey buildings surrounding MA Jinnah
Road. The Central Business District (CBD) is located here and in the direction of the
Description of Environment 50 | P a g e
Port. Buildings are older and support mixed use with commercial, shipping offices,
and residential space.
164. The Central Business District (CBD) is formed by Saddar Town and neighboring
Keamari and Jamshed Towns, and is an area of concentrated commercial and
business activities. The main municipal administration buildings are located in the
CBD, Keamari and Saddar Town. The next most important area for upscale
commercial development is Clifton Cantonment. Otherwise, commercial land use is
primarily observed along the main roads. Industrial land use is primarily in the
hinterland of the Port of Karachi and Port of Bin Qasim, SITE Town, Korangi Town
and Landhi Town.
4.6.3 Physical Infrastructure
165. Karachi Water & Sewerage Board (KWSB) is the sole public water service provider,
supplying water for around 90% of the population through pipelines or by tank truck.
The remaining 10% of the population depends on groundwater. KWSB pumps water
from the Dumlottee Well Field, located on the banks of Malir River about 30 km to the
northeast of the city, which is mostly depleted. The Indus River now serves as the
main source of water for Karachi. About 550 MGD is taken at the Kotri Barrage
through the Kalri Baghar feeder to temporary storage at Kinjhar Lake. Another major
source of water for Karachi is Hub Dam. About 100 MGD of water is supplied to
Karachi from the dam. The Hub Dam forms a multi-purpose reservoir along the Hub
River approximately 50 km to the north-west of Karachi.
166. Telecommunications are provided by Pakistan Telecommunications Ltd. (PTCL) and
other private companies. Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) regulates the
establishment, operation and maintenance of telecommunication systems and the
provision of telecommunication services across the Country.
Public Transportation Facilities
167. Railways use more than 100 km of track length for commuter services within the
Karachi metropolitan area. Some important stations connecting this system are
located near the KBRT project. These stops are on the Karachi Circular Railway
(KCR).
168. The KCR began its operation in 1964 using trains pulled by diesel locomotives to
make some 12 round trips a day around the City. The system deteriorated and
transport volume declined annually, adversely affecting profitability. The system
ceased to operate in December 1999. The Karachi Transportation Improvement
Project (KTIP) identified the KCR as an important element in Karachi’s future public transport system. KCR operations were resumed on one section of the main line, and
a study was done to evaluate repairing the existing 30 km of the circular section and
14 km on the main line, with a provision to extend services to Karachi International
Airport. Full-scale restoration has not been implemented due to lack of funds, and
rejuvenation of the KCR system is still in proposal stage.
Description of Environment (51) 24 July 2019
169. Air travel is dominated by Pakistan International Airlines, a state-owned airline
headquartered at Jinnah International Airport. PIA operates scheduled services to 23
domestic destinations and 30 international destinations in 27 countries across Asia,
Europe and North America. Its main bases are Karachi, Lahore and
Islamabad/Rawalpindi, with secondary bases at Peshawar, Faisalabad, Quetta,
Sialkot and Multan. The airport location is relatively near the eastern end of the KBRT
Red Line corridor.
Employment and Livelihoods
170. Karachi’s burgeoning population is in part attributed to good employment
opportunities in trade and industry. Karachi is said to have an “overtly industrial character” in contrast to its “agricultural hinterland”, a development trend likely to
further the polarization between urban Karachi and rural areas, and inevitably widen
the gap between the city and its hinterland. (ADB 2005) Other sources also point out
the extreme difference in income among different social groups and also between
provinces.
171. Unemployment remained around 5 % post 1993-1999, but increased sharply to over
8 % in 2002. Following that, the rate fell during 2003-7 and reached a low point of
around 5 % in 2008-9. It rose again to 5.6 % in 2009. Overall, there has been a
decline in unemployment since 2003-4.
172. Economic growth contributes to real wage increase, employment and poverty
alleviation. Forces of supply and demand in the labor market jointly determine wage
rates and numbers of people employed. Labor demand is linked to remittances from
overseas Pakistanis as well as to the structure of the economy, as represented by
land ownership and control over financial assets.
173. Also, there is a demographic transition taking place in Pakistan, and youth
employment opportunities take centre stage, since new arrivals to the work force must
be absorbed productively. While the labor force is growing every year, opportunities
for employment are declining. Even so, youth unemployment in Pakistan is below the
global average.
174. Trends in age-specific unemployment rates differ considerably for males and females
in the labor force. Male unemployment has increased in the last two decades,
whereas female unemployment has decreased. The gap between the projected
female working age population and the projected labor force is likely to increase
sharply over time. While a reduction in this gap is desirable, and unemployment
among females has historically been higher than among males, the gender gap has
narrowed considerably over time.
175. Many unemployed males are students enrolled in colleges, universities, and
professional and technical education institutes. The rates of employment in electricity,
gas and water, construction, manufacturing, trade (including restaurants and hotels) in
urban Sindh are much higher than in the nation. Urban Sindh’s participation in finance
Description of Environment 52 | P a g e
is almost double the national rate. According to one estimate, 90 % are migrants from
different backgrounds and the population is estimated to be growing at about 5 % per
year, mainly as a result of internal rural-urban migration, including an estimated
50,000 migrant workers coming to the city every month from different parts of
Pakistan. (USAID/IMMAP undated)
176. Employment is in a variety of sectors. Several industrial zones including Landhi,
Korangi, FB Area, North Karachi, Dhabeji and Port Qasim were built during the 1990s.
Korangi Creek Industrial Park (KCIP) commenced operations from 2013, contributing
around Rs 40 billion annually to the national GDP and providing approximately 30,000
direct and 180,000 indirect jobs.
177. Karachi has a large industrial base located in these industrial zones on the fringes of
the main city. Karachi has over 15,000 industries in the organized sector while there
are more than 50,000 units in the informal sector that are not under the purview of the
Labor Department. About 70 % of total industry of Pakistan is located in Karachi and
in the Bin Qasim Industrial Area, mostly in the Sindh Industrial Trading Estate (SITE),
Landhi Industrial Trading Estate (LITE), Korangi Industrial Area, and West Wharf
Industrial Area. In addition, Karachi has a vibrant cottage industry and there is a
rapidly flourishing Free Zone with an annual growth rate of nearly 6.5%. Karachi has
an Expo Centre, which hosts many regional and international exhibitions. Karachi is
home to major industrial associations.
178. Karachi is a major seaport and contains the country’s two major ports, the Port of
Karachi and Port Mohammad Bin Qasim. The city also is an important hub for the
fishery industry in Pakistan, and major fishing ports include Karachi and Korangi
Fishing Ports. About 300,000 people are connected with the fishing industry;
subsidiary industries provide employment for another 400,000 people. (USAID/IMMAP
undated)
Public Health
179. Public Health System facilities in Karachi include:
▪ Outreach and community-based activities that focus on immunization, malaria
control, maternal and child health, family planning and the Lady Health Workers
program;
▪ Primary care facilities that focus on outpatient care;
▪ Taluka and district headquarters hospitals for basic inpatient and outpatient care;
▪ Tertiary care hospitals; and
▪ Teaching hospitals and centres of excellence
Table 4-8: Medical Facilities in Karachi
Sr. No Karachi Division Total number of Hospital,
Description of Environment (53) 24 July 2019
dispensaries & Laboratories
1 Karachi Central 88
2 Karachi East 88
3 Karachi Korangi 90
4 Karachi Malir 111
5 Karachi South 111
6 Karachi West 150
7 Along the alignment 04
180. Vaccination rates are good indicator of attention to public health. Rates given for
Karachi (2011) for children 12-23 months that have been immunized (by type of
antigen (%)) are as follows:
BCG
(TB) DPT1 DPT2 DPT3 POLIO1 POLIO2 POLIO3 MEASLES
97 97 96 94 92 91 88 92
181. According to IMMAP, 74.5 % of children under 12 are fully Immunized (2011-2012),
and 91 % of pregnant women have received tetanus toxoid Injection. Mortality
statistics are given in Table 4-9.
Table 4-9: Mortality Statistics of Karachi and Nationwide
Sr. Type of Mortality Number of Lives National Average*
1 Infant Mortality 81/1000 64/1000
2 Maternal Mortality 314/100,000 178/100,000
3 Under 5 Mortality 101/1000 79/1000
* The World Bank data at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.MMRT.
182. Karachi mortality rates are higher than the national average on all three indicators.
HIV/AIDs
183. HIV has shown to be a serious and tenacious problem for Pakistan. However, as
reporting in NACP/UNAIDs 2015, conservative religious values and cultural normative
systems have contributed to keeping the epidemic from becoming generalized,
remaining concentrated in key populations, persons who inject drugs (PWID), men
who have sex with men (MSM), transgender persons (TG), and female sex workers
(FSW). In general, Pakistan has done poorly in controlling HIV and AIDs, and
following a 2013 mid-term review of its program in meeting UN general assembly
goals, Pakistan was found not to be on target for over 50 per cent of their targets. A
report in the national news gives a gloomy performance of the Sindh Aids Control
Description of Environment 54 | P a g e
Programme, wherein “only five treatment centres are working in the entire Sindh
province, with Karachi leading the patient burden. Non-availability of medicines is
another crucial hindrance in tackling the disease.”(Geo TV 2016) According to one report (Memon 2012), Karachi’s HIV prevalence in risk groups in 2011 was 5.9%
among MSW (male sex workers), 12.3% for HSW (Hijra sex workers), 1.9% for FSW
(female sex workers) and 42.2% among IDUs (intravenous drug users). From 2003 to
2007, HIV prevalence among IDUs in Karachi rose from 0.3% to 23% in 2004 and has
reached 42% in 2011. (Samo et.al. 2013).
4.7 Physical Cultural Resources
4.7.1 Religious, Historical, Cultural and Archaeological Sites
184. A number of mosques can be found along University Avenue, and the Mausoleum for
M.A. Jinnah. Mazar-e-Quaid (Urdu: مزار قائد ), also known as the Jinnah Mausoleum or
the National Mausoleum, is the final resting place of Quaid-e-Azam ("Great Leader")
Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan. Designed in a 1960s modernist style,
the mausoleum also contains the tomb of his sister, Māder-e Millat. The mausoleum
is set back some 130 m from the edge of the right-of-way. Mosques within the area of
the alignment include the Al-Raheem Mosque, Jama-Masjid-Taqvee, M-Ibn-Tamiayah
Mosque, Masjid Bait-ul-Mukaram, and other lesser known mosques.
185. As per antiquities act 1975 and amended 1992 ‘notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, no development plan or scheme or new
construction on, or within a distance of two hundred feet of a protected immovable
antiquity shall be undertaken or executed accept with the approval of the Director
General.
Analysis of Alternatives 55 | P a g e
5 Analysis of Alternatives
5.1 Overview
186. The main purpose of this section is to compare feasible alternatives to the proposed
Staging facility development, including the ‘without-project’ situation. The potential environmental impacts of each alternative and feasibility of mitigation of these impacts
along with their suitability under local conditions are also compared.
5.2 ‘No Project’ Option
187. The proposed Staging facility is to be developed as part of the overall Karachi BRT
system being developed in order to provide ease of transfer of passengers from one
line to the other and include parking lots for the buses, maintenance of buses, offices,
ticketing booth, waiting areas and turnaround facility for the routes that terminate at
Numaish.
188. In addition, the proposed staging facility will help in optimizing and adjusting fleet
operations as the demand varies along the day. Additionally, it shall provide a
turnaround facility for routes that terminate at Numaish, and will thus reduce the dead
mileage for operations without passengers.
189. Considering all these aspects, the ‘No project’ scenario is not a viable option since
the BRT system will not be able to operate efficiently and economically without a
Staging facility while the commuters will also face great hardship and inconvenience
in their daily commute if this facility is not developed as part of the BRT system.
5.3 Rationale for selected Staging Facility Location
Alternative Location Options
190. As all BRT corridors converge at Numaish station, this location holds importance in
permitting customer interchange between routes. This area also holds importance
as a BRT vehicle staging facility for the following reasons:
▪ Since limited space is available along the M. A. Jinnah road to hold BRT vehicles,
in order to cater the difference in demand between peak and off-peak periods,
Numaish is an ideal location to stage vehicles and thus optimize operations.
▪ A staging facility at Numaish shall ensure interoperability between all corridors by
ensuring physical and operational integration.
▪ A large number of BRT vehicles and people will pass through Numaish station;
this gives Numaish an additional significance for potential Transit-Oriented
Development (ToD).
Analysis of Alternatives 56 | P a g e
191. Due to the factors mentioned above, the KGA ground site was selected to be the
most suitable along with having the required land available to meet the Staging
facility requirements.
5.4 Assessment of alternatives to prevent demolition of associated facilities
192. As per the preliminary designs, the existing structures on the KGA ground will
need to be demolished during construction, the concept design proposes to
reconstruct the ground and its associated facilities on top of the Mezzanine floor at
ground level.
193. The associated facilities possess a rich historical and cultural value since they
are over 100 years old, although they are not listed as national and cultural heritage
by the Government of Sindh. However, during the detailed design phase, all efforts
need to be made to prevent demolition of the associated facilities of the KGA ground
as far as possible by considering all alternatives (technical and location related).
194. If any suitable alternatives are developed during the detailed design stage that
prevent demolition of the associated facilities, these shall be included as part of the
update of this chapter of the IEE report.
Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures (57) 24 July 2019
6 Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures
195. This chapter presents the potential environmental impacts related to design,
construction and operation phases of the proposed Staging facility. Following is a
description of the environmental impacts and the proposed mitigation measures to
minimize the negative impacts, if any.
6.1 Design/Pre-Construction Phase
Avoidance of demolition of Associated Facilities
Impacts
196. As per the preliminary design, the existing associated facilities located next to the
KGA ground, consisting of the main pavilion building along with some smaller
structures (details of these structures provided in Table 6.1 below) will need to be
completely demolished and then reconstructed once the staging facility has been
developed. These associated facilities, although not listed as cultural and historical
heritage, possess a rich historical value since they are over 100 years old and their
demolition would pose a great cultural and historic loss. As per ADB SPS 2009,
cultural interest may be at the local, provincial, national or international level’. Furthermore, it is not necessary that only gazetted physical cultural resources need
to be protected – their significance can also be established by experts.
Table 6.1: Associated Facilities next to KGA ground to be impacted
S.No. Structures Type Size Sq.ft
1 Pavilion Concrete 3,204
2 Office Block Concrete 282
3 Canteen Concrete 178
4 Gymnasium Concrete 1977
5 Tennis Court Open Hard
Surface
351
6 Store Room Concrete 132
Mitigation measures
197. During the detailed design phase, all potential alternatives, both in terms of
technology as well as location specific aspects need to be considered and all
efforts need to be made to avoid demolition of the associated facilities as far as
Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 58 | P a g e
possible. As part of the review process, the relevant key stakeholders must also be
engaged to find a suitable alternative strategy to prevent demolition of the existing
associated facilities.
Relocation of Utilities
Impacts
198. The project will require demolishing and relocating some of the structures at the
KGA ground site such as the pavilion and other existing buildings on the premises,
water supply pipes, drainage structures etc. Temporary suspension of services
(planned or accidental) can affect the economy, industries, businesses and
residents’ daily lives.
Mitigation measures
199. TMTD, as the implementing agency, will be responsible for ensuring all permits and
clearances are obtained prior to commencement of work at the project site. In
addition, TMTD will ensure that detailed contingency plans are prepared prior to
commencement of construction activities at the project site to mitigate any potential
impacts resulting from outage of utilities.
200. Contractors will assess construction locations in advance for potential disruption to
services and identify risks prior to starting construction. Any damage or
hindrance/disadvantage to local businesses caused by the premature removal or
insufficient replacement of public utilities is subject to full compensation, at the full
liability of the contractor who caused the problem.
201. If temporary disruption is unavoidable, the contractor will, in collaboration with
relevant local authorities such as power company, water supply company and
communication company, develop a plan to minimize the disruption and
communicate the dates and duration in advance to the affected persons.
202. Communities shall be informed in advance regarding storage of water when their
utilities are about to be relocated. Also, water pipes located/crossing through the
project site may be moved slightly away or provision of service duct may be
considered.
203. Construction billboards, which include construction contents, schedule, responsible
person and complaint phone number, will be erected at each construction site.
204. In case any material(s) is encountered that contains asbestos, it must be ensured
that international best practices/established protocols related to handling of
asbestos based materials are followed since no national regulations on handling
asbestos materials exist.
Identification of Locations for Labor Camps and ancillary facilities
Impacts
Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures (59) 24 July 2019
205. The duration of the construction activity for the proposed project is expected to be
12 months and a considerable amount of work force will be engaged. As a result,
worker camps will need to be developed and ancillary facilities will need to be
provided such as electricity, washrooms for labor with suitable effluent and sewage
disposal facilities as well as water for their everyday use for drinking and bathing
etc.
Mitigation measures
206. In order to prevent a nuisance, specific locations shall be designated near the
proposed project site for development of the labor camp(s). All necessary facilities
and amenities shall be provided in these camps such as electricity, sufficient supply
of water, solid and liquid effluent waste disposal facilities etc.
207. The use of proper planning while identifying locations for the labor camps will
ensure there is minimal disturbance to key receptors in the project area and the
traffic is not disrupted by labor camps being set up next to the construction site.
Development of Traffic Management Plan
Impacts
208. The construction related traffic for the development of the proposed Staging facility
will use the existing traffic routes being presently used by the BRT Green line.
Furthermore, due to the ongoing works for the BRT Green line, a large area has
already been cordoned off with no traffic permitted.
209. However, there is a possibility that new traffic routes for the construction related
traffic might need to be developed from an economic efficiency standpoint and in
order to save time.
Mitigation measures
210. The traffic management plan shall be prepared by the Contractor for
implementation prior to commencement of the project construction activity. The
main objectives of the plan shall be to maximize the safety of the workforce and the
travelling public while keeping the traffic flowing as freely as possible.
211. The detailed traffic plan shall ensure that traffic is diverted to alternate routes
wherever possible and will minimize traffic jams and bottlenecks near the project
site and also minimize the chances of traffic related accidents.
212. The plan will include consideration of the following:
▪ Lane availability and minimization of traffic flows past the works site
▪ Establishment of acceptable working hours and constraints
Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 60 | P a g e
▪ Agreement on time scale for works and establishment of traffic flow/delay
requirements
▪ Acceptability of diversion routes where necessary
▪ Need for road closures and necessary orders
▪ Co-ordination with other planned road and street works
▪ Establishment of incident management system for duration of the works
The plan shall be approved by TMTD and necessary resources will be provided to
implement the plan with the involvement of the traffic police. An indicative traffic
management plan is provided as Annexure K.
6.2 Construction Phase
213. The screening of potential impacts during the Construction phase are provided in
Table 6.2 below.
Table 6.2: Screening of Possible Impacts during Construction Phase
S/No. Environmental Aspect
Potential Issue
from
Environmental
Aspect
Potential of
Impact Mitigation Measures
1 Traffic Management Vehicle
movement and
possibility of
traffic
congestion on
the roads
leading to the
project site
Major negative
impact
Traffic management plan to
be prepared beforehand by
Contractor and implemented
during construction work
2 Air Quality Dust emissions
from site
preparation,
excavation,
material
handling & other
construction
activities at site.
Major negative
impact
Dust emissions
expected at
work site and at
the residential
settlements
around the site.
However, minor
and short-term
impact expected
Regular water sprinkling on
the exposed surfaces to
reduce dust emissions and
proper maintenance of all
equipment at regular
intervals to minimize impact
of exhaust emissions
Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures (61) 24 July 2019
which will be
temporary in
nature,
particularly
since the wind
direction in
Karachi will
divert any dust
away from
majority of the
residential
settlements.
3 Noise Levels Noise generated
from
construction
activities,
operation of
construction
machinery,
equipment and
their movement.
Major negative
impact
Noise levels
expected to
vary during
activity based
upon the nature
of work being
conducted. High
noise levels and
disturbance
expected for
residential
settlements
located adjacent
to KGA ground.
Impact
expected to be
short term in
nature.
Proper noise management
plan to be prepared,
indicating frequency of noise
monitoring and thresholds to
be used.
As part of this plan,
necessary control equipment
and techniques to be applied
to control noise levels and
limit their nuisance effects.
Considering proximity of
residential settlements to the
KGA ground, no works
should be conducted after
evening hours (1800 hours
onwards).
4 Excavated Material
(Earth Works) Disposal
Significant
volumes of
clay/mud shall
be excavated
from the KGA
ground. Unless
a suitable
disposal location
and efficient
transport
mechanism for
Major negative
impact
A detailed Plan for
management and disposal of
Excavated Material must be
developed. This Plan must
identify suitable location(s)
prior to commencement of
excavation works and require
the engaging of experienced
and credible third parties for
transport and disposal of this
material in the most efficient
Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 62 | P a g e
disposal of this
material is
arranged, it
could result in
major health and
aesthetic issues.
and effective manner without
any logistical or management
delays.
5 Community Health and
Safety
Potential
accidents and
injuries to
communities in
project area
could take place
during
construction
works if required
precautions are
not taken.
Major negative
impact
▪ Buffer strips or other
methods of physical
separation around the
project sites
▪ Siting and safety
engineering criteria shall
be incorporated to prevent
failures
▪ Inventories of hazardous
materials shall be reduced
▪ Safety trainings to
communities
▪ Vehicle speed limit controls
6 Worker Health and
Safety
Injuries to
workers could
talk place if
necessary
training and
proper safety
protocols and
equipment such
as PPEs are not
used by workers
Major negative
impact
▪ Contractor must prepare
health and safety protocols
and submit to ADB for
approval.
▪ Random audits (possible
unannounced) must be
organized by PMU to
check and issue penalties
if non-compliances are
detected.
▪ Trainings to Labor staff
▪ Provision of PPEs
▪ Monitoring of labor staff by
Contractor management
7 Camp Effluent Untreated
disposal of
effluent being
produced from
worker camps
would create a
major health
issue for all
Minor negative
impact
▪ Closed sewage treatment
system will treat the
effluent
Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures (63) 24 July 2019
residential
settlements in
project area
8 Soil Erosion and
Sedimentation
Construction
works must
protect soil from
erosion and
sedimentation
Minor negative
impact
▪ Sediment ponds must be
developed wherever felt
necessary
▪ Coverage of unpaved
areas must be conducted
9 Soil Contamination No
contamination of
soil due to oils,
hazardous
chemicals etc.
must be
permitted.
Minor negative
impact
▪ Use of spill prevention
trays
▪ Regular inspections
▪ Storage of chemicals etc.
in covered bounded areas
10 Drainage & Storm water
Run off
The storm water
run-off from the
construction site
could carry oil
and grease if the
soil is
contaminated or
the potentially
contaminated
areas.
Minor negative
impact
▪ Compacting of all unpaved
exposed surfaces
▪ Natural drainage must not
be hampered or blocked
11 Hazardous and Non-
hazardous waste
management
Both hazardous
and non-
hazardous
waste must be
managed in the
most
environmentally
sustainable
manner.
Minor negative
impact
▪ Waste management plan
to be developed
▪ Periodic on-site audits of
waste management
▪ Records of all waste
generated
12 Historical/Archaeological
Sites
Damage to
relics could take
place if ‘Chance
Find’ procedures
not adopted.
Minor negative
impact
Any archaeological finds
during works must require
stopped of works and use of
‘Chance Find’ procedures.
13 Vegetation and Wildlife Trapping of
animals and/or
Minor negative ▪ Prohibit willful trapping and
killing of animals
Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 64 | P a g e
Loss damage to
vegetation could
take place
impact ▪ Prevent burning of
vegetation for fuel
14 Employment Conflicts Staff to be
engaged for the
project may
engage in
conflicts.
Minor negative
impact
▪ Transparent hiring policy
▪ Balanced process of hiring
15 Communicable diseases Lack of
sanitation
arrangements
and hygiene
could lead to
spread of
diseases.
Minor negative
impact
Communicable diseases
prevention program will be
prepared
16 Loss of access around
project site
It is currently
not foreseen
that there will
be any access
restriction
since the
western front of
the proposed
KGA ground is
already closed
off due to the
KBRT – Green
Line works and
this access
way will be
used for all
project works.
The residential
settlements on
the remaining
faces of the
site will not be
disturbed.
Minor negative
impact
The Contractor shall ensure
that:
▪ The existing western face,
presently being used for the
Green Line BRT works will
only be used for all
construction works. No
other access way will be
used, thus ensuring the
residential settlements
located on the other faces
of the project site are not
disturbed.
Traffic Management
Impacts
Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures (65) 24 July 2019
214. The efficient management of traffic once the construction activity commences will
be critical in order to minimize the risk of possible road accidents and construction
related hazards.
Mitigation measures
215. Traffic signs and warning instructions shall be displayed at the sites and along the
proposed routes being used by the construction traffic for the information of other
road traffic as well.
216. Public awareness campaigns through radio and newspaper advertisements shall
be conducted to educate the public and sensitize them to cooperate with the
construction staff and project focal staff in order to try and avoid the areas under
construction as far as possible, particularly during the peak times when traffic
volumes and pedestrian movement is the highest.
217. The potential risks of accidents to pedestrians and commuters while in the
immediate vicinity of construction sites shall be conveyed to them in order to
educate them and gain their cooperation and minimize the risk of accidents.
218. Employ flag persons to control traffic at the work sites for safety reasons when
construction equipment is entering or leaving the work area.
219. Provide sufficient lighting at night within and in the vicinity of construction sites.
220. Regularly monitor traffic conditions along access roads to ensure that project
vehicles are not causing congestion.
221. Define and observe schedules for different types of construction traffic trips (e.g.,
transport of pre-cast sections, haulage of spoils, delivery of construction materials,
etc.).
222. As much as possible, schedule delivery of construction materials and equipment as
well as transport of spoils during non-peak hours.
223. Avoid movements of noisy vehicles during night time in vicinity of the residential
settlements.
224. Implement suitable safety measures to minimize risk of adverse interactions
between construction works and traffic flows through provision of temporary signals
or flag controls, adequate lighting, fencing, signage and road diversions.
225. Ensure relocation of any affected public transport infrastructure (but stops, shelters
etc.) prior to commencement of works.
226. Provide advance notification to the community regarding changes to public
transport facilities or routes.
Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 66 | P a g e
227. Comply with traffic regulations and avoid, where possible, roads with the highest
traffic volumes, high density of sensitive receivers or capacity constraints are not
used as access to and from the construction areas and spoil disposal sites.
228. Install temporary accesses to properties affected by disruption to their permanent
accesses.
229. Reinstate good quality permanent accesses following completion of construction.
Air Quality
Impacts
230. Additional sources of dust from construction of the proposed Staging facility and
from general handling of materials are likely to create significant additional impacts,
particularly where the works are close to the residential settlements, located around
the project site.
231. Potential sources of particulate matter emission during construction activities
include earthworks (dirt or debris pushing and grading), exposed surfaces, exposed
storage piles, truck dumping, hauling, vehicle movement on unpaved roads,
combustion of liquid fuel in equipment and vehicles, land excavation, and concrete
mixing and batching.
232. Vehicles carrying construction material are expected to result in increased SPM
levels near the haul roads. This can be of potential importance if the vehicles pass
through the areas with a high concentration of sensitive receptors such as the
residential settlements located around the project site.
233. At the construction yard, the dust levels are also expected to increase due to
unloading of construction materials. It shall be ensured that most of the excavated
material will be used within the project, with minimal cut and fill material to come
from outside the site.
234. The quantity of dust that will be generated on a particular day will depend on the
magnitude and nature of activity and the atmospheric conditions prevailing on the
day. Due to the uncertainty in values of these parameters, it is not possible to
calculate the quantity from a ‘bottom-up’ approach, that is, from adding PM10
emissions from every activity on the construction site separately. Typical and worst-
case PM10 emissions from construction sites have been estimated2 as
0.27 megagram per hectare per month of activity (Mg/ha-month) and 1.04 Mg/ha-
month, respectively.
235. As can be seen in Figure 6.1 below, the predominant wind direction in Karachi city
is quite favor in the context of our project setting and any dust emissions will blow
away from the majority of the residential settlements located next to the project site.
2 Gaffney, G. and Shimp, D. 1997. Improving PM10 Fugitive Dust Emission Inventories. Sacramento, CA.
California Air Resource Board. <www.arb.ca.gov/emisinv/pubs/pm10tmp.pdf>
Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures (67) 24 July 2019
Fugitive Dust Control
236. The source wise fugitive control measures are provided in Table 6.3 below.
Table 6.3: Control measures for Fugitive Dust emissions
Source Control Measures
Earth Moving For any earth moving that is to take place in the immediate vicinity
from the site boundary, watering must be conducted as required to
prevent visible dust emissions
Disturbed
Surface Areas
Apply dust suppression measures (clear vegetation only from areas
where work is to commence, plant or mulch areas that will not receive
traffic, construct artificial wind breaks or wind screens) frequently to
maintain a stabilized surface.
Areas that cannot be stabilized, such as wind driven dust, must have
an application of water at least twice a day.
Inactive
Disturbed
Surface Areas
Apply dust suppressants (clear vegetation only from areas where
work is to commence, plant or mulch areas that will not receive traffic,
construct artificial wind breaks or wind screens) in sufficient quantity
and frequency to maintain a stabilized surface
Unpaved Roads Water all roads used for any vehicular traffic at least twice per day
during active operations and restrict vehicle speed to 20 kmph.
Open Storage
Piles
Apply water to at least 80 percent of the surface areas of all open
storage piles on a daily basis when there is evidence of wind driven
fugitive dust or install an enclosure all along the storage piles
Track-out
Control
Wash down of construction vehicles (particularly tires) prior to
departure from site.
Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 68 | P a g e
Figure 6-1: Predominant Wind Direction & Expected Impact from Dust Emissions from Construction Site
Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 69 | P a g e
Mitigation measures
237. A wide variety of options exist to control emissions from construction sites. The
most effective means of reducing the dust emission is wet suppression. Watering
exposed surfaces and soil with adequate frequency to keep soil moist at all times
can reduce the total dust emission from the project by as much as 75%.3 This
measure alone can bring down the dust level to less than 100 μg/m3.
Water can be sprinkled by handheld sprays or with the help of automatic sprinkler
systems as required.
238. In case surplus water is not available to suppress dust at certain locations, it is
recommended that if works are within 10 meters of the residential settlements, the
contractor shall install segregation that will be easily erectable 2.5 meter high
hoarding /fiber boards and/or steel sheets to make protection fences around the
construction site within which all construction works can take place.
239. The need for large stockpiles shall be minimized by careful planning of the supply
of materials from controlled sources. Stockpiles should not be located within 50 m
of the residential settlements, schools or hospitals or other public amenities and
shall be covered with tarpaulins when not in use and at the end of the working day
to enclose dust. If large stockpiles (>25m3) of crushed materials are necessary,
they should be enclosed with side barriers and also covered when not in use.
240. Construction materials that are susceptible to dust formation will be transported
only in securely covered trucks to prevent dust emission during transportation.
241. Aggregate material will be delivered to the batching plant in a damp condition, and
water sprays will be applied, if needed, to reduce dust emissions.
242. A minimum distance of 300 meters will be ensured between the batching plant(s)
and the nearest community.
Vehicular & Equipment Emissions
243. It shall be ensured that the following measures are taken to control emissions from
vehicles being used in the construction activity:
▪ Periodically check and conduct maintenance of the construction machinery and
haul vehicles.
▪ Regularly change the engine oil and use new engines/machinery/equipment
having good efficiency and fuel burning characteristics.
▪ Use of catalytic converters and low Sulphur fuels.
▪ The stack height of generators will be at least 3 meters above the ground.
▪ Training of the technicians and operators of the construction machinery and
drivers of the vehicles.
▪ Air quality monitoring at the project site during the construction phase.
3 El Dorado County Air Pollution Control District. 2002. Guide to Air Quality Assessment: Determining
Significance of Air Quality Impacts Under the California Environmental Quality Act. First Edition. <http://co.el-dorado.ca.us/emd/apcd>
Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 70 | P a g e
Noise Levels
Impacts
244. The assessment of the noise impacts on the sensitive receptors located around the
project site depend upon:
▪ Characteristics of noise source (instantaneous, intermittent or continuous in
nature)
▪ Time of day at which noise occurs, and
▪ Location of noise source
245. Each construction phase has its unique noise characteristics due to use of different
equipment items. The potential sources of noise and vibration during the
preparation, construction, and worksite closure phases of the Project include
equipment, machinery, and transportation used for the construction activities. The
heavy equipment used for construction will be the major sources of noise and
vibration. Due to the relative high density of population in the areas adjacent to the
project site, noise-related disturbance to humans is very likely during the various
construction activities. There will be temporary noise impacts in the immediate
vicinity of the project site.
246. The construction activities will include piling along with excavation for foundations
and grading of the site as well as the construction of structures and facilities.
Powered mechanical equipment such as generators, excavators, bulldozers, drills,
graders, vibratory rollers, concrete mixing trucks and back up alarms can generate
significant noise. Impact pile driving creates the highest noise levels by far from any
other construction activities.
247. Since various modern machines are acoustically designed to generate low noise
levels, any high noise levels that might be generated will only be for a short
duration during the construction phase.
248. Depending on the construction equipment used and its distance from the receptors,
the community and the workers may typically be exposed to intermittent and
variable noise levels. During the day, such noise results in general annoyance and
can interfere with sleep during the night. In general, human sound perception is
such that a change in sound level of 3 dB is just noticeable, a change of 5 dB is
clearly noticeable, and a change of 10 dB is perceived as a doubling or halving of
sound level.
249. Due to the various construction activities, there will be temporary noise impacts in
the immediate vicinity of the project site. Crushing plant, asphalt production plants,
movement of heavy vehicles, loading, transportation and unloading of construction
materials produces significant noise during the construction stage. However, these
increased noise levels will prevail only for a short duration during the construction
phase.
Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures (71) 24 July 2019
250. The Table 6.4 below represents typical noise levels from various construction
equipment items. It should be noted that the values indicated in the table may differ
depending on the brand and age of machinery provided/used by construction
company.
Table 6.4: Construction Equipment Noise Ranges, dB(A)
Equipment Peak Noise
Range at 15 m
Typical Peak Sound
Level in a Work
Cyclea at 15 m
Typical ‘Quieted
Equipment’ Sound
Levelb at 15 m
Construction Phase
Earthworks Structures
Installation
Batching plant 82-86 84 81 Y
Concrete mixers 76-92 85 82 Y
Cranes 70-94 83 80 Y Y
Excavators 74-92 85 82 Y
Impact pilling 95-103 100 n/a Y
Front loader 77-94 85 82 Y Y Y
Water bowsers 85-93 88 85 Y Y Y
Graders 72-92 85 82 Y
Bulldozers 65-95 85 80 Y
Pavers 87-89 88 80 Y
Pumps 68-72 76 75 Y Y Y
Diesel generators 72-82 81 77 Y Y
Vibratory rollers 68-82 74 70 Y
Drilling machines 82-98 90 87 Y Y
Compressors 74-88 81 71 Y
Dumpers 77-96 88 83 Y Y
Dump/flatbed Truck 75-85 80 77 Y Y Y
Sources: USEPA, 1971; http://www.waterrights.ca.gov/EIRD/text/Ch11-Noise.pdf; http://www.lacsd.org/LWRP%202020%20Facilities%20Plan%20DEIR/4_6_Noise.pdf; http://newyorkbiz.com/DSEIS/CH18Construction.pdf
Notes:
a. Where typical value is not cited in literature, mean of the peak noise range is assumed
b. Quieted equipment can be designed with enclosures, mufflers, or other noise-reducing features. Where data is not available, a 3 dB reduction is assumed
251. Precise information on the type, quantity, location and utilisation of plant and
equipment to be used during the construction phase is not available at this stage
and will be dependent on the working methods of the selected contractors.
However, preliminary calculations have been conducted to provide a general
magnitude of the noise levels during various construction phases.
Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 72 | P a g e
Mitigation measures
252. The following are examples of typical noise mitigation measures that can be
utilized:
▪ Unnecessary revving of engines will be avoided and equipment will be switched
off when not in use;
▪ Install temporary noise barriers made of plywood or acoustical blankets around
noisy operation where necessary to comply with project noise limits;
▪ Internal haul routes will be kept well maintained;
▪ Drop heights of materials will be minimised;
▪ Plant and vehicles will be sequentially started up rather than all together;
▪ Use of effective exhaust silence systems or acoustic engine covers as
appropriate;
▪ As far as reasonably practicable, sources of significant noise will be enclosed;
▪ Plant will always be used in accordance with manufacturers’ instructions. Care will be taken to site equipment away from noise-sensitive areas. Where possible,
loading and unloading will also be carried out away from such areas;
▪ Regular and effective maintenance by trained personnel will be undertaken to
keep plant and equipment working to manufacturers specifications; and
▪ Screening e.g. noise barriers and blinds will be used as appropriate.
▪ Record and respond to complaints according to the established grievance redress
mechanism.
▪ Keep nearby residences informed in advance about noisy activities during various
construction phases.
253. In addition to the mitigation measures listed above, the following mitigation
measures control noise:
▪ Vehicles and mechanical plants used for the purpose of the works shall be fitted
with effective exhaust silencers, maintained in good and efficient working order
and operated in such a manner as to minimise noise emissions. The construction
contractor shall ensure that all plant complies with the relevant statutory
requirements;
▪ Machines in intermittent use should be shut down or throttled down to a minimum
when not in use;
▪ Compressors should be fitted with properly lined and sealed acoustic covers which
should be kept closed whenever in use. Pneumatic percussive tools should be
fitted with mufflers or silencers of the type recommended by the manufacturers;
▪ Equipment which breaks concrete, brickwork or masonry by bending or bursting or
"nibbling" shall be used in preference to percussive tools. Where possible, avoid
the use of impact tools where the construction works is close to occupied
premises;
▪ Rotary drills and busters activated by hydraulic, chemical or electrical power shall
be used for excavating hard or extrusive material;
▪ Equipment powered by mains electricity shall be used in preference to equipment
powered by internal combustion engine or locally generated electricity;
▪ Neither any part of the works nor any maintenance of plant shall be carried out in
such a manner as to cause unnecessary noise except in the case of an
Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures (73) 24 July 2019
emergency when the work is absolutely necessary for the saving of life or property
or the safety of the works;
▪ Plant shall be maintained in good working order so that extraneous noise from
mechanical vibration, creaking and squeaking is kept to a minimum; and
▪ Noise emitting machinery which is required to run continuously shall be housed in
a suitable acoustically lined enclosure.
▪ Train staff in construction best practice.
▪ Construction operation times shall be limited to 07:00 to 22:00 daily
▪ Perform independent periodic noise monitoring to demonstrate compliance with
project noise limits.
254. Acoustic screening can be used to mitigate noise levels. BS5228-1 states: “In the absence of spectral data, as a working approximation, if there is a barrier or other
topographic feature between the source and receiving position, assume an
approximate attenuation of 5 dB when the top of the plant is just visible to the
receiver over the noise barrier, and of 10 dB when the noise screen completely
hides the sources from the receiver. High topographical features and specifically
designed and positioned noise barriers could provide greater attenuation. Subtract
the attenuation from the value Leq,T calculated at the point of interest. Where the
point of interest is 1m from the façade of the building, make an allowance for
reflection by adding 3 dB to the calculated (free-field) levels.”
255. A 10 dB reduction can be achieved if the noise source completely hides the source
from receiver. Therefore, where necessary, noise barriers/acoustic screening that
will completely hide the source from the receiver will be implemented, providing 10
dB reduction in noise levels generated by the construction task. This will help to
reduce the impact experienced at the nearby receptor.
Excavated Material (Earthworks) Disposal
Impacts
256. Significant volumes of clay/mud shall be excavated from the KGA ground. Unless a
suitable disposal location and efficient transport mechanism for disposal of this
material is arranged, it could potentially result in major health and aesthetics
issues.
Mitigation measures
257. A detailed Plan for management and disposal of Excavated Material must be
developed. This Plan must identify suitable location(s) prior to commencement of
excavation works and require the engaging of experienced and credible third
parties for transport and disposal of this material in the most efficient and effective
manner without any logistical or management delays.
Community Health and Safety
Impacts
Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 74 | P a g e
258. The proposed project will involve the use of considerable heavy machinery and the
excavation of a significantly deep and wide pit. The risk to community will be
significant considering the proximity of the residential settlements to the project site
and thus a number of precautionary measures will be necessary to minimize the
risk of possible accidents.
Mitigation measures
259. Buffer strips or other methods of physical separation around the project sites shall
be ensured to protect the public from major hazards associated with hazardous
materials incidents or failure of the structure being constructed. In addition,
nuisance issues related to noise, odors or other emissions would also be avoided
as a result.
260. Siting and safety engineering criteria shall be incorporated to prevent failures due
to natural risks posed by earthquakes, wind, flooding, landslides and fire. To
prevent such issues, project structures shall be designed in accordance with
engineering and design criteria mandated by site specific risks, included but not
limited to seismic activity, slope stability, wind loading etc.
261. Inventories of hazardous materials shall be reduced through inventory
management to greatly reduce or eliminate the potential off-site consequences of a
release.
262. Process or storage conditions shall be modified to reduce the potential
consequences of an accidental off-site release.
263. Improving of shut down and secondary containment to reduce the amount of
material escaping from containment and to reduce the release duration.
264. Reduce the probability that releases will occur through improved site operations
and control, and through improvements in maintenance and inspection.
265. Reduce off-site impacts of releases through measures intended to contain
explosions and fires, alert the public, provide for evacuation of surrounding areas,
establish safety zones around each work site, and ensure the provision of
emergency medical services to the public.
266. Work areas outside the project site, especially where machinery is involved will be
roped off and will be constantly monitored to ensure that local residents, particularly
children stay away. Also, no machinery will be left unattended, particularly in
running condition.
267. Community will be briefed on traffic safety, especially women who are the main
care providers to children.
Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures (75) 24 July 2019
268. Speed limit of 20 km/hr will be maintained by all project related vehicles on the
section of the roads and passages adjacent to the houses near the project
boundary and nighttime driving of project vehicles will be limited where possible.
Worker Health and Safety
Impacts
269. The project construction activity will be conducted in a thickly populated area with
high volumes of pedestrians and vehicular traffic. The risk of accidents taking place
will be high, particularly from falling objects during work being conducted on
elevated structures, falling of beams and metal rods as well as the potential of
accidents of vehicles with construction machinery.
270. The general track record of Contractors in the country with regards to following
safety protocols during construction work is not very impressive with safety
precautions mostly felt to be an impediment to fast pace of work.
Mitigation measures
271. Keeping in view the significant risk posed by the construction work to the
surrounding commuters and pedestrians, it shall be ensured that the Contractor
provides his staff with a provided detailed orientation on the safety protocols to be
followed at all times during the construction work to minimize the risk of accidents.
272. The Contractor shall provide bi-monthly refresher sessions to his staff on the safety
precautions to be followed during the construction activity.
273. The Contractor will closely monitor his staff at all times and will take strict action
against any non-compliance with these protocols and will ensure at all times that
the safety of the commuters and traffic in the vicinity of the project site are kept a
priority.
Water Resources
Impacts
274. Water shall be used during the project construction in the labor camps for the
everyday use of the laborers for cooking, drinking and bathing etc. Also, water shall
be used at the sites in the project area for sprinkling to suppress dust emissions. In
addition, water shall also be used during the construction activity itself for mixing of
gravel in the batching plant etc.
275. Water is available in sufficient quantities in the project area and will be sourced
either through pipes taken from the nearest municipal connection or through
bowzers that shall be brought to the project area. If felt necessary, temporary bore
wells will be dug and will be restored to their original condition once the
construction activity has been completed.
Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 76 | P a g e
276. Even though there is no issue with water availability and the project construction
will only be requiring limited quantities of water that will be easily manageable,
however, it shall be ensured through monitoring that wastage of water is prevented
both at the project sites as well as at the labor camps.
Mitigation measures
No measures required.
Camp & Batching plant effluent
Impacts
277. The staff and labor camps for the construction of the proposed Staging facility will
be a source of wastewater generated from the toilets, washrooms and the kitchen.
The wastewater will not meet the national environmental standards and will
therefore need treatment prior to disposal.
278. The project site where construction is being conducted must not be treated by the
project staff and/or labor as a public toilet or for disposal of camp effluent.
Mitigation measures
279. It will be ensured that no untreated effluent is released to the environment.
280. A closed sewage treatment system will treat the effluent, which will then be
disposed of in a soak pit or will be used for plantation. The sewage treatment plants
will be installed at each respective labor camp based on the number of laborers
residing at the respective camp.
281. Water being released from any batching plant(s) must be treated as per
requirements of SEQS prior to release to sewerage system/any other water body.
Soil Erosion and Sedimentation
Impacts
282. The majority of the works proposed will consist of earth works and thus there will
be a high possibility of soil erosion and sedimentation taking place if the exposed
soil surfaces are not protected.
Mitigation measures
283. Any drainage structures, culverts or pipes crossing the project site may need to be
modified or protected and the detailed designs must make provisions to protect or
re-provision all infrastructure that may be affected by the construction works.
Soil Contamination
Impacts
Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures (77) 24 July 2019
284. During the project construction, spills of fuel, lubricants and chemicals can take
place while transferring from one container to another or during refueling. Also,
during maintenance of equipment and vehicles, through leakages from equipment
and containers and as a result of traffic accidents.
285. Depending on the nature of the material, location of spill and quantity of spill, the
soil can get contaminated.
Mitigation measures
286. It will be ensured that spill prevention trays are provided and used during refueling.
Also, on-site maintenance of construction vehicles and equipment will be avoided
as far as possible. In case on-site maintenance is unavoidable, tarpaulin or other
impermeable material will be spread on the ground to prevent contamination of soil.
287. Regular inspections will be carried out to detect leakages in construction vehicles
and equipment and all vehicles will be washed in external commercial facilities.
288. Fuels, lubricants and chemicals will be stored in covered bounded areas, underlain
with impervious lining. Appropriate arrangements, including shovels, plastic bags
and absorbent materials will be available near fuel and oil storage areas.
Drainage and Storm Water Run-off
Impacts
289. The storm water run-off from the construction site could carry oil and grease if the
soil is contaminated or the potentially contaminated areas (oil and grease storage
areas, maintenance areas and workshops) are in hydrological contact with the
surrounding areas. Any risk may be eliminated by taking measures to avoid
spillages and taking immediate remedial measures in case of accidental spillage of
oil.
Mitigation measures
290. All unpaved exposed areas at the project sites will be compacted to minimize water
erosion and all areas containing potentially hazardous materials will be
hydrologically isolated from the remaining site.
291. It shall be ensured that natural drainage is not hampered or blocked in any way at
any of the sites.
Hazardous and Non-Hazardous Waste Management
Impacts
292. In the absence of national or domestic regulations and a waste management
system in the project area, waste disposal can potentially become a serious
Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 78 | P a g e
environmental issue, particularly with the local contractors. To avoid any potential
issue, the project proponent will have to impose adequate internal controls.
Mitigation measures
293. A waste management plan will be developed prior to the start of construction. This
plan will cater to sorting of hazardous and non-hazardous materials prior to
disposal, placing of waste bins at the sites in the project area for waste disposal
and an onsite hazardous waste storage facility.
294. Periodic on-site audits of waste management will be undertaken along with auditing
of waste disposal contractors and disposal facilities on regular basis to check that
procedures are being followed.
295. Records of all waste generated during the construction period will be maintained.
Quantities of waste disposed, recycled or reused will be logged on a Waste
Tracking Register.
296. Licensed waste contractors will be engaged to dispose off all non-hazardous waste
material that cannot be recycled or reused.
297. Training will be provided to personnel for identification, segregation and
management of waste.
Historical/Archaeological Sites
Impacts
298. There are no historical buildings and/or monuments at the project site.
Mitigation measures
299. If evidence of any archaeological remains is found during the construction
activities, the excavation work will be stopped immediately and necessary next
steps taken to identify the archaeological discovery based on the ‘Chance Find’ procedures provided as Annexure H.
Vegetation and Wildlife Loss
Impacts
300. The proposed project site is an existing cricket ground with minimal or non-existent
vegetation cover. However, during construction, any vegetation cover present will
be removed.
301. The impact of project activities on the wildlife in the area is likely to be insignificant
as the area has a long area of human occupation, to which most of the animal
species have adapted over time.
Mitigation measures
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302. Wherever trees have to be felled, mitigation will be required in the form of
reinstatement and compensatory planting.
303. In case existing trees and topsoil (down to 0.5 meters) is removed, the top soil shall
be retained for elsewhere in the project. The wood that would be cut will not be
burnt on site. All stumps and surplus vegetation shall be disposed of at landfills via
routes or other destinations as designated and instructed by TMTD focal points.
304. It will be ensured that willful killing; trapping and trade of faunal species will be
strictly prohibited.
305. Tree plantation will be undertaken at the project site to compensate for the
vegetation lost during construction in the minimum ratio of 3:1 i.e. 3 saplings to be
planted for every tree felled given the possible difficulties with establishing trees
and low survival rates of young trees.
306. Burning of vegetation as fuel will be prohibited.
Employment Conflicts
Impacts
307. The proposed project is not likely to create any significant permanent job
opportunities. Even unskilled and semi-skilled employment opportunities that are
likely to be created will be for a short period while the project is constructed. As
persons with relevant skills may be available locally within Karachi, people from the
project area are likely to fill a significant number of the semi-skilled and skilled jobs.
308. This issue of provision of jobs can become particularly problematic if it is perceived
by the local population that a significant number of construction-related jobs
opportunities are not given to people from the local community. This can result in
friction between local residents and construction workers from outside of the
community.
Mitigation measures
309. The Construction Contractor will adopt a transparent hiring policy. Prior to the
commencement of the construction activity, the local communities in the project
area will be informed of the employment policy in place and number of people that
can be employed for this project.
310. It will be ensured that maximum number of unskilled and semi-skilled jobs will be
provided to the residents of Karachi city.
311. TMTD will ensure a balanced process of employment of the communities in the
project area with preference given to those most directly affected by the project.
Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 80 | P a g e
Communicable Diseases
Impacts
312. Communicable diseases such as HIV may be introduced due to the immigration of
workers associated with the project.
Mitigation measures
313. A communicable diseases prevention program will be prepared for construction
workers or residents near the construction sites.
Loss of Access around Project Site
Impacts
314. It is currently not foreseen that there will be any access restriction since the
western front of the proposed KGA ground is already closed off due to the KBRT –
Green Line works and this access way will be used for all project works. The
residential settlements on the remaining faces of the site will not be disturbed.
Mitigation measures
315. The Contractor shall ensure that:
▪ The existing western face, presently being used for the Green Line BRT works
will only be used for all construction works. No other access way will be used,
thus ensuring the residential settlements located on the other faces of the project
site are not disturbed.
Land Use and Aesthetics
Impacts
316. The proposed staging facility will build on the existing road with a minor change in
the land use pattern of the area. Aesthetic and visual impacts during the
construction phase will be visible in the project area and particularly in areas that
are congested. However, the construction of the Staging facility and BRT system in
general will have a positive impact on the urban aesthetics and architectural beauty
they will bring to the city’s real estate line. The construction of BRT related infrastructure will add structural beauty and value to the city.
Mitigation measures
No mitigation measures required.
Natural and Man made Hazards
Impacts
Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures (81) 24 July 2019
317. Natural disasters include windstorms, floods, earthquakes may be experienced
during the construction phase. However, the likelihood of such events is quite low
and the effect on the project in the case of an occurrence of such a natural calamity
on the health and safety of the workers and affected population can be minimized
by adopting appropriate and adequate mitigation measures.
318. Fire accidents and terrorist/sabotage activities are something that cannot be
predicted or foreseen but can be prepared for by taking precautionary measures
such as training of staff and acquiring extra safety and security measures.
Mitigation measures
No mitigation measures required.
6.3 Operation Phase
319. The operation of the Staging facility will involve the movement of modern BRT
buses with low emissions coupled with removal of older buses from the traffic fleet
is expected to deliver some reductions in ambient levels of noise and air pollution.
320. The impacts in the operation phase are critically important since the impacts in the
operation phase of the project are ‘long term’.
321. The summary of potential impacts during the Operation phase are provided in
Table 6.5 below.
Table 6.5: Summary of Possible Impacts during Operation Phase
S/No. Environmental
Aspect
Potential Issue from
Environmental Aspect Potential of Impact Mitigation Measures
1 Ambient Air
Quality
Particulate and gaseous
emissions from buses
The newer buses
running on CNG
are expected to be
more efficient and
emit fewer
pollutants
compared to the
existing public
transport vehicles,
which are quite old
and mostly run on
diesel.
No negative
impacts. However,
vehicle maintenance
and emission
controls to be
conducted in the
long term to protect
air quality
2 Noise Levels Noise resulting from
movement of buses
The newer buses
are expected to
produce lesser
noise due to
No negative
impacts.
Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 82 | P a g e
quieter and more
efficient engines
compared to the
existing public
transport fleet,
which is old and
quite noisy due to
inefficient diesel
engines.
3 Solid Waste
Disposal
The operation of the Staging
facility along with the BRT
buses will result in domestic
garbage being generated
from stations and buses.
Large volumes of
solid waste being
generated and
leading to pollution
in the city
Waste collection and
management plan
must be in place and
implemented.
4 Land
contamination
Accidental fuel and material
spills
No negative impact
expected.
Proper waste
management plan
and spill response
plan to be
implemented
5 Socio-
economy
Increased job opportunities
Improvement of
infrastructure facilities
Wider economic growth
Reduced health risk and
accidental hazards
Overall positive
impact expected
and socio-
economic
conditions of region
can improve
Project sustainability
must be ensured
through regular and
proper maintenance
of infrastructure.
Air Quality
Impacts
322. There is strong evidence from different BRT projects (including Staging facilities
that are part of the BRT systems) implemented across the world to suggest that a
significant improvement in air quality in the project area can be expected once the
proposed project is operational. The concentrations of key pollutants such as CO,
NOx, PM10 and PM2.5 have been observed to be reduced significantly. This is
attributed to a number of reasons such as reduced traffic congestion on the roads
with a larger number of persons using the BRT and the avoidance of traffic jams
ensuring the idling times for vehicles is significantly reduced.
Mitigation measures
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323. Regular maintenance of BRT buses shall be conducted and optimal engine
efficiency shall be ensured through use of high quality fuel.
324. Regular monitoring will be conducted of the PM levels. Any sections in the project
area of the Staging facility where PM levels are found to be increasing shall be
closely examined and potential sources of PM shall be identified and customized
mitigation measures developed to reduce PM levels at that particular section.
325. Buses and all mechanical equipment such as generators shall undergo regular
maintenance and shall be tuned to maintain engine efficiency and minimize
emissions in compliance of NEQS limits.
326. Stack height of generators (if any) will be at least 3 meters above the ground.
Noise Levels
Impacts
327. Results of the noise analysis conducted for the proposed BRT systems indicate
that there would be drop of almost 20 dB in the daytime traffic noise levels for the
areas where there will be only BRT buses. This is a substantial reduction in the
noise levels. There would be almost no traffic noise during the night hours where
roadway is dedicated to the BRT buses only when there would no buses. Thus, this
means that in the vicinity of the Staging facility as well, there would be an overall
reduction in noise levels.
Mitigation measures
328. No noise mitigation measures are needed because future peak hour average traffic
noise levels would not be more than the existing noise levels.
329. BRT buses and all mechanical equipment shall be regularly maintained to ensure
compliance with NEQS limits for noise.
330. Strict protocols for driving into and out of the Staging facility shall be followed and
honking shall not be allowed and pre-set speed limits shall be followed.
Solid Waste disposal
Impacts
331. The operation of the Staging facility and the BRT buses will result in domestic
garbage being generated from stations and buses consisting of dinner boxes,
aluminium cans, plastic bottles, tissue paper/paper, newspapers, nutshells and
food waste.
Mitigation measures
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332. A proper solid waste management plan will be prepared and implemented to
ensure waste containment, collection, transfer and disposal. Also, monitoring will
be conducted at specific locations in the vicinity of the Staging facility to ensure
strict compliance with the EMP in implementing the measures for solid waste
management.
Land Contamination
Impacts
333. Accidental fuel and material spills could take place from the different BRT buses
visiting the Staging facility on a daily basis.
Mitigation measures
334. Proper waste management plan and spill response plan will need to be
implemented.
Socioeconomic
Impacts
335. The operational phase of the Staging facility will contribute to the local economy by
providing job opportunities to the residents of Karachi. These benefits will increase
the socio-economic status of the region and the overall impact will bring about a
positive change.
Improvement of Infrastructure Facilities
336. The development of the proposed project will also create and improve the
amenities/ services such as power, road infrastructure, communication etc. and
thus improve the overall living conditions for the residents of Karachi.
Economic Growth
337. The proposed project will increase the economic activities around the area,
creating avenues for direct/indirect employment in the post project period.
338. A wider economic impact is expected in terms of generating opportunities for other
businesses linked to the proposed project such as marketing, repair and
maintenance tasks etc.
Mitigation measures
No mitigation measures required.
6.4 Cumulative Impacts
339. The construction works for the BRT – Green Line are presently ongoing along the
entire western face of the proposed KGA ground. The ongoing activities consist of
Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures (85) 24 July 2019
major earthworks in order to develop the Numaish station and BRT corridor. However,
considering the progress and completion status of these existing activities, they will
have already been completed by the time the proposed Staging Facility related
construction works would commence. Thus, no cumulative impacts are expected.
6.5 Indirect and Induced Impacts
340. The potential impact of development of the proposed Staging facility at the KGA
cricket ground location has been examined, which has indicated that the existing
and planned infrastructure such as water supply, wastewater collection and
treatment, municipal solid waste collection and disposal would be adequate to
accommodate any potential population intake as a result of the proposed project
development. Impacts on the environment from air emissions, traffic and
community noise, and treated effluent discharge have also been assessed and
have found to be acceptable and within the carrying capacities of the environmental
media. Thus, negative indirect and induced impacts from this project are not
expected.
341. Negative indirect and induced impacts from this project are not expected.
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7 Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan
7.1 Introduction
342. The Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (EMP) is developed to
eliminate and/or mitigate the impacts envisaged at the design, construction and
operation stages and provide specific guidelines for long term monitoring by
identifying the roles and responsibilities of TMTD, Supervision Consultant and
Contractor(s).
343. The detailed EMP provided in this section provided as Table 7.1 ensures that the
Project has no detrimental effect on the surrounding environment. The Plan shall
act as a guideline for incorporating environmental measures to be carried out by
the contractors engaged by TMTD, as well as for other parties concerned for
mitigating possible impacts associated with the Project and will form part of the
Contract documents to be considered alongside the specifications. This Plan shall
act as the Environmental Monitoring Plan during construction and operational
phases of the Project, and will allow for prompt implementation of effective
corrective measures.
7.2 Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
344. The EMP attached with this report ensures the following:
▪ Delivery of the prescribed environmental outcomes during all phases of the Project;
▪ Formulating a system for compliance with applicable legislative and non-legislative
requirements and obligations and commitments for the Project;
▪ Ensure that project design process incorporates best practice environmental design
and sustainability principles to minimize potential impacts of construction and
operation on the environment and community.
▪ Ensure that the construction work procedures minimize potential impacts on the
environment and community.
▪ Develop, implement and monitor measures that minimize pollution and optimize
resource use.
7.3 Objectives of EMP
345. The EMP provides a delivery mechanism to address potential impacts of the
project activities, to enhance project benefits and to outline standardized good
practices to be adopted for all project works. The EMP has been prepared with the
objectives of:
▪ Defining the roles and responsibilities of the project proponent for the
implementation of EMP and identifying areas where these roles and
responsibilities can be shared with other parties involved in the execution and
monitoring of the project;
▪ Outlining mitigation measures required for avoiding or minimizing potential
negative impacts assessed by environmental study;
Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (87) 24 July 2019
▪ Developing a monitoring mechanism and identifying requisite monitoring
parameters to confirm effectiveness of the mitigation measures recommended in
the study;
▪ Defining the requirements for communication, documentation, training, monitoring,
management and implementation of the mitigation measures.
7.4 Environmental Management Framework
346. Near term institutional arrangements are needed to monitor contractor performance
in implementing environmental protection measures described in the environmental
management plan (EMP). As earlier stated, enforcement will be under the authority
of the TMTD PIU, with technical support from the CSC. The following sections
describe the environmental management framework for the construction phase.
7.4.1 Roles of TMTD PIU and SMTA
347. Environmental and Social Safeguard specialists are available in PIU and their
services will continue to be required, to oversee safeguards monitoring of the
Project during construction operations. Positions of Environmental and Safety
Officer (ESO) and Equal Opportunity, Gender and Social Specialist (EOGSS) posts
will eventually be needed in the operations group, TransKarachi. In case they are
established in time, the ESO and EOGSS may be guided by specialist consultants
from the CSC during the construction period.
7.4.2 Roles of CSC Consultants during Design/Construction
348. Project Management will be performed by the CSC headed by a full-time Project
Manager/Resident Engineer to take responsibility for and manage activities of the
CSC. The CSC will be responsible for the following in relation to their works: (i)
assisting the PIU in implementing the Project; (ii) carrying out procurement and
engaging and contractors; (iii) liaising and coordinating with the TMTD and other
authorities; (iv) managing the contractors; and (v) liaising with other stakeholders
on the day to day implementation of Project activities. TMTD will receive support
from the CSC to implement the environmental and resettlement plans.
349. Safeguard specialists for environment and resettlement will be part of the CSC to
oversee implementation of the environmental and resettlement plans prior to the
bidding stage to ensure the bidding documents include all environmental
management requirements.
7.4.3 Role of the Contractor
350. The civil works contractor will be responsible for fulfilling contract conditions related
to environmental mitigation and monitoring. The contractor is responsible for
implementing all environmental, health and safety actions described in the EMP
and relevant clauses in the bidding documents and contract during the pre-
construction and construction period.
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351. The contractor will prepare the Construction SSEMP based on the site-specific
construction methodologies it proposes to use the EMP in this IEE. The SSEMP
will further develop the EMP and will provide detailed measures on how it will
mitigate impacts, including but not limited to air pollution and noise, traffic, health
and safety risk, drainage and sediment, spoil and solid wastes, hazardous
materials and other impacts identified in the IEE. The CSC acting for the PIU will
review the SSEMP before the commencement of construction. Acceptance does
not preclude introducing further actions into the plans as required by
circumstances, and monitoring will be conducted for compliance with the original
requirements of the EMP contained in the IEE.
352. The contractor will appoint an Environmental Management officer (EMO) and a
Health and Safety Officer (HSO) who will be responsible for implementing the
mitigation measures and specific management plans required under the EMP. Site
inspections will be conducted on a daily and weekly basis to check compliance with
the approved SSEMP and ensure implementation of all health and safety
requirements.
353. The responsibilities of the Contractor include:
▪ Participate in induction on EMP and mitigation measures to be delivered by
CSC and PIU prior to preparation of the SSEMP;
▪ Preparing and submitting the SSEMP to the PIU;
▪ Appointing EMO and HSO, confirming that these positions have been filled
and by whom with the CSC and PIU before construction commences;
▪ Seeking training and support from PIU on any aspects of environmental
management, as required;
▪ Once construction starts, the EMO is responsible for ensuring that the
Contractor complies with the clauses in the contract and bidding documents in
respect of environment, health and safety;
▪ As required, preparing and submitting for approval, appropriate plans (tree
cutting, aggregate extraction, traffic management etc.);
▪ Engaging an Independent Monitoring Group (IMG) to maintain a continuous
(quarterly) monitoring record of ambient environmental parameters;
▪ Engaging an approved service provider to undertake HIV/AIDS briefings and
awareness raising amongst the contractor’s employees and communities, and reporting on the same;
▪ Coordinating with PIU in respect of community consultation i.e. establishing
GRM etc; and
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▪ Participating in monitoring and coordinating with PIU to ensure that
environmental management activities are reported in Monthly Progress
Reports as required.
7.4.4 Role of Sindh EPA
354. SEPA will review the statutory environmental assessment. Approval will be
conditional on the proponent providing commitment to implement all mitigation
measures in the environmental assessment and environmental management plan
along with any additional requirements set out in the environmental approval.
355. On-going consultation with SEPA will be required during the construction of the
project. SEPA will be asked to assist in the monitoring of implementation of the
SSEMP and ensure that environmental management and mitigation of the project
is undertaken to an acceptable standard. Periodic inspections will take place with
SEPA, TMTD PIU, CSC and Contractors.
7.5 Environmental Management/Monitoring and Reporting
356. During the construction phase, the overall responsibility for the implementation and
monitoring of the EMP rests with the Project Director (PD). The PD through
assistance from the Supervision Consultant’s Environmental staff and the
Environment team of TMTD, will supervise the implementation of the proposed
mitigation measures and monitor the implementation progress in the field. Monthly
environmental monitoring data/reports will be incorporated in the project
implementation progress reports to be shared with ADB and such monthly reports
will be consolidated into quarterly monitoring reports and submitted to ADB for
review and clearance. Upon clearance, all such reports will be uploaded on the
TMTD and ADB websites.
7.6 Monitoring Parameters
357. The key environmental parameters such as ambient air quality, noise levels, waste
disposal etc. will be monitored at key receptor locations.
358. A monitoring plan for the pre-construction, construction and operation phases of
the project, indicating environmental parameters, frequency, locations and
applicable standards is provided as Tables 7.1, 7.2 and 7.3 below. Standards set
under the NEQS guidelines for the key receptors are also provided as Annexure
B.
7.7 Environmental Training
Capacity Building and Training
359. Capacity building and training programs are necessary for TMTD staff in order to
control the negative impacts resulting from the project construction and during its
operation phase. They will also require trainings on monitoring and inspecting of
Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan 90 | P a g e
such a project for environmental impacts and for implementation of mitigation
measures.
360. The details of this capacity building and training program are presented in the
Table 7.4 below.
7.8 Further Additions & Updating of IEE study & EMP
361. This version of the IEE report along with this EMP shall be further updated once the
detailed design is completed and any other details of the proposed staging facility
become available over the coming weeks and months. These revisions shall be
incorporated into any subsequent updated versions of this IEE report and EMP.
Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan 91 | P a g e
Table 7.1: Pre-Construction Monitoring Requirements
Project Activity and Potential Impact
Objective of Monitoring
Parameters to be Monitored
Measurements Location Frequency Responsibility
Relocation of infrastructure (water pipelines, gas pipelines, electric cables etc.)
To ensure no interruption of these services takes place once construction activity commences
Process of relocation of services
Completion of relocation of services to alternate pathways
In project area, wherever relocation of services is necessary
- TMTD
Ambient Air Quality
To establish baseline air quality levels
CO,NOx & PM10 (particulate matter smaller than 10 microns) concentration at receptor level
1-hr and 24-hr concentration levels
At one key receptor location around the project site
Twice in total (Once on a weekday and once on a weekend)
TMTD
Ambient Noise
To establish baseline noise levels
Ambient noise levels A-weighted noise levels –
24 hours, readings taken at 15 s intervals over 15 min. every hour, and then averaged
At one key receptor location around the project site
Twice in total (Once on a weekday and once on a weekend)
TMTD
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Table 7.2: Construction Phase Monitoring Requirements
Project Activity and Potential Impact
Objective of Monitoring
Parameters to be Monitored
Measurements Location Frequency Responsibility
Noise
Disturbance due to noise from construction activity
To determine the effectiveness of noise abatement measures on sound pressure levels
Ambient noise level near key noise sensitive receptor near project site
A-weighted noise levels –
24 hours, readings taken at 15 s intervals over 15 min. every hour, and then averaged
At two key receptor locations near project site
Monthly Contractor’s Environmental officer, TMTD
Air Quality
Dust emissions from construction vehicles and equipment
To determine the effectiveness of dust control program on dust at receptor level
CO,NOx & PM10 (particulate matter smaller than 10 microns) concentration at receptor level
1-hr and 24-hr concentration levels
At two key receptor locations near project site
Monthly Contractor’s Environmental officer, TMTD
Visible dust Visual observation of size of dust clouds, their dispersion and the direction of dispersion
Construction sites Once daily Contractor’s Environmental officer, TMTD
Dust Fall Amount of dust deposition shall be measured
Construction sites Once daily Contractor’s Environmental officer, TMTD
Water Resources
Wastage of water leading to depletion in water resources
To prevent wastage of water during the construction works
Volume of water being used versus its utilization
Visual observations of water being used at project sites and at labor camps
Construction sites and labor camps
Once daily
Contractor’s Environmental officer, TMTD
Landscape scarring at borrow sites
To ensure landscape does not lose its aesthetic value
- Visual inspection Borrow sites Weekly
Contractor’s Environmental officer, TMTD
Soil erosion To ensure soil erosion does not take place
- Visual inspection Borrow sites Weekly Contractor’s Environmental officer, TMTD
Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (93) 24 July 2019
Project Activity and Potential Impact
Objective of Monitoring
Parameters to be Monitored
Measurements Location Frequency Responsibility
Increase in traffic accidents
To minimize risk of traffic accidents
Number of accidents taking place Visual monitoring
Construction sites Once weekly
Contractor’s Environmental officer, TMTD
Delays in traffic management
To ensure traffic movement is efficiently managed
Number of traffic congestion events
Visual inspections
Construction sites
Once weekly Contractor’s
Environmental officer, TMTD
Safety precautions by Safety workers
To prevent accidents for workers and general public
Number of near miss events and accidents taking place
Visual inspections
Construction sites
Once weekly Contractor’s
Environmental officer, TMTD
Soil Contamination To prevent contamination of soil from oil and toxic chemical spills and leakages
Incidents of oil and toxic chemical spills
Visual inspections
At construction sites and at vehicle and machinery refuelling & maintenance areas
Once a month Contractor’s
Environmental officer, TMTD
Solid Waste & Effluent disposal
Insufficient procedures for waste collection, storage, transportation and disposal
To check the availability of waste management system and implementation
Inspection of solid and liquid effluent generation, collection, segregation, storage, recycling and disposal will be undertaken at labor camps and at all work sites in the project area
Visual inspections At labor camps and at work sites
Once daily.
Liquid effluent to be tested on quarterly basis
Contractor’s Environmental officer, TMTD
Protection of Heritage Sites
Destruction of relic or damage to heritage site
To ensure heritage sites are protected and any relic found is recovered without damage
Careful inspections during excavation work in case any relic is discovered
-
At work sites
During excavation work Contractor’s
Environmental officer, TMTD
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Table 7.3: Operation Phase Monitoring Requirements
Project Activity and Potential Impact
Objective of Monitoring
Parameters to be Monitored
Measurements Location Frequency Responsibility
Noise
Disturbance due to noise from operational activity
To determine the effectiveness of noise abatement measures on sound pressure levels
Ambient noise level near receptors in project area
A-weighted noise levels –
24 hours, readings taken at 15 s intervals over 15 min. every hour, and then averaged
At one receptor location near the Staging facility
Bi-annual
O&M Contractor’s Environmental officer, Trans
Karachi
Air Quality
Air pollutants can adversely affect the ambient air quality and impact human health
To ensure air pollutants are not present above the permissible guidelines
Ambient air quality i.e. concentration of pollutant gases in air such as CO, NOX and PM10
Concentration levels of the pollutant gases
At one receptor location near the Staging facility
Bi-annual
O&M Contractor’s Environmental officer, Trans
Karachi
Solid Waste Management
Domestic garbage from stations and buses
To ensure solid waste is disposed off in an environmentally friendly manner
Amount of solid waste generated and its disposal method
Records of waste generated
On-site audits of waste management
Audits of the waste disposal contractors and waste disposal facilities
Staging Facility
Daily records of waste generated to be maintained. Audits to be conducted monthly.
O&M Contractor’s Environmental officer, Trans
Karachi
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Table 7.4: Capacity Development and Training Programme
Provided by Organized by Contents No. of
training
events
Duration Cost
(PKR)
Pre-construction Phase
Monitoring
Consultants/Organization
s offering specialized
services in environmental
management and
monitoring
Project Director Short seminars and
courses on:
Environmental
Management Plan
and Environmental
Monitoring Plan
Two seminars
for Contractor
management
staff and TMTD
project staff
3 days
each 200,000
Construction Phase
Monitoring
Consultants/Organization
s offering specialized
services in social
management and
monitoring
Project Director Short seminars on
Environmental risks
associated with
construction phase.
Development of
Environmental
Performance
Indicators
Occupational Health
and Safety (OHS)
issues
Two seminars
for Contractor
management
staff and TMTD
project staff
dealing in
environment
and social
issues
3 days
each 200,000
Operational Phase
Monitoring
Consultants/Organization
s offering specialized
services in Occupational
Health and Safety (OHS)
Issues
Project Director Short seminars
relating to monitoring
of environmental and
social parameters
during operational
phase
Two seminars
for O&M
Contractor and
TMTD staff 3 days
each 200,000
Total 600,000
(PKR 0.6 million)
7.9 Environmental Management Costs
362. The Table 7.5 below provides cost estimates for ‘Pre-Construction phase’ monitoring while Table 7.6 provides cost estimates for ‘Construction phase’ monitoring and Table 7.7 provides the cost estimates for the ‘Operation phase’ monitoring of key environmental parameters.
363. The costs associated with implementation of the EMP and the necessary mitigation
measures are provided as Table 7.8 below. The Table 7.9 below provides the
Environmental management and monitoring plan for the proposed project.
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Table 7.5: Annual Cost Estimates for ‘Pre-Construction Phase’ Environmental Monitoring
Monitoring
Component
Parameters Quantity Amount
PKR
Details
Air Quality CO, NOx,
PM10
2 (Twice only at 1
location) 120,000
2 readings @ PKR
60,000 per sample
Noise Levels dB(A)
2 (Twice only at 1
location)
120,000 2 readings @ PKR
60,000 per reading
Contingencies 12,000 5% of monitoring cost
Total (PKR) 252,000
Table 7.6: Annual Cost Estimates for ‘Construction Phase’ Environmental Monitoring
Monitoring
Component
Parameters Quantity Amount
PKR
Details
Air Quality CO, NOx,
PM10
24 (Monthly basis at
2 locations) 1,440,000
24 readings @ PKR
60,000 per sample
Noise Levels dB(A)
24 (Monthly basis
at 2 locations)
1,440,000 24 readings @ PKR
60,000 per reading
Liquid Effluents
Effluent produced
from labor camp and
construction sites
As per NEQS 4 (Quarterly basis
at 1 site)
80,000 4 samples @ PKR
20,000 per sample
Contingencies 148,000 5% of monitoring cost
Total (PKR) 3,108,000
(3.108 million PKR)
Table 7.7: Annual Cost Estimates for ‘Operation Phase’ Environmental Monitoring
Monitoring
Component
Parameters Quantity Amount
PKR
Details
Air Quality CO, NOx, PM10 2 (Bi-annually at
1 location) 120,000
2 readings @ PKR
60,000 per sample
Noise Levels dB(A) 2 (Bi-annually at
1 location)
120,000 2 readings @ PKR
60,000 per reading
Contingencies 12,000 5% of monitoring cost
Total (PKR) 252,000
Table 7.8: Estimated Costs for EMP Implementation
Item Sub-Item Estimated Total
Cost (PKR)
Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (97) 24 July 2019
Staff, audit and monitoring
cost1
1 person for 12 months
(@ 60,000 per month per staff
member)
720,000
Monitoring Activities Provided separately in Tables 7.5
to 7.7. -
Mitigation Measures As prescribed under EMP and IEE 11,00,000
(i) Water sprinkling To suppress dust emissions 500,000
(ii) Wastewater collection &
Treatment
From labor camps and construction
sites (based on initial estimates) 300,000
(iii) Solid waste collection &
disposal
From labor camps and construction
sites (based on initial estimates) 300,000
Contingencies 5% of EMP implementation cost 55,000
Total Estimated Cost (PKR) 1,875,000
(1.875 million
PKR)
1: To cover staff cost and expenses of Contractor
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Table 7.9: Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan
Environmental Concern
Objectives Mitigation Measures (MM) recommended
Timing to implement MM
Location to implement MM
Responsibility
Implementation Monitoring
Design/Pre-Construction Stage
Avoidance of demolition of Associated Facilities
The associated facilities, even though not listed by Government of Sindh as historical and cultural heritage, possess a rich historical value since they are over 100 years old and their demolition needs to be prevented since it would result in a great cultural and historic loss.
During the detailed design phase, all potential alternatives, both in terms of technology as well as location specific aspects need to be considered and all efforts need to be made to avoid demolition of the associated facilities as far as possible. As part of the review process, the relevant key stakeholders must also be engaged to find a suitable alternative strategy to prevent demolition of the existing associated facilities.
Prior to commencement of construction and demolition activity
Project Area Detailed design consultant
TMTD
Relocation of Utilities
To ensure all utilities are relocated to avoid disruption and inconvenience
1.TMTD, as the
implementing agency,
will be responsible for
ensuring all permits
and clearances are
Prior to commencement of construction and demolition activity
Project Area Respective utility companies
TMTD
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Environmental Concern
Objectives Mitigation Measures (MM) recommended
Timing to implement MM
Location to implement MM
Responsibility
Implementation Monitoring
to communities and receptors in project area
obtained prior to
commencement of
work at the project
site. In addition, TMTD
will ensure that
detailed contingency
plans are prepared
prior to
commencement of
construction activities
at the project site to
mitigate any potential
impacts resulting from
outage of utilities.
2. Contractors will
assess construction
locations in advance
for potential disruption
to services and
identify risks prior to
starting construction.
Any damage or
hindrance/disadvantag
e to local businesses
caused by the
premature removal or
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Environmental Concern
Objectives Mitigation Measures (MM) recommended
Timing to implement MM
Location to implement MM
Responsibility
Implementation Monitoring
insufficient
replacement of public
utilities is subject to
full compensation, at
the full liability of the
contractor who caused
the problem.
3. If temporary
disruption is
unavoidable, the
contractor will, in
collaboration with
relevant local
authorities such as
power company,
water supply
company and
communication
company, develop a
plan to minimize the
disruption and
communicate the
dates and duration in
advance to the
affected persons.
4. Communities shall be
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Environmental Concern
Objectives Mitigation Measures (MM) recommended
Timing to implement MM
Location to implement MM
Responsibility
Implementation Monitoring
informed in advance
regarding storage of
water when their
utilities are about to
be relocated. Also,
water pipes
located/crossing
through the project
site may be moved
slightly away or
provision of service
duct may be
considered.
5. Construction
billboards, which
include construction
contents, schedule,
responsible person
and complaint phone
number, will be
erected at each
construction site.
6. In case any
material(s) is
encountered that
contains asbestos, it
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Environmental Concern
Objectives Mitigation Measures (MM) recommended
Timing to implement MM
Location to implement MM
Responsibility
Implementation Monitoring
must be ensured that
international best
practices/established
protocols related to
handling of asbestos
based materials are
followed since no
national regulations
on handling asbestos
materials exist.
Locations for Labor Camps
To ensure the labor camps do not pose any adverse impacts on the project area
1. Specific locations will be strategically selected for development of labor camps that contain all necessary facilities.
2. Camp locations will
ensure minimal disturbance to residential settlements next to project site.
Prior to commencement of construction activity
Most suitable locations for labor camps nearest to the project site must be identified
TMTD -
Development of Traffic Management Plan
To minimize possibility of accidents and traffic congestion
1.The traffic management plan shall be prepared by the Contractor for implementation prior
Prior to commencement of construction activity
At all construction sites TMTD -
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Environmental Concern
Objectives Mitigation Measures (MM) recommended
Timing to implement MM
Location to implement MM
Responsibility
Implementation Monitoring
once construction commences and thus minimize possible nuisance for residents of Karachi
to commencement of the project construction activity. The main objectives of the plan shall be to maximize the safety of the workforce and the travelling public while keeping the traffic flowing as freely as possible.
2.The detailed traffic plan shall ensure that traffic is diverted to alternate routes wherever possible and will minimize traffic jams and bottlenecks near the project site and also minimize the chances of traffic related accidents.
3.The plan will include consideration of the following:
▪ Lane availability
and minimization of
traffic flows past the
works site
▪ Establishment of
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Environmental Concern
Objectives Mitigation Measures (MM) recommended
Timing to implement MM
Location to implement MM
Responsibility
Implementation Monitoring
acceptable working
hours and
constraints
▪ Agreement on time
scale for works and
establishment of
traffic flow/delay
requirements
▪ Acceptability of
diversion routes
where necessary
▪ Need for road
closures and
necessary orders
▪ Co-ordination with
other planned road
and street works
▪ Establishment of
incident
management
system for duration
of the works
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Environmental Concern
Objectives Mitigation Measures (MM) recommended
Timing to implement MM
Location to implement MM
Responsibility
Implementation Monitoring
Construction Stage
Traffic Management
Minimize disturbance of vehicular traffic and pedestrians during haulage of construction materials, spoil and equipment and machinery, blocking access roads during works Damage / maintenance problems for roads and bridges used by the haulage trucks, dust nuisance to residences, schools and hospitals.
▪ Traffic signs and
warning instructions
shall be displayed at
the sites and along the
proposed routes being
used by the
construction traffic for
the information of
other road traffic as
well.
▪ Public awareness
campaigns through
radio and newspaper
advertisements shall
be conducted to
educate the public and
sensitize them to
cooperate with the
construction staff and
project focal staff in
order to try and avoid
the areas under
construction as far as
possible, particularly
During Construction Works
The most important locations to be identified and listed. Relevant plans of the Contractor on traffic arrangements to be prepared and available.
Contractor and Engineer
TMTD/CSC
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Environmental Concern
Objectives Mitigation Measures (MM) recommended
Timing to implement MM
Location to implement MM
Responsibility
Implementation Monitoring
during the peak times
when traffic volumes
and pedestrian
movement is the
highest.
▪ The potential risks of
accidents to
pedestrians and
commuters while in
the immediate vicinity
of construction sites
shall be conveyed to
them in order to
educate them and
gain their cooperation
and minimize the risk
of accidents.
▪ Employ flag persons
to control traffic at the
work sites for safety
reasons when
construction
equipment is entering
or leaving the work
area.
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Environmental Concern
Objectives Mitigation Measures (MM) recommended
Timing to implement MM
Location to implement MM
Responsibility
Implementation Monitoring
▪ Provide sufficient
lighting at night within
and in the vicinity of
construction sites.
▪ Regularly monitor
traffic conditions along
access roads to
ensure that project
vehicles are not
causing congestion.
▪ Define and observe
schedules for different
types of construction
traffic trips (e.g.,
transport of pre-cast
sections, haulage of
spoils, delivery of
construction materials,
etc.).
▪ As much as possible,
schedule delivery of
construction materials
and equipment as well
as transport of spoils
during non-peak
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Environmental Concern
Objectives Mitigation Measures (MM) recommended
Timing to implement MM
Location to implement MM
Responsibility
Implementation Monitoring
hours.
▪ Avoid movements of
noisy vehicles during
night time in vicinity of
the residential
settlements.
▪ Implement suitable
safety measures to
minimize risk of
adverse interactions
between construction
works and traffic flows
through provision of
temporary signals or
flag controls, adequate
lighting, fencing,
signage and road
diversions.
▪ Ensure relocation of
any affected public
transport infrastructure
(but stops, shelters
etc.) prior to
commencement of
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Environmental Concern
Objectives Mitigation Measures (MM) recommended
Timing to implement MM
Location to implement MM
Responsibility
Implementation Monitoring
works.
▪ Provide advance
notification to the
community regarding
changes to public
transport facilities or
routes.
▪ Comply with traffic
regulations and avoid,
where possible, roads
with the highest traffic
volumes, high density
of sensitive receivers
or capacity constraints
are not used as
access to and from the
construction areas and
spoil disposal sites.
▪ Install temporary
accesses to properties
affected by disruption
to their permanent
accesses.
▪ Reinstate good quality
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Environmental Concern
Objectives Mitigation Measures (MM) recommended
Timing to implement MM
Location to implement MM
Responsibility
Implementation Monitoring
permanent accesses
following completion of
construction.
Air Quality
To minimize air emissions effectively and avoid complaints due to the airborne particulate matter released to the atmosphere.
1. Water will be sprinkled every three hours and at a higher frequency if felt necessary, at all construction sites to suppress dust emissions. 2. All heavy equipment and machinery shall be fitted in full compliance with the national and local regulations. (Relevant regulations are in the Motor vehicles fitness rules and Highway Act). 3. Stockpiled soil and sand shall be slightly wetted before loading, particularly in windy conditions. 4. Fuel-efficient and well-maintained haulage
During Construction Works
A list of locations to be included in contract and other sensitive areas identified by the CSC in project area.
Contractor shall maintain acceptable standards. CSC to supervise activities.
TMTD/CSC
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Environmental Concern
Objectives Mitigation Measures (MM) recommended
Timing to implement MM
Location to implement MM
Responsibility
Implementation Monitoring
trucks shall be employed to minimize exhaust emissions. 5. Vehicles transporting soil, sand and other construction materials shall be covered with tarpaulin. 6. Limitations to speeds of such vehicles necessary. Transport through densely populated area should be avoided. 7. Concrete plants to be controlled in line with statutory requirements and shall not be close to residential settlements. 8.Stack height of generators will be at least 3 meters above the ground. 9. Project traffic will maintain maximum speed limit of 20 km/hr on all unsealed roads
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Environmental Concern
Objectives Mitigation Measures (MM) recommended
Timing to implement MM
Location to implement MM
Responsibility
Implementation Monitoring
within project area. 10. A minimum distance of 300 meters will be ensured between batching plant(s) and the nearest residential settlements.
Noise Levels
To minimize noise level increases during construction activities.
▪ Unnecessary revving
of engines will be
avoided and
equipment will be
switched off when not
in use;
▪ Install temporary noise
barriers made of
plywood or acoustical
blankets around noisy
operation where
necessary to comply
with project noise
limits;
▪ Internal haul routes
will be kept well
maintained;
▪ Drop heights of
materials will be
During Construction Works
A list of locations to be included in contract and other sensitive areas identified by the CSC in project area.
Contractor should maintain the acceptable standards CSC to supervise relevant activities.
TMTD / CSC
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Environmental Concern
Objectives Mitigation Measures (MM) recommended
Timing to implement MM
Location to implement MM
Responsibility
Implementation Monitoring
minimised;
▪ Plant and vehicles will
be sequentially started
up rather than all
together;
▪ Use of effective
exhaust silence
systems or acoustic
engine covers as
appropriate;
▪ As far as reasonably
practicable, sources of
significant noise will
be enclosed;
▪ Plant will always be
used in accordance
with manufacturers’ instructions. Care will
be taken to site
equipment away from
noise-sensitive areas.
Where possible,
loading and unloading
will also be carried out
away from such areas;
▪ Regular and effective
maintenance by
trained personnel will
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Environmental Concern
Objectives Mitigation Measures (MM) recommended
Timing to implement MM
Location to implement MM
Responsibility
Implementation Monitoring
be undertaken to keep
plant and equipment
working to
manufacturers
specifications; and
▪ Screening e.g. noise
barriers and blinds will
be used as
appropriate.
▪ Record and respond
to complaints
according to the
established grievance
redress mechanism.
▪ Keep nearby
residences informed in
advance about noisy
activities during
various construction
phases.
▪ Vehicles and
mechanical plants
used for the purpose
of the works shall be
fitted with effective
exhaust silencers,
maintained in good
and efficient working
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Environmental Concern
Objectives Mitigation Measures (MM) recommended
Timing to implement MM
Location to implement MM
Responsibility
Implementation Monitoring
order and operated in
such a manner as to
minimise noise
emissions. The
construction contractor
shall ensure that all
plant complies with the
relevant statutory
requirements;
▪ Machines in
intermittent use should
be shut down or
throttled down to a
minimum when not in
use;
▪ Compressors should
be fitted with properly
lined and sealed
acoustic covers which
should be kept closed
whenever in use.
Pneumatic percussive
tools should be fitted
with mufflers or
silencers of the type
recommended by the
manufacturers;
▪ Equipment which
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Environmental Concern
Objectives Mitigation Measures (MM) recommended
Timing to implement MM
Location to implement MM
Responsibility
Implementation Monitoring
breaks concrete,
brickwork or masonry
by bending or bursting
or "nibbling" shall be
used in preference to
percussive tools.
Where possible, avoid
the use of impact tools
where the construction
works is close to
occupied premises;
▪ Rotary drills and
busters activated by
hydraulic, chemical or
electrical power shall
be used for excavating
hard or extrusive
material;
▪ Equipment powered
by mains electricity
shall be used in
preference to
equipment powered by
internal combustion
engine or locally
generated electricity;
▪ Neither any part of the
works nor any
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Environmental Concern
Objectives Mitigation Measures (MM) recommended
Timing to implement MM
Location to implement MM
Responsibility
Implementation Monitoring
maintenance of plant
shall be carried out in
such a manner as to
cause unnecessary
noise except in the
case of an emergency
when the work is
absolutely necessary
for the saving of life or
property or the safety
of the works;
▪ Plant shall be
maintained in good
working order so that
extraneous noise from
mechanical vibration,
creaking and
squeaking is kept to a
minimum; and
▪ Noise emitting
machinery which is
required to run
continuously shall be
housed in a suitable
acoustically lined
enclosure.
▪ Train staff in
construction best
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Environmental Concern
Objectives Mitigation Measures (MM) recommended
Timing to implement MM
Location to implement MM
Responsibility
Implementation Monitoring
practice.
▪ Construction operation
times shall be limited
to 07:00 to 22:00 daily
▪ Perform independent
periodic noise
monitoring to
demonstrate
compliance with
project noise limits.
Excavated Material (Earthworks) Disposal
Significant
volumes of
clay/mud shall
be excavated
from the KGA
ground. Unless
a suitable
disposal
location and
efficient
transport
mechanism for
disposal of this
material is
arranged, it
could potentially
result in major
A detailed Plan for
management and
disposal of Excavated
Material must be
developed. This Plan
must identify suitable
location(s) prior to
commencement of
excavation works and
require the engaging of
experienced and
credible third parties for
transport and disposal
of this material in the
most efficient and
effective manner without
any logistical or
During construction activity
Project area Contractor and the CSC
TMTD/ CSC
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Environmental Concern
Objectives Mitigation Measures (MM) recommended
Timing to implement MM
Location to implement MM
Responsibility
Implementation Monitoring
health and
aesthetics
issues.
management delays.
Community Health and Safety
To ensure the residents and visitors to the project area are kept safe during the construction activity at the different work sites.
1. Buffer strips or other methods of physical separation around project sites shall be ensured to protect public from major hazards.
2. Siting and safety engineering criteria shall be incorporated to prevent failures due to natural risks posed by earthquakes, floods, fire, wind etc.
3. Inventories of hazardous materials shall be reduced through inventory management.
4. Process or
storage conditions shall be modified to reduce potential consequences of an accidental off-site
During construction activity
Project area Contractor and the CSC
TMTD/ CSC
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Environmental Concern
Objectives Mitigation Measures (MM) recommended
Timing to implement MM
Location to implement MM
Responsibility
Implementation Monitoring
release. 5. Improving of
shut down and secondary containment to reduce amount of material escaping from containment and to reduce release of duration.
6. Reduce
probability that releases will occur through improved site operations and control and through improvements in maintenance and inspection.
7. Reduce off-site
impacts of releases through measures intended to contain explosions and fires such as alerting public, provision for evacuation of surrounding areas, establish safety zones
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Environmental Concern
Objectives Mitigation Measures (MM) recommended
Timing to implement MM
Location to implement MM
Responsibility
Implementation Monitoring
around each work site and ensure provision of emergency medical services to the public.
8. Work areas
outside project area, particularly where machinery is involved will be roped off and constantly monitored to ensure local residents and children in particular stay away.
9. No machinery
will be left unattended, particularly in running condition.
10. Community will
be briefed on traffic safety, especially women who are the main care providers to children.
11. Speed limit of 20
km/hr will be maintained by all project related
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Environmental Concern
Objectives Mitigation Measures (MM) recommended
Timing to implement MM
Location to implement MM
Responsibility
Implementation Monitoring
vehicles on section of roads and passages adjacent to houses in project area.
Worker Health and Safety
To ensure that the CSC, contractor and workers understand and have the capacity to ensure the environmental requirements and implementation of mitigation measures.
1. The Contractor will provide his staff with a provided detailed orientation on the safety protocols to be followed at all times during the construction work to minimize the risk of accidents. 2. The Contractor shall provide bi-monthly refresher sessions to his staff on the safety precautions to be followed during the construction activity. 3. The Contractor will closely monitor his staff at all times and will take strict action against any non-compliance with these protocols and will ensure at all times that the safety of the commuters and traffic in the vicinity of the project
Induction of all relevant staff required for implementation of EMP. At early stages of construction for all construction employees as far as reasonably practicable.
All staff members in all categories. Monthly induction and six month refresher course as necessary until contractor complies.
Contractor and the CSC and record details
TMTD & CSC to observe and record success
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Environmental Concern
Objectives Mitigation Measures (MM) recommended
Timing to implement MM
Location to implement MM
Responsibility
Implementation Monitoring
site are kept a priority. 4. Random Health and Safety audits from PMU and/or a third party shall be conducted.
Labor Camp Effluent
Prevent untreated effluent from being released into the environment.
▪ No untreated effluent will be released into the environment.
▪ Closed sewage
treatment system will treat the effluent, which will then be disposed of in a soak pit or will be used for plantation.
▪ Water being released
from any batching plant(s) must be treated as per requirements of SEQS prior to release to sewerage system/any other water body.
During Construction
At labor camps Contractor TMTD/ CSC
Soil Erosion and Sedimentation
To prevent soil erosion
Any drainage structures, culverts or pipes crossing the project site may need to be modified or protected
During Construction
Project site Contractor TMTD/ CSC
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Environmental Concern
Objectives Mitigation Measures (MM) recommended
Timing to implement MM
Location to implement MM
Responsibility
Implementation Monitoring
and the detailed designs must make provisions to protect or re-provision all infrastructure that may be affected by the construction works.
Soil Contamination
To prevent contamination of soil
1. It will be ensured that spill prevention trays are provided and used during refueling. Also, on-site maintenance of construction vehicles and equipment will be avoided as far as possible. In case on-site maintenance is unavoidable, tarpaulin or other impermeable material will be spread on the ground to prevent contamination of soil. 2. Regular inspections will be carried out to detect leakages in construction vehicles and equipment and all vehicles will be washed in external commercial facilities. 3. Fuels, lubricants and
During Construction
Project site Contractor TMTD/ CSC
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Environmental Concern
Objectives Mitigation Measures (MM) recommended
Timing to implement MM
Location to implement MM
Responsibility
Implementation Monitoring
chemicals will be stored in covered bounded areas, underlain with impervious lining. Appropriate arrangements, including shovels, plastic bags and absorbent materials will be available near fuel and oil storage areas.
Drainage and Storm water Run-off
To prevent run off and issues due to poor drainage
1. All unpaved exposed areas at the project sites will be compacted to minimize water erosion and all areas containing potentially hazardous materials will be hydrologically isolated from the remaining site. 2. It shall be ensured that natural drainage is not hampered or blocked in any way at any of the sites.
During Construction
Project site Contractor TMTD/ CSC
Hazardous and Non-hazardous waste management
To manage all hazardous and non-hazardous
1. A waste management plan will be developed prior to the start of
During Construction
Project site Contractor TMTD/ CSC
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Environmental Concern
Objectives Mitigation Measures (MM) recommended
Timing to implement MM
Location to implement MM
Responsibility
Implementation Monitoring
waste as per international best practices.
construction. This plan will cater to sorting of hazardous and non-hazardous materials prior to disposal, placing of waste bins at the project site for waste disposal and an onsite hazardous waste storage facility. 2. Periodic on-site audits of waste management will be undertaken along with auditing of waste disposal contractors and disposal facilities on regular basis to check that procedures are being followed. 3. Records of all waste generated during the construction period will be maintained. Quantities of waste disposed, recycled or reused will be logged on a Waste Tracking Register. 4. Licensed waste contractors will be engaged to dispose all
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Environmental Concern
Objectives Mitigation Measures (MM) recommended
Timing to implement MM
Location to implement MM
Responsibility
Implementation Monitoring
non-hazardous waste material that cannot be recycled or reused. 5. Training will be provided to personnel for identification, segregation and management of waste.
Archaeological sites
To protect any antiquities or relics that might be excavated
If evidence of any archaeological remains is found during the construction activities, the excavation work will be stopped immediately and necessary next steps taken to identify the archaeological discovery based on the ‘Chance Find’ procedures, provided as Annexure H.
During Construction
Project site Contractor TMTD/ CSC and department of Archaeology
Vegetation and Wildlife Loss
To protect vegetation and wildlife loss in project area.
1. Wherever trees have to be felled, mitigation will be required in the form of reinstatement and compensatory planting. Soft landscaping shall be installed in the median under the elevated sections to improve the appearance of the
During Construction
Along BRT Corridor Contractor TMTD/ CSC
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Environmental Concern
Objectives Mitigation Measures (MM) recommended
Timing to implement MM
Location to implement MM
Responsibility
Implementation Monitoring
completed works. In case existing trees and topsoil (down to 0.5 meters) is removed, the top soil shall be retained for elsewhere in the project. The wood that would be cut will not be burnt on site. All stumps and surplus vegetation shall be disposed of at landfills via routes or other destinations as designated and instructed by TMTD focal points. 2. It will be ensured that willful killing; trapping and trade of faunal species will be strictly prohibited. 3. Monitoring of tree survival has to be conducted. 4. Tree plantation will be undertaken at the project site to compensate for the vegetation lost during construction in the minimum ratio of 3:1 i.e. 3 saplings to be planted
Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan 129 | P a g e
Environmental Concern
Objectives Mitigation Measures (MM) recommended
Timing to implement MM
Location to implement MM
Responsibility
Implementation Monitoring
for every tree felled given the possible difficulties with establishing trees and low survival rates of young trees. 5. Burning of vegetation as fuel will be prohibited.
Employment Conflicts
To prevent conflicts of the project work force with the residents in the project area
1. A transparent hiring policy shall be adopted and local communities in project area will be informed of this policy.
2. It shall be ensured
that maximum number of unskilled and semi-skilled jobs will be provided to residents of Karachi and its suburbs.
3. TMTD will ensure a
balanced process of employment for communities in project area.
During construction activity
Project area Contractor and the CSC
TMTD/ CSC
Communicable diseases
To prevent outbreak of
A communicable diseases prevention
During construction
Project area Contractor and
TMTD/ CSC
Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan 130 | P a g e
Environmental Concern
Objectives Mitigation Measures (MM) recommended
Timing to implement MM
Location to implement MM
Responsibility
Implementation Monitoring
diseases program will be prepared for construction workers or residents near the construction sites.
activity the CSC
Loss of Access around project site
To ensure to loss of access takes place, particularly for the communities residing close to the project site.
The existing western
face, presently being
used for the Green Line
BRT works will only be
used for all construction
works. No other access
way will be used, thus
ensuring the residential
settlements located on
the other faces of the
project site are not
disturbed.
During construction activity
Project area Contractor CSC and TMTD
Impact on Vendors
To ensure vendors are not affected negatively due to the construction works
Compensation shall be
paid as per Entitlement
Matrix provided in the
Resettlement Action
Plan (RAP) and it shall
be ensured that any
grievances received
are adequately
addressed.
During construction activity
Project area Contractor CSC and TMTD
Loss of access To ensure no The Contractor shall During Project area Contractor CSC and
Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan 131 | P a g e
Environmental Concern
Objectives Mitigation Measures (MM) recommended
Timing to implement MM
Location to implement MM
Responsibility
Implementation Monitoring
in project area loss of access for businesses, residents and any other stakeholders in project area.
ensure that:
▪ Construction activities
are phased out
▪ At no point during the
construction works will
the road be completely
closed off
▪ Access shall not be
blocked due to
construction
works/equipment/vehic
les to any of the
businesses and/or
residences.
construction activity
TMTD
Operational Stage
Air Quality
To ensure operational phase of Staging Facility does not have adverse impact on air quality of project area
1. Buses and all mechanical equipment such as generators shall undergo regular maintenance and shall be tuned to maintain engine efficiency and minimize emissions in compliance of NEQS limits. 2.Stack height of
Once Staging Facility operation commences.
Residential locations around Staging Facility
O&M Contractor
Trans Karachi
Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan 132 | P a g e
Environmental Concern
Objectives Mitigation Measures (MM) recommended
Timing to implement MM
Location to implement MM
Responsibility
Implementation Monitoring
generators (if any) will be at least 3 meters above the ground. 3.Regular maintenance of BRT buses shall be conducted and optimal engine efficiency shall be ensured through use of high quality fuel.
4. Regular monitoring of
PM levels will be conducted. Residential locations around project site will be monitored for PM levels and potential PM sources will be identified and customized mitigation measures developed and implemented to reduce PM levels, if required.
Noise Levels
To ensure noise levels remain within acceptable NEQS limits during Staging Facility
1. Tuning and maintenance of buses and mechanical equipment such as buses on regular basis to minimize
Once Staging Facility operation commences.
Residential locations around Staging Facility
O&M Contractor
Trans Karachi
Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan 133 | P a g e
Environmental Concern
Objectives Mitigation Measures (MM) recommended
Timing to implement MM
Location to implement MM
Responsibility
Implementation Monitoring
operation noise levels and comply with NEQS limits.
2. Strict driving protocols shall be followed such as no honking etc.
Solid Waste Disposal
To prevent contamination of the areas around the Staging Facility due to improper solid waste disposal.
Proper waste management plan will be prepared and implemented to ensure waste collection, transfer and disposal.
Once Staging Facility operation commences
At Staging Facility
O&M Contractor
Trans Karachi
Land Contamination
Accidental fuel
and material
spills could take
place from the
different BRT
buses visiting
the Staging
facility on a
daily basis.
Proper waste management plan and spill response plan will need to be implemented.
Once Staging Facility operation commences
At Staging Facility
O&M Contractor
Trans Karachi
TMTD Transport and Mass Transit Department
PD Project Director
CSC Construction Supervision Consultant
Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan 134 | P a g e
O&M Operation & Maintenance
Public Consultation and Information Disclosure 135 | P a g e
8 Public Consultation and Information Disclosure
8.1 Introduction
364. Public participation and community consultation has been taken up as an integral
part of environmental and social assessment process of the proposed Staging
facility development. Detailed public consultations have been conducted from
March’19 onwards in the project area. Consultation was used as a tool to inform
and educate stakeholders about the proposed action both before and after the
development decisions were made. It assisted in identification of the problems
associated with the project as well as the needs of the population likely to be
impacted.
365. This participatory process helped in reducing the public resistance to change and
enabled the participation of the local people in the decision making process. Public
consultations have been carried out in the project area with the objectives of
minimizing probable adverse impacts of the project and to achieve speedy
implementation of the project through bringing in awareness among the key
stakeholders on the benefits of the project.
366. Public participation and consultation are the major keys to any success in
infrastructure development. The sustainability of any infrastructure development
depends on the participatory planning in which public consultation plays a major
role.
367. Aiming at promotion of public understanding and discussion on the local needs and
concerns of the key stakeholders i.e., KGA management, local community
members and government officials. Consultations were conducted through
individual interviews and formal consultations.
368. The environmental assessment process under the Pakistan Environmental
Protection Act 1997, requires the disclosure to the public after the statutory IEE /
EIA has been accepted by the relevant EPA, to be in strict adherence to the rules.
In this IEE, the consultation process was performed to satisfy the ADB
requirements (Social Safeguard Policy 2009).
8.2 Objective of Consultations
369. The basic objective of the consultations is as follows:
▪ Understand views of affected key stakeholders and generate ideas regarding the
expected demands of the affected parties;
▪ Disseminate information to the affected persons about the project in terms of its
activities and scope of work; and understand the views and perceptions of the
people affected and local communities with reference to the proposed staging
facility development, including land acquisition and/or loss of property and its due
compensation.
Public Consultation and Information Disclosure 136 | P a g e
▪ Identify and assess major economic and social information and characteristics of
the project area to enable effective social and resettlement planning and its
implementation.
▪ Resolve issues related to impacts on community property and their relocation.
▪ Examine PAPs’ opinions on health safety issues during the construction period on
garbage materials, waste materials and other pollution issues.
▪ Identify levels and extent of community participation in project implementation and
monitoring.
▪ Establish an understanding for identification of overall developmental goals and
benefits of the project.
▪ Disseminate information to and develop a thorough coordination with different
government, non-government and public private sector stakeholder line agencies
ensuring their participation and mobilization of support in the process for the
successful planning and implementation of the project.
▪ Assess the local people's willingness to get involved with the project; and
enumerate the measures to be taken during the implementation of the project.
8.3 Identification of Main Stakeholders
370. The primary stakeholders identified are the KGA management and the local
communities residing in the project area in close proximity to the KGA ground. All
these stakeholders have different types of stakes according to their interests and
professions.
8.4 Approach for Public Consultation
371. Consultations were planned and conducted with different stakeholders such as the
KGA management and the affected persons as well as public sector
representatives from different line departments.
372. The approach adopted towards public participation was intended to disseminate
information, solicit inputs and develop consensus on issues and subsequently
propose mitigation measures. This approach was put into practice through
consultations and public meetings with relevant stakeholders in the project area.
373. The project related information was shared with all key stakeholders by engaging
local personnel with strong linkages in the project area who jointly helped to explain
the project scope to the different stakeholders. Through detailed briefings, it was
ensured that complete clarity was provided to the stakeholders regarding the
possible environment related issues to be faced by the key receptors in the project
area.
374. It is important to emphasize that the public consultation is a continual process that
shall be conducted throughout the project development phase with different
national and international project stakeholders being consulted and their respective
comments and concerns being addressed through dialogue and discussion. These
consultations shall continue during the project detailed design phase and shall be
completed prior to review of this report for separate approvals from ADB and
137 | P a g e
SEPA, with the finalized consultation findings incorporated into the last version of
this report.
8.5 Consultations
375. Detailed and extensive consultations with different key stakeholders have been
conducted to date, consisting of the KGA management, local communities as the
directly project affected persons as well as key officials and representatives of the
relevant public sector agencies such as the Karachi Municipal Corporation. The
details of the persons consulted are provided in Annexure E.
376. The details of the stakeholders consulted along with the key discussion points and
the responses to their comments/concerns/suggestions are provided in the Table
8.1 below.
8.6 Key Discussion points
377. The key comments and concerns raised as a result of the consultations as part of
the scoping activity are as follows:
▪ Restoration of existing motorbike parking space along-with the cricket ground
must take place.
▪ There are some exposed and uninsulated electricity wires on the M.A Jinnah
Road, which should be insulated to avoid any mishap.
▪ The work activities going on at the adjacent Green Line works creates dust
emissions and the flats which are facing the M.A Jinnah Road and KGA Ground
are exposed to large volumes, particularly in windy conditions.
▪ Prior notice should be provided before commencement of works for the staging
facility.
▪ Dust and noise levels must be minimized through all possible measures.
Sprinkling must be conducted as much as possible so that huge clouds of dust
do not reach their residences.
▪ Expressed positive views about the staging facility with a major reason that the
existing conditions will be restored.
▪ He mentioned that it must be ensured by the Contractor that the existing route
being used for the Green Line works is used by the vehicles for the staging
facility development.
▪ Access of the residences around the KGA must be blocked any more than the
existing situation due to the Green line works.
▪ It was hoped that some employment opportunities will be provided for the
residents for the proposed Staging facility development.
Public Consultation and Information Disclosure 138 | P a g e
▪ It was mentioned that work in the evening hours onwards must not be allowed or
must be restricted as far as possible to enable the residents to rest properly in
the evenings and night-time.
▪ Proper safety barricading must be installed around the work site since a deep pit
will be created due to excavation and the safety of the community, particularly its
children must be ensured.
▪ Water sprinkling and all other required measures must be implemented to
minimize dust emissions.
▪ It must be ensured that worker camps are not developed near our residences to
ensure our safety and proper sanitary facilities must be provided to them to
ensure they do not defecate openly.
▪ Contractor must conduct works in accordance with international best practices.
▪ Safety and convenience of the local communities must be kept a priority during
the project works.
The detailed comments received from the different stakeholders are provided as Table 8.1
below.
▪ It must be ensured that ground is restored as per existing situation to ensure the
aesthetics of the area are not adversely affected.
▪ A Contractor that has experience and reputation for timely completion of works
must be engaged to ensure the works are not delayed as is the case for the
Green Line.
Public Consultation and Information Disclosure 139 | P a g e
Table 8.1: Summary of Public Consultations
S/No
.
Name Contact No. CNIC (if
available)
Location/Address
of Interview
Remarks/Comments/Suggestions
1. KGA Gymkhana
General Secretory: Mr. Assis
de Souza
Name of President: Mr.
Lenny Dias
03332137429
(Assis de
Souza)
03108011103
(Lenny Dias)
Not provided KGA Gymkhana - M.
A. Jinnah Rd, Jacob
Lines Central Jacob
Lines, Karachi.
▪ Mr. De Souza expressed his concern that no written documents have been provided to the KGA regarding the details / timelines and other necessary details regarding the proposed construction of Staging Facility till now. All they have come to know till now is based on verbal information.
▪ He expressed satisfaction with the overall project concept plan due to its salient features such as Underground Parking and Restoration of existing Cricket Ground.
▪ Their demands include the following: a- Restoration of existing motorbike
parking space along-with the cricket
ground.
b- There are some exposed and
uninsulated electricity wires on the M.A
Jinnah Road which should be insulated
to avoid any mishap.
c- Mr. De Souza explained that they pay
utility bills of Rs. 600, 000/-
approximately per month, which
includes payment for water as well. It
has been requested that a water
Public Consultation and Information Disclosure 140 | P a g e
connection may please be provided to
the Cricket Ground after the completion
of construction activities.
2. Kaleem Ahmad 03322483711 Not provided Flat No. C. 109 -
Saachi Tower, M.A
Jinnah Road,
Karachi.
▪ Satisfied with the proposed construction of staging facility as the original environmental setting will be fully restored.
▪ Suggested that emphasis should be provided on horticulture, especially on the M. A. Jinnah Road after the completion of corridor / underpass works.
3. Kashif 03132484908 Not provided Flat No. C. 107 -
Saachi Tower, M.A
Jinnah Road,
Karachi.
▪ Expressed his concerns about the extremely slow pace of work on the adjacent Green Line Underpass, which is causing severe problems to the residents while leaving and approaching their residents for everyday activities.
▪ For the staging facility, he was satisfied with the overall plan and components of the facility as the existing environmental setting will be restored with some up
141 | P a g e
gradation.
4. M. Ammar 03002906367 42201-
9348110-1
Flat No. C. 105 -
Saachi Tower, M.A
Jinnah Road,
Karachi.
▪ The work activities going on at the adjacent Green Line works creates dust emissions and the flats which are facing the M.A Jinnah Road and KGA Ground are exposed to large volumes, particularly in windy conditions.
▪ Pace of work is extremely slow and it should be enhanced so that the residents could get some relief since their everyday activities are badly disturbed.
▪ For the proposed staging facility, he showed overall positive views and suggested that emphasize should be given on controlling dust as Block-C of Saachi Apartments is directly facing the KGA Ground.
▪ He also requested that, for the day time, they will bear the noise of construction activities as they are already used-to of heavy noise since their residence is located at the Main M.A. Jinnah road, however for the night time, work activities should be restricted.
5. Rashid Aziz 03333713133 Not provided Flat No. C. 106 -
Saachi Tower, M.A
Jinnah Road,
▪ He felt that prior notice should be provided before commencement of works for the staging facility.
▪ Dust and noise levels must be minimized
Public Consultation and Information Disclosure 142 | P a g e
Karachi. through all possible measures. Sprinkling must be conducted as much as possible so that huge clouds of dust do not reach their residences.
▪ Expressed positive views about the staging facility with a major reason that the existing conditions will be restored.
6. Bilal Usman 03219284039 Not provided Flat No. C. 201 -
Saachi Tower, M.A
Jinnah Road,
Karachi.
▪ He mentioned that it must be ensured by the Contractor that the existing route being used for the Green Line works is used by the vehicles for the staging facility development.
▪ Access of the residences around the KGA must be blocked any more than the existing situation due to the Green line works.
▪ Expressed positive views about the staging facility with a major reason that the existing conditions will be restored.
7. Sabeel Khan 03329673229 Not provided Flat No. C. 202 -
Saachi Tower, M.A
Jinnah Road,
Karachi.
▪ He informed that he belongs to a very poor family with no personal transport (Car or Motorcycle). He mentioned that they are entirely dependent on public transport for commuting and unfortunately the public transport system is badly disturbed in the area due to slow pace of construction work activities on the adjacent Green Line Project.
▪ For the proposed staging facility, he expressed the hope to be provided some employment opportunities for the Staging facility development.
▪ Also, he mentioned that work in the evening hours onwards must not be allowed or must be restricted as far as
143 | P a g e
possible to enable the residents to rest properly in the evenings and night-time.
8. Touseef Thebo 03002955285 Not provided Flat No. C. 301 -
Saachi Tower, M.A
Jinnah Road,
Karachi.
▪ His major concern was related to dust as their apartment is situated on the third floor, therefore they are receiving large volumes of dust from the Green Line works.
9. Sohail Yunus 03009290821 424011886541
9
Flat No. C. 302 -
Saachi Tower, M.A
Jinnah Road,
Karachi.
▪ It must be ensured that ground is restored as per existing situation to ensure the aesthetics of the area are not adversely affected.
▪ Proper safety barricading must be installed around the work site since a deep pit will be created due to excavation and the safety of the community, particularly its children must be ensured.
10. Zabih Siddiqui 03218109604 Not provided Flat No. C. 303 -
Saachi Tower, M.A
Jinnah Road,
Karachi.
▪ A Contractor that has experience and reputation for timely completion of works must be engaged to ensure the works are not delayed as is the case for the Green Line.
▪ Water sprinkling and all other required measures must be implemented to minimize dust emissions.
11. Khalid 03052086271 Not provided Flat No. C. 305 -
Saachi Tower, M.A
Jinnah Road,
Karachi.
▪ It must be ensured that worker camps are not developed near our residences to ensure our safety and proper sanitary facilities must be provided to them to ensure they do not defecate openly.
▪ Both noise and dust emissions must be minimized as far as possible by implementing all required measures.
12. Yousaf Mirza 03053442353 424054191188 Flat No. C. 305 -
Saachi Tower, M.A
▪ He requested that for the day time, they will bear the noise of construction activities as they are already used-to of
Public Consultation and Information Disclosure 144 | P a g e
6 Jinnah Road,
Karachi.
heavy noise since their residence is located at the Main M.A. Jinnah road, however for the night time, work activities should be restricted.
13. Shafqat Hameed 03346545323 424041886591
1
Flat No. C. 305 -
Saachi Tower, M.A
Jinnah Road,
Karachi.
▪ Dust and noise levels must be minimized through all possible measures. Sprinkling must be conducted as much as possible so that huge clouds of dust do not reach their residences.
▪ Expressed the desire that works must be completed in the shortest possible duration.
14. Zahid Baloch 03459052346 421408819615
4
Flat No. C. 305 -
Saachi Tower, M.A
Jinnah Road,
Karachi.
▪ A Contractor that has experience and reputation for timely completion of works must be engaged to ensure the works are not delayed as is the case for the Green Line.
▪ Expressed positive views about the staging facility with a major reason that the existing conditions will be restored.
15. Khanzada Ahsan 03215943325 424886540111
9
Flat No. C. 305 -
Saachi Tower, M.A
Jinnah Road,
Karachi.
▪ He expressed the hope to be provided some employment opportunities for the Staging facility development.
▪ Dust and noise levels must be minimized through all possible measures. Sprinkling must be conducted as much as possible so that huge clouds of dust do not reach their residences.
▪ Safety and convenience of the local communities must be kept a priority during the project works.
16. Yasir Mehmood 03235538593 418408426541
9
Flat No. C. 305 -
Saachi Tower, M.A
Jinnah Road,
▪ It must be ensured that ground is restored as per existing situation to ensure the aesthetics of the area are not adversely
145 | P a g e
Karachi. affected. ▪ Proper safety barricading must be
installed around the work site since a deep pit will be created due to excavation and the safety of the community, particularly its children must be ensured.
17. Aqib Sultan 03369348856 424865401181
9
Flat No. C. 305 -
Saachi Tower, M.A
Jinnah Road,
Karachi.
▪ It must be ensured that worker camps are not developed near our residences to ensure our safety and proper sanitary facilities must be provided to them to ensure they do not defecate openly.
▪ Contractor must conduct works in accordance with international best practices.
Public Consultation and Information Disclosure 146 | P a g e
8.7 General
378. The ADB Policy (SPS 2009) requires establishment of a local grievance redress
mechanism to receive and facilitate resolution of the Displaced/Affected Persons
concerns and grievances regarding the project’s social, resettlement and environment performance. The measures have been identified to mitigate any
potential social and/or resettlement impacts to be caused due to implementation of
the Project works.
379. However, in spite of best efforts, there is every chance that the individuals /
households affected by the project or other stakeholders are dissatisfied with
measures adopted to address adverse social impacts of the project. To address,
such situation an effective Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) will be
established to ensure timely and successful implementation of the project. It will
also provide a public forum to the aggrieved to raise their objections and the GRM
would address such issues adequately. It will receive, evaluate and facilitate the
resolution of displaced persons’ concerns, complaints and grievances about the social and environmental performance at the level of the Project.
380. The GRM will aim to investigate charges of irregularities and complaints receive
from any displaced persons and provide a time-bound early, transparent and fair
resolution to voice and resolve social and environmental concerns link to the
project.
381. The TMTD and PMU shall make the public aware of the GRM through public
awareness campaigns, particularly to any DPs. The name of contact person(s) and
his/her phone number, PMU contact numbers and the TMTD, will serve as a hotline
for complaints and shall be publicized through the media and placed on notice
boards outside their offices, construction camps of contractors, and at accessible
and visible locations in the project area, and also shared with the DPs
representatives. The project information brochure will include information on the
GRM and shall be widely disseminated throughout the project area. Grievances
can be filed in writing, via web-based provision or by phone with any member of the
TMTD or PMU.
382. First tier of GRM. The PIU is the first tier of GRM which offers the fastest and most
accessible mechanism for resolution of grievances. The PIU staff for environment
and social safeguards will be designated as the key officers for grievance
redressal. Resolution of complaints will be completed within seven (7) working
days. Investigation of grievances will involve site visits and consultations with
relevant parties (e.g., affected persons, contractors, traffic police, etc.). Grievances
will be documented and personal details (name, address, date of complaint, etc.)
will be included, unless anonymity is requested. A tracking number will be assigned
for each grievance, including the following elements:
147 | P a g e
▪ Initial grievance sheet (including the description of the grievance), with an
acknowledgement of receipt handed back to the complainant when the complaint is
registered;
▪ Grievance monitoring sheet, mentioning actions taken (investigation, corrective
measures);
▪ Closure sheet, one copy of which will be handed to the complainant after he/she
has agreed to the resolution and signed-off.
383. The updated register of grievances and complaints will be available to the public at
the PIU office, construction sites and other key public offices in the project area.
Should the grievance remain unresolved, it will be escalated to the second tier.
384. Second Tier of GRM. The PIU will activate the second tier of GRM by referring the
unresolved issue (with written documentation) to the SMTA who will pass
unresolved complaints upward to the Grievance Redress Committee (GRC). The
GRC will be established by SMTA before start of site works. The GRC will consist
of the following persons: (i) Project Director; (ii) representative District; (iii)
representative of the affected person(s); (iv) representative of the local Deputy
Commissioners office (land); and (v) representative of the SEPA (for
environmental-related grievances). A hearing will be called with the GRC, if
necessary, where the affected person can present his/her concerns/issues. The
process will facilitate resolution through mediation. The local GRC will meet as
necessary when there are grievances to be addressed. The local GRC will suggest
corrective measures at the field level and assign clear responsibilities for
implementing its decision within fifteen (15) working days. The contractor will have
observer status on the committee. If unsatisfied with the decision, the existence of
the GRC will not impede the complainant’s access to the Government’s judicial or administrative remedies.
385. The functions of the local GRC are as follows: (i) resolve problems and provide
support to affected persons arising from various environmental issues and
including dust, noise, utilities, power and water supply, waste disposal, traffic
interference and public safety as well as social issues and land acquisition
(temporary or permanent); asset acquisition; and eligibility for entitlements,
compensation and assistance; (ii) reconfirm grievances of displaced persons,
categorize and prioritize them and aim to provide solutions within a month; and (iii)
report to the aggrieved parties about developments regarding their grievances and
decisions of the GRC.
386. The SMTA officers will be responsible for processing and placing all papers before
the GRC, maintaining a database of complaints, recording decisions, issuing
minutes of the meetings and monitoring to see that formal orders are issued and
the decisions carried out.
387. Third tier of GRM. In the event that a grievance cannot be resolved directly by the
PIUs (first tier) or GRC (second tier), the affected person can seek alternative
redressal through the district or sub-district committees as appropriate. The PIUs or
148 | P a g e
GRC will be kept informed by the district, municipal or national authority. The
grievance redress mechanism and procedure are depicted in the Figure 9.1 below.
The monitoring reports of the EMP and RP implementation will include the following
aspects pertaining to progress on grievances: (i) Number of cases registered with
the GRC, level of jurisdiction (first, second and third tiers), number of hearings held,
decisions made, and the status of pending cases; and (ii) lists of cases in process
and already decided upon may be prepared with details such as Name, ID with
unique serial number, date of notice, date of application, date of hearing, decisions,
remarks, actions taken to resolve issues, and status of grievance (i.e., open,
closed, pending).
Figure 8.1: Grievance Redress Mechanism
149 | P a g e
9 Conclusions and Recommendations
388. This IEE study has been prepared for the Staging facility to be constructed
adjacent to the Numaish station, under the existing cricket ground of Karachi Goan
Association (KGA), which is a historic part of Karachi city.
389. The development of the proposed Staging facility is necessary as it will help in
optimizing and adjusting fleet operations as the demand varies along the day.
Additionally, it shall provide a turnaround facility for routes that terminate at
Numaish, and will thus reduce the dead mileage for operations without passengers.
390. Primary and secondary data has been collected and used to assess the
environmental impacts of the Project. Detailed baseline monitoring consisting of
recording ambient air quality and noise levels has been conducted. This IEE report
highlights all potential environmental impacts associated with the Project and
recommends mitigation measures. Any environmental impacts associated with the
project need to be properly mitigated, through the existing institutional
arrangements described in this report.
391. Consultations have been conducted with the key stakeholders in the project area
consisting of the KGA management, business community, represented by various
trade unions through the platform of the Karachi Chambers of Commerce and
Industry and representatives of different public sector organizations etc.
392. The majority of the environmental impacts are associated with the construction
phase of the project such as community health and safety, deterioration of air
quality, high noise levels, traffic management, to name a few.
393. The implementation of mitigation measures during this period will be the
responsibility of the Contractor. Therefore, the required environmental mitigation
measures will have to be clearly defined in the bidding and contract documents,
and appropriately qualified environmental staff retained by the Consultant to
supervise the implementation process. The EMP includes measures to minimize
project impacts due to noise and air pollution, waste generation etc.
394. The associated facilities located next to the KGA ground possess a rich
historical and cultural value since they are over 100 years old, although they are not
listed as national and cultural heritage by the Government of Sindh. However, during
the detailed design phase, all efforts need to be made to prevent demolition of the
associated facilities of the KGA ground as far as possible by considering all
alternatives (technical and location related) and through continuing of the stakeholder
consultative process.
395. This project has been assigned environmental category ‘B’ in accordance with the
ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009 and Schedule I as per EPA, IEE
150 | P a g e
and EIA Gazette Notification, 2000. Thus, this IEE study has been prepared for the
proposed project.
References 151 | P a g e
10 References
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