Ingles Instrumental

Caderno de Inglês Instrumental Extensivo

Rua General Celso de Mello Rezende, 301 – Tel.: (16) 3238·6300CEP 14095-270 – Lagoinha – Ribeirão Preto-SP

www.sistemacoc.com.br

SISTEMA COC DE ENSINODireção-Geral: Sandro Bonás

Direção Pedagógica: Zelci C. de OliveiraDireção Editorial: Roger Trimer

Gerência Editorial: Osvaldo GovoneOuvidoria: Regina Gimenes

Conselho Editorial: José Tadeu B. Terra, Luiz Fernando Duarte, Osvaldo

Govone e Zelci C. de Oliveira

PRODUÇÃO EDITORIALAutoria: Fabiana Paganini de Andrade

Editoria: Thiago Satzinger GomesCoordenação Editorial: Luzia H. Fávero F. López

Projeto gráfico e direção de arte: Matheus C. Sisdeli

Preparação de originais: Marisa A. dos Santos e Silva e Sebastião S. Rodrigues Neto

Iconografia e licenciamento de texto: Marcela Pelizaro, Paula de Oliveira

Quirino e Cristian N. ZaramellaDiagramação: BFS bureau digital

Ilustração: BFS bureau digitalRevisão: Flávia P. Cruz, Flávio R. Santos, José S. Lara,

Leda G. de Almeida, Maria Cecília R. D. B. Ribeiro, Milena C. Lotto e Paula G. de Barros Rodrigues

Capa: LABCOM comunicação totalConferência e Fechamento: BFS bureau digital

Inglês

Sum

ário Módulo 01 Reading strategies 5

Módulo 02 Personal pronouns 8Módulo 03 Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns 10Módulo 04 Demonstrative pronouns 13 Módulo 05 Reflexive pronouns and indefinite pronouns 16Módulo 06 Interrogative pronouns 18Módulo 07 Present tenses: present simple 21Módulo 08 Present tenses: present continuous 24Módulo 09 Present tenses: present perfect and present perfect continuous 27Módulo 10 Past tenses: past simple 30Módulo 11 Past tenses: Past continuous 33Módulo 12 Past tenses: past perfect and past perfect continuous 35Módulo 13 Future tenses: will and going to 38Módulo 14 Future tenses: future conditional 40Módulo 15 Modal verbs 43Módulo 16 Relative pronouns 46Módulo 17 Reported speech (I) – Statements 49Módulo 18 Reported speech (II) – Questions and special cases 52Módulo 19 If clauses 54Módulo 20 Passive voice 57Módulo 21 Indefinite and definite articles 60Módulo 22 Plural of nouns 63Módulo 23 Adverbs 66Módulo 24 Gerund and infinitive 68Módulo 25 Quantifiers 71Módulo 26 Comparison degrees 73Módulo 27 Conjunctions and linking words (I) 76Módulo 28 Conjunctions and linking words (II) 79

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1. Reading strategies• Estudo do layout• Dicas tipográficas• Conhecimento prévio• Previsão• Palavras cognatas

• Contexto• Skimming• Scanning• Aspectos gramaticais• Dicionário

MóDULO 01 READING STRATEGIES

EXERCÍCIOS DE APLICAÇÃO

Leia o texto abaixo e responda à questão 01.

Going to university seems to reduce the risk of dying from coronary heart disease. An American study that involved 10,000 patients from around the world has found that people who leave school before the age of 16 are five times more likely to suffer a heart attack and die than university graduates.

World report news. Magazine Speak Up. Ano XIV, n. 170. Editora Camelot, 2001.

01. ENEM

Em relação às pesquisas, a utilização da expressão university graduates evidencia a intenção de informar que:

a. as doenças do coração atacam dez mil pacientes.b. as doenças do coração ocorrem na faixa dos

dezesseis anos.c. as pesquisas sobre doenças são divulgadas no

meio acadêmico.d. jovens americanos são alertados dos riscos de

doenças do coração.e. maior nível de estudo reduz riscos de ataques do

coração.

Leia o texto abaixo e responda à questão 02.

How’s your mood?

For an interesting attempt to measure cause and effect try Mappiness, a project run by the London School of Economics, which offers a phone app that prompts you to record your mood and situation.

The Mappiness website says: “We’re particularly interested in how people’s happiness is affected by their local environment – air pollution, noise, green spaces, and so on – which the data from Mappiness will be absolutely great for investigating.”

Will it work? With enough people, it might. But there are other problems. We’ve been using happiness and well-being interchangeably. Is that ok? The difference comes out in a sentiment like: “We were happier during the war.” But was our well-being also greater then?

Disponivel em: <http://www.bbc.co.uk>. Acesso em: 27 jun. 2011. Adaptado.

02. ENEMO projeto Mappiness, idealizado pela London School of Economics, ocupa-se do tema relacionado:

a. ao nível de felicidade das pessoas em tempos de guerra.

b. à dificuldade de medir o nível de felicidade das pessoas a partir de seu humor.

Resolução A expressão university graduates é traduzida como “estu-dantes universitários”. Dessa forma, a relação entre essa expressão e o texto deve-se ao fato de um estudo ter ve-rificado que as pessoas que abandonam os estudos antes da idade de dezesseis anos têm cinco vezes mais chances de sofrerem um ataque do coração e morrerem do que os estudantes universitários. Sendo assim, a expressão está relacionada a maior nível de estudo, que reduz riscos de ataques do coração.RespostaE

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c. ao nível de felicidade das pessoas enquanto falam ao celular com seus familiares.

d. à relação entre o nível de felicidade das pessoas e o ambiente no qual se encontram.

e. à influência das imagens grafitadas pelas ruas no aumento do nível de felicidade das pessoas.

Layout elementsLayout elements are largely used in

newspapers, magazines, and business documents. They serve to either provide information to readers or to attract their attention. In the best situations, these elements accomplish both tasks.

Lines of text that are set in larger type for the purpose of attracting readers are headlines.

In a lengthy article, subheads can be used to break text into shorter segments. Subheads can also appear beneath a headline, but should not be too detailed.

When you want to draw attention to a dramatic quote, you can reprint the quote in larger type within the article. The second, larger version of the quote, is known as a pull quote.

Infographics are informational graphic elements such as maps, charts, and diagrams.

When you include photos, artwork, or infographics, you might need a caption to give readers a bit more detail.

Disponível em: <http://www.tameri.com/dtp/elements.html>. Acesso em: 17 nov. 2011. Adaptado.

The World Trade Center's south tower at the moment of collapse, with St. Peter's Church in the foreground

The Day The Towers Fell. Time, v. 178, n.11, p. 6, 2011.

MAY 10, 2011Construction on both the new 1 World Trade

Center, far left, with 80 of 102 floors built, and 4 World Trade Center, which will top out at 72 floors, is set for completion in 2013.

The Day The Towers Fell. Time, v. 178, n.11, p. 51, 2011.

03. UFG-GOThe two short texts were published in Time, magazine on Sept.19, 2011, a special commemorative issue. What kind of layout elements are they?

a. Headlinesb. Subheadsc. Pull quotesd. Infographicse. Captions

Leia os extratos textuais abaixo e responda às questões 03 e 04.

04. UFG-GOAt the same time the first text describes the layout elements, it also:

a. discusses language and power.b. uses persuasive techniques.c. converts images to words.d. gives the reader instructions.e. questions the role of marketing.

ResoluçãoO projeto Mappiness, de acordo com o primeiro e se-gundo parágrafos, permite à pessoa gravar o seu humor diante de determinada situação. Afirma-se que os ideali-zadores do projeto estão interessados em descobrir como a felicidade das pessoas é afetada pelo ambiente que as circunda, como, por exemplo, poluição, barulho, espaços verdes e outros fatores. Portanto, o projeto ocupa-se da relação entre o nível de felicidade das pessoas e o am-biente em que se encontram.RespostaD

ResoluçãoOs dois textos curtos, retirados da revista Time, possuem indícios que os identificam como legendas – captions.RespostaE

ResoluçãoO texto descreve elementos do layout e também dá ins-truções ao leitor, por exemplo, quando o instrui a dar destaque em uma citação ou quando o adverte sobre a necessidade de incluir legendas quando ele se utilizar de fotos, obras de arte ou infográficos em seu trabalho.RespostaD

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EXERCÍCIO EXTRA

Leia o texto abaixo e responda, em português, à questão 5.

Babies are born dirty, with a gutful of bacteriaIt has long been assumed that the fetus lives in

a sterile world, protected from the countless bacteria that fill its mother's gut and cover the surface of her body. A baby's first gut flora was thought to be collected at birth – either from the mother's vagina or from the environment it is born into. But it's time for a drastic rethink: it appears that we are in fact born dirty – bacteria colonise our guts in the womb, where they begin to shape our immune systems and influence our risk of disease. What's more, this collection of bacteria, or microbiome, could eventually be manipulated to ensure a baby is given the healthiest start in life.

Some of the first evidence that mammals might begin to develop a microbiome before birth came from studies in mice published four years ago.

Jiménez's team found the labelled bacteria in the pups' meconium, suggesting the bacteria had transferred from the mother's gut to that of the fetus during pregnancy.

Disponível em:<http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21428603.800-babies-are-born-

dirty-with-a-gutful-of-bacteria.html>.

05. O texto contradiz uma ideia que se tinha sobre o nasci-mento de bebês. Qual é essa ideia e sua contradição?

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Leia com atenção Língua Inglesa – Capítulo 1Exercícios compatíveis Capítulo 1 – Questões de 1 a 20

Série branca 2 3 4 5 8 9 10 11Série amarela 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Série roxa 12 13 14 15 16 18 19 20

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1. Personal pronounsSubjective

I weyou you

hetheyshe

it

Objective

me usyou you

himthemher

it

MóDULO 02 PERSONAL PRONOUNS


Leia o texto abaixo e responda às perguntas de 01 a 04.

Modern warfare’s silver liningWar may indeed be hell, but hell, apparently,

isn't all that bad for your health. According to a new study, during most armed conflicts since the 1970s mortality rates have actually declined. That's not to say that war, in and of itself, leads to longer life spans. Instead, a major reason for the drop is that conflict has become an impetus for international humanitarian groups to ramp up their efforts in a poor country, and they've learned to work public-health miracles in a short amount of time.

In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, for instance, just twenty percent of children were vaccinated for measles in 1997, at the start of a decade-long civil war. But by 2007 that figure was eighty percent. The metrics on other health initiatives, from treating malnutrition to distributing bed nets, tell a similar story. "It's never any fun living in a refugee camp," says Andrew Mack, a professor at Simon Fraser University and the study's lead author. "But the mortality rates are better in many of those camps than they were before the war." That's no reason to celebrate warfare. But it does suggest that its damage has become much cheaper.

SHERIDAN, Barrett. Modern warfare’s silver lining. Newsweek, New York, Febr. 1, 2010. p. 7.

01. UFBADe acordo com as informações contidas no texto, é correto afirmar:

01. O sério problema de desnutrição no Congo agra-vou-se bastante, durante o período de guerra.

02. Os índices de mortalidade, nas últimas décadas, têm diminuído na maior parte dos conflitos arma-dos.

04. A guerra civil na República Democrática do Congo, iniciada no final do século passado, ainda continua até os dias atuais.

08. Graças aos esforços de grupos humanitários, hou-ve uma melhora considerável na saúde pública dos países pobres em guerra.

16. O percentual de crianças vacinadas contra saram-po, na República Democrática do Congo, cresceu muito, em um período de dez anos.

32. O estudo mencionado no texto sugere que a maior razão para o fim dos conflitos armados é a falta de alimentos, de médicos e de enfermeiros nos cam-pos de refugiados.

1

5

10

15

20

Resolução01. Falso. Na linha 15, temos a informação de que iniciati-vas na área de saúde, tais como o combate à má nutrição, tiveram história semelhante à relatada no caso do saram-po, isto é, reduziu-se drasticamente o índice de mortali-dade.02. Verdadeiro. Observe nas linhas 3/4 “ ... during most armed conflicts since the 1970s, mortality rates have actually declined.”04. Falso. A guerra civil teve duração de uma década. Con-fira: “... in 1997, at the start of a decade-long civil war. But by 2007...” 08. Verdadeiro. Leia nas linhas 6/8: “... a major reason for the drop is that conflict has become an impetus for inter-national humanitarian groups to ramp up their efforts in a poor country...” 16. Verdadeiro. Os valores da vacinação contra o sarampo passaram de 20% para 80% (linhas de 12 a 15).32. Falso. Não há menção de que haja motivação para o fim dos conflitos.Resposta26 (02 + 08 + 16)

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02. UFBAOs termos transcritos à esquerda que, de acordo com o texto, correspondem ao significado apresentado à direita são os seguintes:

01. “actually” (I. 4) – at present.02. “drop” (I. 6) – falI.04. “figure” (I. 14) – number.08. “Iead” (I. 19) – main.16. “rates” (I. 20) – speed.32. “damage” (I. 23) – harm.

03. Os termos sublinhados em "…and they've learned to work public-health miracles in a short amount of time" e em "…in many of those camps than they were before the war" fazem referência a que(m)?

EXERCÍCIO EXTRA

Leia o texto abaixo e responda, em Português, à questão 05.

Disponível em: <http://www.phdcomics.com/comics/archive.php?comicid=1017/>. Acesso em: 28 set. 2011. Adaptado.

05. Unicamp-SPa. Na “equação” apresentada no retângulo à direita

do cartum, o que “x” representa? Como saber o valor de “x” nessa “equação”?

b. O que o cartum tem a dizer sobre quem se senta próximo à saída? E sobre quem se senta encostado à parede?

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Leia com atenção Língua Inglesa – Capítulo 3, item 1Língua Inglesa – Appendix, item 6 – Economics vocabulary, página 6

Exercícios compatíveis Capítulo 3 – Questões de 181 a 200Série branca 181 182 183 186 188 189 190 191

Série amarela 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195Série roxa 192 193 194 195 196 198 199 200

04. O que é dito a respeito dos índices de mortalidade daque-les que vivem em campos de refugiados?

Resolução01. Falso. Actually é falso cognato e significa "na verdade".02. Verdadeiro. Drop – cair é sinônimo de fall. 04. Verdadeiro. Figure – "número"08. Verdadeiro. the study’s lead author – o principal autor do estudo, main – "principal"16. Falso. Rates – "taxas" / Speed – "velocidade"32. Verdadeiro. Damage – "dano", "prejuízo" – é sinônimo de harm.Resposta46 (02 + 04 +08 + 32)

ResoluçãoA primeira ocorrência do pronome they faz referência aos grupos humanitários internacionais (international humanitarian groups) e a segunda ocorrência do pronome they refere-se aos índices de mortalidade (mortality rates).

ResoluçãoAfirma-se no texto que os índices de mortalidade nos campos de refugiados são melhores do que os índices antes da guerra civil no Congo.

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1. Possessive adjectives & possessive pronounsAdjectives

my ouryour your

histheirher

its

Pronouns

mine oursyours yours

histheirshers

its

MóDULO 03 POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS


Leia o texto abaixo e responda às questões de 01 a 04.

In perhaps one of the most closely watched cases on its docket, the Supreme Court yesterday heard oral argument in the largest employment class-action litigation ever.

Betty Dukes and six former and current female workers filed suit in 2001, alleging that Wal-Mart engaged in discriminatory pay and promotion practices. The women sued for back pay and an injunction requiring Wal-Mart to change its pay and promotion practices. The class includes between 500,000 and 1.5 million current and former female Wal-Mart employees.

How the justices resolve the case will have significant impact. As the largest employment discrimination case ever, it pits millions of female employees against the country's largest retail establishment. Female employees and all of corporate America are watching closely.

Wal-Mart is the nation's largest private employer, with millions of employees working in over 3,400 stores. Each Wal-Mart employs between 80 to 500 people and hourly workers are assigned to 53 departments in 170 job classifications. Women comprise over 80% of hourly workers and hold only one-third of managerial store management jobs.

Wal-Mart has a companywide policy that bars workplace discrimination based on sex. But individual Wal-Mart store managers have substantial discretion in making salary and promotion decisions.

On behalf of the class, the women complained that they had been subjected to an array of discriminatory actions. They charged, among other things, that they had been denied management training, experienced retaliation for initiating internal grievance procedures, had not been promoted, had been harassed, and denied equal pay.

Disponível em: <http://cnn.com>. Acesso em: 31 March, 2011. Adaptado.

01. Fuvest-SP A ação judicial relatada no texto, envolvendo a empresa norte-americana Wal-Mart, foi iniciada por:

a. ex-funcionárias e funcionárias atuais.b. 500.000 funcionárias.c. funcionárias demitidas.d. funcionárias efetivadas.e. Betty Dukes e ex-funcionárias.

ResoluçãoVerifica-se, no segundo parágrafo do texto, que Betty Dukes e seis antigas e atuais funcionárias iniciaram uma ação judicial em 2001 contra a companhia Wal-Mart. Sendo assim, trata-se de uma ação iniciada por ex-funcionárias e funcionárias atuais.RespostaA

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02. Fuvest-SP Segundo o texto, no processo judicial, alega-se que a em-presa Wal-Mart:

a. violou o código de ética profissional no âmbito das chefias.

b. incentivou a competição por cargos entre funcio-nários.

c. exerceu a política de salários com base no sexo dos funcionários.

d. demitiu funcionárias, alegando baixo índice de produtividade.

e. manteve a prática de não pagamento de horas ex-tras trabalhadas.

04. Cite duas das ações discriminatórias que as funcionárias afirmam ter sofrido.

03. No texto, o pronome its em “The women sued for back pay and an injunction requiring Wal-Mart to change its pay and promotion practices” (paragraph 2) refere-se a:

a. women.b. back pay.c. injunction.d. Wal-Mart.e. promotion practices.

ResoluçãoNo segundo parágrafo do texto, as funcionárias alega-ram que a companhia Wal-Mart praticava pagamentos e promoções discriminatórias. Pode-se também verificar tal informação no penúltimo parágrafo, ao afirmar que a empresa dispõe de política que proíbe a discriminação baseada no sexo dos funcionários, no entanto, os geren-tes individuais de cada loja Wal-Mart têm discernimento substancial para tomar decisões sobre salários e promo-ções.RespostaC

ResoluçãoAfirma-se no trecho que as mulheres demandaram paga-mento retroativo e um mandato exigindo que o Wal-Mart mude a sua prática (do Wal-Mart) de pagamento e de pro-moção.RespostaD

ResoluçãoO aluno deve citar duas dentre as opções abaixo.As funcionárias alegam que lhes negaram o treinamento administrativo.As funcionárias alegam que sofreram retaliação por da-rem início a processos de queixa internos.As funcionárias alegam que não foram promovidas.As funcionárias alegam que sofreram assédio.As funcionárias alegam que lhes negaram pagamento de igual teor dado aos demais.

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EXERCÍCIO EXTRA


Drug-resistant malaria spreads across Thailand

Malaria parasites in west Thailand are becoming resistant to *artemisinins – the world's most effective antimalarial drugs. The march of increasingly drug-resistant malaria across the country has sparked fears that it could reach Africa, where 90 per cent of all malaria deaths occur.

Nicholas White of Mahidol University in Bangkok, Thailand, and colleagues looked for signs of resistance in 3,200 patients from clinics on Thailand's western border. They did so by measuring how long it takes for the number of malaria parasites in a person's blood to halve. With artemisinin treatment, this should take around 2 hours. In Cambodia, it now takes around 5.5 hours.

There are several factors behind the increasing resistance, including the sale of diluted artemisinin treatments. Parasites in Cambodia also appear to have enhanced genetic resistance to the drug compared with resistant parasites in other parts of the world. The most important tool needed to contain resistance is finding a genetic marker for it, says White.

* artemisinin: artemisina

Disponível em:<http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21428603.100-drugresistant-malaria-spreads-across-thailand.html>. Adaptado.

05. Responda às questões abaixo com base nas informações contidas no texto.

a. O que tem acontecido com os parasitas da malária no oeste da Tailândia?

b. Cite um dos fatores que está por trás dessa resis-tência ao medicamento?

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Leia com atenção Língua Inglesa – Capítulo 3, item 2 Língua Inglesa – Appendix, item 7 – Environmental vocabulary



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1. Demonstrative pronouns

this este, estathat aquele, aquela

these estes, estasthose aqueles, aquelas

MóDULO 04 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS


Why use biofuels for aviation?The aviation industry has seen huge growth

since its beginning. Today, more than two billion people enjoy the social and economical benefits of flight each year. The ability to fly conveniently and efficiently between nations has been a catalyst for the global economy and has shrunk cultural barriers like no other transport sector. But this progress comes at a cost.

In 2008, the commercial aviation industry produced 677 million tones of carbon dioxide (CO2). This is around 2% of the total man-made CO2 emissions of more than 34 billion tones. While this amount is smaller compared with other industry sectors, such as power generation and ground transport, these industries have viable alternative energy sources currently available. For example, the power generation industry can look to wind, hydro, nuclear and solar technologies to make electricity without producing much CO2. Cars and buses can run on hybrid, flexible fuel engines or electricity. ________-powered trains can replace ________ locomotives.

The aviation industry has identified the development of biofuels as one of the major ways it can reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. Biofuels provide aviation with the capability to partially, and perhaps one day fully, replace carbon-intensive petroleum fuels. They will, over time, enable the industry to reduce its carbon footprint significantly.

Global CO2 emissions

Land use changeand forestry (25%)

Industrialprocesses (3%)

Other energy (10%)

Air (2%)Road (13%)

Building lightand heat (20%)

Other electricityand heat (12%)Chemicals (6%)Cement (5%)Otherindustry (2%)

Other transport (2%)

World Resources Institute, 2002. Disponível em: Beginner’s guide to aviation biofuels, May 2009. Adaptado.


01. UnespDuas das razões apontadas para o desenvolvimento de biocombustíveis e sua utilização em aviões são:

a. a eliminação das pegadas deixadas na história da indústria aeronáutica e dos combustíveis deriva-dos do petróleo.

b. a redução das taxas de emissão de carbono pelos aviões e do efeito estufa sobre o nosso planeta.

c. a eliminação do efeito estufa e das pegadas deixa-das na história da indústria aeronáutica.

d. a redução de combustíveis derivados do petróleo e do custo das viagens aéreas.

e. a redução do custo elevado das viagens aéreas e das taxas de emissão de carbono pelos aviões.

ResoluçãoNo terceiro parágrafo do texto, lê-se que a indústria ae-ronáutica identificou o desenvolvimento de biocombus-tíveis como uma das principais maneiras de redução das suas emissões de gases do efeito estufa. Os biocombustí-veis fornecem à indústria aeronáutica a capacidade par-cial e talvez, um dia, total de substituir combustíveis de petróleo dependentes de carbono. Esses biocombustíveis irão, ao longo do tempo, permitir que a indústria reduza sua emissão de carbono significativamente.Sendo assim, a alternativa que aponta duas razões para o desenvolvimento de biocombustíveis e sua utilização em aviões é a B, ao afirmar que haverá redução das taxas de emissão de carbono por aviões e do efeito estufa sobre o planeta.RespostaB

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02. Unesp Entre as opções indicadas no texto para que se reduzam as taxas de emissão de carbono no setor energético estão:

a. a energia eólica, as hidrelétricas e a energia solar.b. o uso da água, do vento e a geração de eletricidade

a partir do CO2.c. a energia nuclear, a energia solar e o gás carbônico.d. o uso da água, a energia nuclear e o gás carbônico.e. a geração de eletricidade a partir do CO2 e as

hidrelétricas.

04. No trecho do segundo parágrafo "While this amount is smaller compared with other industry sectors, such as power generation and ground transport, these industries have viable alternative energy sources currently available", a palavra these refere-se, respectivamente, a:

a. other industry sectors.b. aviation industry.c. power generation and ground transport.d. aviation industry and ground transport.e. power generation and aviation industry.

03. Unesp Quais palavras completam corretamente os dois espaços no segundo parágrafo do texto?

a. Carbon e electric.b. Diesel e wind.c. Electric e diesel.d. Petroleum e diesel.e. Carbon e wind.

ResoluçãoAs opções para que se reduzam as taxas de emissão de carbono no setor energético são dadas no segundo pará-grafo, no trecho: "For example, the power generation in-dustry can look to wind, hydro, nuclear and solar techno-logies to make electricity without producing much CO2." Portanto, a geração de energia poderia ser feita a partir de investimentos em usinas eólicas, hidrelétricas, nuclea-res e de energia solar.RespostaA

ResoluçãoNo final do segundo parágrafo, lê-se que os carros e ôni-bus podem ser movidos por motores híbridos, flex ou elétricos. Os trens elétricos poderiam, então, substituir as locomotivas movidas por motores a diesel. Trata-se de uma dedução a partir da informação anterior quanto aos outros meios de fornecimento de energia e não apenas à energia obtida a partir de combustíveis fósseis.RespostaC

ResoluçãoNo segundo parágrafo, verifica-se que a quantidade de carbono emitida gira em torno de 2% do total de emis-sões de carbono ocasionadas pelo homem de mais de 34 bilhões de toneladas. Embora essa quantidade seja pe-quena comparada a outros setores industriais como, por exemplo, a geração de energia e o transporte terrestre, essas indústrias possuem, atualmente, fontes alternativas viáveis de energia. Por exemplo, a indústria de geração energética pode se voltar para a tecnológica eólica, hí-drica, nuclear e solar para produzir energia sem produzir muito CO2. Ônibus e carros podem ter motores híbridos, flex ou elétricos e trens elétricos podem substituir loco-motivas a diesel.RespostaC

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Learn something new – your brain will thank youby Gary Marcus

The idea that learning a new skill – say juggling, cooking, or playing guitar – can be like an addiction is no joke.

Even listening to music can be a little like a drug. A brain imaging study that came out last year proved what many scientists long suspected: listening to music can lead the brain to release the neurotransmitter dopamine. Dopamine is the brain's universal signal for pleasure, an internal system that tells the brain (sometimes rightly, sometime wrongly) that it is doing the right thing.

Drugs elicit dopamine artificially by fooling the brain, while activities like sex and eating elicit dopamine naturally. Listening to music taps into the dopamine system in part because hearing something new is a signal that the brain is learning something, and we have evolved to enjoy acquiring new information.

Shortcuts like drugs, however are fleeting. Although narcotics can elicit dopamine fairly directly, over time it takes a bigger and bigger dose to get the same rush, and can lead people to destroy families, risk their health and even lose their lives.

Learning new things is a lot safer, and ultimately a lot more satisfying.

Disponível em:<http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2012/05/10/learn-something-new-your-brain-will-thank-you/?hpt=he_c1>. Adaptado.


a. Quais é o efeito cerebral quando se ouve música?

b. As drogas também pode liberar o mesmo neu-rotransmissor associado ao prazer de se adquirir novas informações. Entretanto, o efeito causado pelas drogas é passageiro. Justifique.

EXERCÍCIO EXTRARo

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Leia com atenção Língua Inglesa – Capítulo 3, item 3Exercícios compatíveis Capítulo 3 – Questões de 221 a 240


Série roxa 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240

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1. Reflexive pronounsmyself ourselves

yourself yourselveshimself

themselvesherselfitself

2. Indefinite pronounsSome, any, no + compoundsLeia o texto abaixo e responda às questões de 01 a 04.

MóDULO 05 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS


Ten-year-old shoots teacher, kills himself in BrazilA 10-year-old boy shot his teacher and then

committed suicide in southeast Brazil, local authorities reported Thursday.

The incident took place at the Alcina Dantas Feijão Municipal School, in the city of São Caetano do Sul, São Paulo state.

According to the local police, David Mota Nogueira asked to go to the restroom but returned with a gun in hand. He shot his teacher, 38-year-old Rosileide Queirós de Oliveira, in the back in front of some 25 classmates. The boy then left the classroom and shot himself in the head in the hallway.

Both the teacher and the student were taken to a hospital, but the boy did not survive. The teacher was injured in the hip and, according to the authorities, is in stable condition.

The police said the revolver used by the boy belonged to his father, a local police guard.

The police still don’t know what motivated the crime. According to the Public Security Secretary Moacyr Rodrigues, there was no indication the boy had been bullied. Teachers reported he was a calm child and had not been involved in any unruly activities.

The incident occurred five months after a shooting at a Rio school shocked Brazil, when a former student entered the public middle school and shot several students. He killed 12 children aged 12 to 14, most of them girls, and injured another 12. After being injured by a policeman, the shooter killed himself.

Disponível em: <http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-09/23/c_131155453.htm>. Adaptado.

01. Unimontes-MGSobre esse texto, assinale a alternativa correta.

a. O bullying tem-se tornado o principal motivo de crimes em escolas de São Paulo.

b. A causa do crime cometido em São Paulo não foi explicada pela polícia.

c. Nos hospitais de São Paulo, são recebidos profes-sores e alunos frequentemente envolvidos com a violência nas escolas.

d. Para a Secretaria de Segurança Pública de São Paulo, não há indicativos de como conter o bullying.

02. Unimontes-MGDe acordo com esse texto, pode-se afirmar que:

a. a arma usada no crime de São Caetano do Sul per-tencia ao pai do garoto morto.

b. arma usada no crime do Rio de Janeiro pertencia ao pai do garoto morto.

c. a violência entre alunos e professores, nas escolas, está fora do controle das autoridades.

d. a presença da polícia nas escolas é vista como uma exigência muito dispendiosa.

ResoluçãoNo sexto parágrafo, verifica-se que a polícia ainda não sabe o que motivou o crime. Portanto, pode-se afirmar que a causa do crime cometido em São Paulo não foi ex-plicada pela polícia.RespostaB

ResoluçãoNo quinto parágrafo, lê-se que a arma utilizada pelo garo-to pertencia ao seu pai, um policial local.RespostaA

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03. Unimontes-MGEsse texto inter-relaciona:

a. casos de bullying em São Paulo e no Rio de Janeiro.b. a ineficácia da polícia tanto em São Paulo quanto

no Rio de Janeiro.c. o uso crescente de armas de fogo obtidas tanto

nos lares paulistas como nos cariocas.d. incidentes com morte, ocorridos tanto em escola

de São Paulo quanto do Rio de Janeiro.

04. O pronome himself presente no título refere-se a que(m)? Qual seria a tradução mais adequada para o título?

EXERCÍCIO EXTRA

Leia o texto abaixo e responda, em inglês, à questão 05.

The governor of Puerto Rico is trying to do what more than a century of American citizenship has failed to accomplish: make Puerto Ricans fluent in English.

Gov. Luis Fortuno has proposed an ambitious, and what critics call far-fetched, plan to require all public schools to teach all courses in English instead of Spanish.

The U.S. territory has had a long and contentious relationship with the English language, and many Puerto Ricans are skeptical about embracing it, fearing they will lose a key part of their identity and find themselves a step closer to statehood, a status that only about half of islanders have backed in recent polls.

"Bilingualism opens doors and provides opportunity to our children so they can shine and become successful in a labor market that is increasingly competitive and globalized," Gov. Luis Fortuno said.

"The main idea is to have a Puerto Rican who can communicate in Spanish as well as English," said Education Secretary Edwin Moreno, who acknowledged that he himself has an imperfect command of English.

Disponível em: <http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/08/puerto-rico-governor-fortuno bilingual_n_1501225.html>. Adaptado.

05. Answer to the questions below according to the informa-tion from the text.

a. What does Gov. Luis Fortuno plan?b. What do Puerto Ricans fear most?

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Leia com atenção Língua Inglesa – Capítulo 3, item 4 Língua Inglesa – Appendix, item 1 – Prefixes e suffixes



ResoluçãoO último parágrafo do texto menciona um caso ocorrido em uma escola no Rio de Janeiro. Sendo assim, o texto inter-relaciona incidentes com morte, ocorridos tanto em escola de São Paulo quanto do Rio de Janeiro.RespostaD

ResoluçãoO pronome himself faz referência ao garoto que atirou na professora. A tradução mais adequada para o título seria: Garoto atira em professora e se mata, no Brasil.

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1. Interrogative pronounsWho: quemWhom: quem (quando acompanhado de preposição)What: o que, qualWhich: qual (quando se tem um número mais delimitado de opções) Where: ondeWhen: quandoHow: comoWhose: de quem, de qual

2. Expressões interrogativasHow long: quanto tempoHow much: quanto (para objetos incontáveis)How many: quanto (para objetos contáveis)How often: com que frequênciaWhat about: que talWhat... like? (para perguntar sobre aspectos relacionados à personalidade de alguém)

MóDULO 06 INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS


Leia o texto abaixo e responda às questões 01 e 02.

Read an extract from the dialogue of the film Ratatouille.

Linguini: Listen, I just want you to know how honored I am to be studying under such a –...

Colette: No, you listen! I just want you to know exactly who you are dealing with! How many women do you see in this kitchen?

Linguini: Well, I uh –...Colette: Only me. Why do you think that is?

Because high cuisine is an antiquated hierarchy built upon rules written by stupid, old men. Rules designed to make it impossible for women to enter this world, but still I'm here. How did this happen?

Linguini: Well because you, because you –...Colette: Because I am the toughest cook in

this kitchen! I have worked too hard for too long to get here, and I am not going to jeopardize it for some garbage boy who got lucky! Got it?

Linguini: Wow!

Disponível em: <http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0382932/quotes>. Acesso em: 12 set. 2011.

Glossaryjeopardize: colocar em risco

02. UFG-GOWhat dialogue line is an example of an ungrammatical structure in English, which is typical of colloquial language?

a. “No, you listen!”b. “How many women do you see in this kitchen?”c. “Why do you think that is?”d. “How did this happen?”e. “Got it?”

01. UFG-GOThe dialogue shows that Colette wants to:

a. prove she is a good cooking teacher.b. convince Linguini he is a bad cook.c. transform high cuisine in France.d. make clear that she is the boss.e. prepare Linguini to replace her.

ResoluçãoColette quer deixar bem claro que ela é a chefe, especial-mente quando diz que é a mais dedicada naquela cozinha e que trabalhou muito para chegar onde chegou. Ela afir-ma que não colocará em risco todo o esforço que fez até hoje por um garoto inútil que se deu bem.RespostaD

ResoluçãoGot it é uma maneira informal de perguntar se a pessoa entendeu o que foi dito.RespostaE

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Leia o texto abaixo e responda às perguntas 03 e 04.

A deluxe room at the luxurious Snake River Lodge & Spa, in Jackson, typically goes for $385 a night, but it can be reserved for $192 this fall. The agreement: in order to qualify for the discount, travelers must agree to spend a portion of their vacation moving barbed wire fences from one place to another so local wildlife can walk more freely.

These days, it seems that almost every travel

organization – from tour companies to luxury resorts – has a volunteer component, whether it is tracking iguanas on Grand Cayman or distributing food at soup kitchens in Moscow. You can even customize your trip, making it suitable for your interest, while staying at fashionable resorts. Hands Up Holidays combines luxury travel with “a taste of volunteering” through specially programmed volunteer vacations in 26 countries according to your individual skills, ranging from building classrooms while staying in Morocco to helping preserve birds in New Zealand.

Disponível em: <http://travel.nytimes.com/2011/07/17/travel/volunteer-tourism-for-travelers-on- a-budget.

html> . Acesso em: 17 jul. 2011. Adaptado.

03. UFSCSelect the appropriate title(s) for the text.

01. Be a volunteer and travel for less02. The best countries to track iguanas 04. Combining traveling with volunteering 08. Working for travel organizations in New Zealand16. Why is it difficult to combine traveling and

volunteering?Faça a somatória das proposições corretas.

04. UFSCAccording to the text, it is correct to state that:

01. it refers to one type of tourism that allows you traveling without paying anything.

02. it indicates ways of traveling cheaper, but you need to meet some requirements.

04. volunteer vacation programs decide on the best program for you.

08. your journey will be programmed according to your talents or preferences.

16. “a taste of volunteering” means taking part in a luxury trip while experiencing exotic food.

32. in programmed volunteer vacations you can do whatever you want with your time.

Faça a somatória das proposições corretas.

Resolução02. “Os melhores lugares para seguir iguanas” não se adapta à mensagem do texto.08. “Viajando para empresas de viagens na Nova Zelân-dia” não se adapta à mensagem do texto.16. “Por que é difícil combinar viagens e serviço volunta-riado?” não se adapta à mensagem do texto.Resposta05 (01+04)

Resolução01. A proposta do texto é que as pessoas viagem e pa-guem menos. Não há informação sobre a possibilidade de viajar sem pagar nada.04. O texto informa que as pessoas podem personalizar a viagem da forma que for mais interessante para elas. 16. A expressão a taste of volunteering é usada com o sentido de “uma experiência como voluntariado”. Não há indícios de que as pessoas experimentarão comidas exóti-cas.32. O programa voluntariado de férias conta com algumas normas, com isso, não é possível que a pessoa faça o que quiser com o tempo livre.Resposta10 (02+08)

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Location! Location! Location! It’s Rio!

[…] Location, location, location. Because what's Rio, the movie, without (pulsating, colorful, exuberant, romantic) Rio, the city? The story is delightful, though predictable. The characters are cardboard, even if 3D and feathery. But “predictable” and “cardboard” are the worst adjectives I could possibly link to Rio. The Rio deal, is that I laughed all the way through it, like everybody else in the theater.

Blu, the last male of his kind, is the happiest macaw, out there in a snowy town with Linda, his nerdy owner. Jewel, the last female of her kind, lives in Brazil, and is the saddest macaw, imprisoned in a cage and fighting for her freedom. She’s a free-spirited soul, with the world at her feet. Blu has lived a sheltered life, can't fly, and loves every minute of it. What happens when they meet? Anyone above the age of 7 can guess how it ends (age 5 if he's seen the trailer). But there's so much delight from the first minute to the last, that you don’t want it to end. […]

As a native of Rio, I could recognize most places, and was stunned with how realistic were the slums, and how the geography of the city, especially the mountains, could be so painstakingly reproduced.

The movie is not a musical, but it comes close to it. There’s funk, bossa nova, a few clichés of Brazilian music and even samba sang in English (still conflicted about it!).

There is also the portrayal of animal trafficking, a centuries-old problem in Brazil, and the subplot of a boy who lives on the streets and must resort to petty crime, which adds up to a much-needed social commentary.

By all means, don’t miss this movie. Disponível em: <http://www.imdb.com/title/

tt1436562/usercomments/>. Adaptado.

05. UFRN Responda às questões abaixo com base nas informações contidas no texto.

a. A partir das descrições de Blu e Jewel pelo rese-nhista, compare os dois personagens, citando três características que os distinguem.

b. Sendo o resenhista nascido na cidade do Rio, quais aspectos do filme o deixaram mais impressionado e o que o deixou em conflito?

EXERCÍCIO EXTRA

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Leia com atenção Língua Inglesa – Capítulo 3, item 5



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1. Present simpleFormas

• Afirmativa: é formada tirando-se o to da forma infinitiva. Na 3ª pessoa do singular (he, she, it) acrescenta-se -s. Aos verbos terminados em s/ss/sh/ch/z/x/o acrescenta-se -es e, quando o verbo termina em -y precedido de consoante, tira-se o -y e acrescenta-se -ies.

• Negativa: I/you/we/they + do (auxiliar no modo infinitivo sem o to) + not (don’t) + verbo no modo infinitivo sem to. he/she/it + does + not (doesn’t) + verbo no modo infinitivo sem to (o -s que antes tinha sido acrescido

ao verbo se une ao auxiliar do formando a partícula auxiliar does).• Interrogativa: Do + I/you/we/they + verbo no modo infinitivo sem to.

Does + he/she/it + verbo no modo infinitivo sem to.

MóDULO 07 PRESENT TENSES: PRESENT SIMPLE


Longevity: habits may extend life only so muchby Nicholas Bakalar

The eating, drinking and exercise habits of extremely old but healthy people differ little from those of the rest of us, a new study has found. Gerontologists at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine recruited 477 Ashkenazi Jews ages 95 to 112 who were living independently. The researchers took blood samples, did physical examinations and obtained detailed personal and medical histories from each participant. Then they compared them with 1,374 non-Hispanic white adults, ages 65 to 74, from the general population. For both men and women, consumption of alcohol, amount of physical activity and the percentage of people on low-calorie or low-salt diets were almost identical in the two groups.

Long-lived men were less likely to be obese than their younger counterparts, although no less likely to be overweight. The oldest women were more likely to be overweight and less likely to be obese. More men among the oldest were nonsmokers, but smoking habits were not significantly different among the women.

_3_that it all depends on genes, and we might as well eat, drink and be merry? No, according to the senior author, Dr. Nir Barzilai, director of the Institute for Aging Research at Albert Einstein College of Medicine. “For most of us who _4_genes for longevity,” he said, “if you follow the healthy lifestyle the medical community has put forth, you are much more likely to live past 80.”

The study was published online last week in The Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

Disponível em: <http://www.nytimes.com>. Adaptado.


01. UnifespAccording to the text:

a. independent elderly people are more likely to live more and in a healthy way.

b. the research compared two groups: one of men aged from 95 to 112 and one of women aged from 65 to 74.

c. the study concluded that extremely old people do not have significantly different eating, drinking and exercise habits from the rest of the population.

d. women in the oldest group were more likely to be nonsmokers when compared to women in the 65 to 74 group.

e. non-Hispanic white adults tend to live less than Ashkenazi Jews, probably because of their lifestyle.

ResoluçãoDe acordo com o texto, o estudo concluiu que pessoas ex-tremamente velhas não possuíam hábitos alimentares de ingestão de bebidas alcoólicas e de prática de exercícios físicos que apresentassem diferenças significativas do res-tante da população. Tal informação pode ser confirmada no trecho do primeiro parágrafo do texto: "The eating, drinking and exercise habits of extremely old but healthy people differ little from those of the rest of us, new study has found."RespostaC

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02. UnifespOs homens que fizeram parte do grupo da faixa etária mais velha:

a. eram todos antitabagistas.b. apresentaram propensão à obesidade e ao sobre-

peso.c. não consumiam bebidas alcoólicas e faziam dieta

com restrição de calorias e de sal.d. não eram sedentários, mas também não pratica-

vam exercícios físicos.e. apresentaram uma tendência ao sobrepeso seme-

lhante à dos homens na faixa dos 65 a 74 anos.

04. UnifespAssinale a alternativa que completa corretamente a la-cuna 4 numerada no texto.

a. doesn’t expressb. do not havec. had been livingd. showse. will present

03. UnifespAssinale a alternativa que completa corretamente a lacuna 3 numerada no texto.

a. Do you talkb. Have they donec. Has it saidd. Does this meane. Is he showing

ResoluçãoA pergunta que dá início às ideias expostas no tercei-ro parágrafo é feita com base nos dados mencionados anteriormente e, consequentemente, com o intuito de certificar-se de que a longevidade é uma questão pura-mente genética. Sendo assim, o trecho que complemen-ta a questão corretamente é Does this mean. Portanto, a pergunta feita é: "Então quer dizer que tudo depende dos genes e nós podemos assim comer, beber e festejar?" RespostaD

ResoluçãoDe acordo com o trecho do segundo parágrafo: "Long-lived men were less likely to be obese than their younger counterparts, although no less likely to be overweight", entende-se que os homens que viveram mais eram menos propensos a ser obesos do que os que eram mais jovens, embora não fossem menos propensos a estar acima do peso. Sendo assim, os homens que fizeram parte do grupo da faixa etária mais velha apresentaram uma tendência ao sobrepeso semelhante à dos homens na faixa dos 65 a 74 anos.RespostaE

ResoluçãoVerifica-se, no terceiro parágrafo, que o Dr. Nir Barzilai dis-corda do fato de que a longevidade deve-se à genética e afirma que, para a maioria de nós que não temos – do not have – os genes da longevidade, ter um estilo de vida saudável, aconselhado pela comunidade médica, pode fazer com que sejamos muito mais propensos a viver além dos 80 anos. RespostaB

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Claims that autism is caused by vaccines containing thiomersal have been floored by increasing rates of autism in children not exposed to the chemical.

No link has been found between autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and a mercury-containing compound known as thiomersal that is used in some vaccines. Nevertheless, since 2000, thiomersal has been phased out of most paediatric vaccines in the US. Now a report published by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows that, despite this, the prevalence of ASD has continued to grow.

The data, from 13 areas in the US, reveal that in 2008, 11.4 kids aged eight per 1,000 had an ASD compared with 6.4 per 1,000 in 2002 – a 78 per cent increase. "Since the [latest data] came from kids who had vaccines [largely] without thiomersal, this factor plays no apparent role in the increased rates of the disorder," says Emanuel DiCicco-Bloom of the Robert Wood Johnson Medical School in Piscataway, New Jersey, who was not involved in the study.

Disponível em: <http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21428594.100-increased-autism-rates-

crush-vaccine-hypothesis.html>. Adaptado.


a. Por que o tiomersal teve seu uso eliminado, grada-tivamente, das vacinas?

b. Com base nas informações do texto a remoção do tiomersal se mostrou eficaz? Justifique.

EXERCÍCIO EXTRARo

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Exercícios compatíveis Capítulo 4 – Questões de 282 a 300

Série branca 282 283 284 286 287 288 289 291

Série amarela 287 288 289 291 292 293 294 295

Série roxa 292 293 294 295 296 298 299 300

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1. Present continuousFormas

• Afirmativa: sujeito + verbo to be (am/is/are) + verbo principal -ing• Negativa: sujeito + verbo to be (am/is/are) + NOT + verbo principal -ing• Interrogativa: verbo to be (am/is/are) + sujeito + verbo principal -ing

MóDULO 08 PRESENT TENSES: PRESENT CONTINUOUS



Amy Winehouse greets Whitney Houston in heaven

by Hideaki Tailor

HEAVEN – Psychics are saying that Amy Winehouse was the first soul singer to greet Whitney Houston, even before Michael Jackson.

Top psychics in Los Angeles are saying that Whitney Houston’s spirit is already “lighting up” heaven. “It’s like the universal source has called the greatest voice of all time back to heaven. It’s pure magic up there.”

“Amy was right there. She gave Whitney a big angel hug and walked with her as she met some of her ancestors, relatives and… Michael Jackson.”

Both singers had trouble on earth with alcohol and drugs, but they are at peace now. “Fame was too much for their gentle souls,” said Madam Marie of Sherman Oaks. “Their voices were a gift to our world, but caused great damage to their spirits on earth. Now, they are in a better place.”

One psychic said that Amy Winehouse and Whitney Houston are planning a “concert” together in Whitney’s first few months. “Amy’s been doing very well in heaven and feels free and happy.”

While Americans and fans around the world mourn the terrible loss of Whitney, the angels are rejoicing. “Our songbird is home,” is what St. Peter reportedly said when greeting Whitney, according to a psychic on Venice Beach.

Disponível em: <http://weeklyworldnews.com>. Adaptado.

01. UnespO texto trata, principalmente:

a. de fatos memoráveis da vida de duas cantoras fa-mosas e já falecidas, Amy Winehouse e Whitney Houston.

b. de um famoso concerto no qual as cantoras Amy Winehouse e Whitney Houston haviam se apre-sentado.

c. da problemática de pessoas famosas que se envol-vem com álcool e drogas, que podem causar sua morte.

d. de alguns dons sobrenaturais que ambas as cantoras, Amy Winehouse e Whitney Houston, possuíam.

e. de um encontro entre Amy Winehouse e Whitney Houston, após a morte de Whitney Houston.

ResoluçãoNo texto, alguns videntes afirmam que Amy Winehouse e Whitney Houston se encontraram no céu, e que Amy foi a primeira a saudar Whitney com um grande abraço angelical.RespostaE

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02. UnespAmy Winehouse cumprimentou Whitney Houston:

a. porque ambas tinham os mesmos ancestrais, que viviam na cidade de Los Angeles.

b. em companhia do cantor Michael Jackson, que ha-via morrido antes das duas cantoras.

c. com um abraço e a acompanhou para encontrar alguns de seus parentes já falecidos.

d. logo após a cantora ter cumprimentado Michael Jackson com um abraço caloroso.

e. porque tinham se tornado grandes amigas quando se conheceram em Los Angeles.

03. UnespDe acordo com o texto, ambas as cantoras, Amy Winehouse e Whitney Houston:

a. sempre foram muito gentis com admiradores e fãs.b. além de famosas, possuíam alguns dons sobrena-

turais.c. merecem a paz celestial, pois sofreram bastante

em vida.d. prejudicaram muito seus espíritos enquanto vive-

ram.e. cantaram juntas em um concerto em Los Angeles.

Leia o anúncio abaixo e responda à questão 04.04. UFG-GO

Disponível em: <http://www.hongkiat.com/blog/60-creative-and-cleveradvertisements>. Acesso em: 13 set. 2011. Adaptado.

World Wide Fund (WWF) is a nature conservation or-ganization. Read the WWF advertisement. The picture shows that as a result of energy waste:

a. animals are reproducing less.b. air pollution is increasing.c. glaciers are melting down.d. sea life is endangered.e. fresh water is becoming rare.

ResoluçãoVerifica-se, no terceiro parágrafo, que Amy cumprimen-tou Whitney com um grande abraço angelical e a acompa-nhou enquanto ela encontrava seus ancestrais, parentes e Michael Jackson.RespostaC

ResoluçãoLê-se, no quarto parágrafo, que ambas as cantoras tive-ram problemas com álcool e drogas, mas estão em paz agora. Suas vozes eram um presente ao mundo, mas cau-saram grandes danos aos seus espíritos na Terra. Agora, elas estão em um lugar melhor. Dessa forma, ambas as cantoras prejudicaram muito seus espíritos enquanto vi-veram.RespostaD

ResoluçãoO anúncio informa que quando deixamos as luzes acesas, não somos os únicos a “pagar a conta”. A imagem, do que parece ser um papel de parede, mostra ursos polares nas geleiras que estão derretendo em função do aquecimen-to global. O anúncio mostra que o desperdício de energia porde trazer como resultado o derretimento das geleiras polares – glaciers.RespostaC

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Tell congress: no backroom deals to regulate the Internet

Right now, representatives from nine countries including the United States are secretly meeting in a luxury hotel in Beverly Hills to negotiate the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement, a trade agreement with the potential to contain intellectual property provisions that go beyond ACTA. These secret meetings could create over-reaching new rules and standards that will choke off the online speech of individuals, websites, and platforms accused of copyright infringement.

But because the meetings are held behind closed doors and the text has not been released to the public, the citizens who will be affected do not know the details and don’t have a voice.

Click here to join EFF in demanding a Congressional hearing so lawmakers can learn what’s in the TPP and hear from all affected stakeholders, not just the content industry.

Yesterday, EFF International Rights Director Katitza Rodriguez checked in with protestors outside ongoing TPP meetings in Los Angeles. Katitza reported: “The energy at the rally was intoxicating. And the people were right to protest: TPP is one more in a long line of global copyright initiatives that are putting Internet users last. All over the world, people are saying enough is enough.”

This week of negotiations in Los Angeles is a crucial moment for the TPP. Please contact your lawmakers today and let them know that we will not be left in the dark. Demand to know what’s in the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement.

Disponível em: <www.eff.org/deeplinks>. Adaptado.

05. UnespResponda às questões abaixo com base nas informações contidas no texto.

a. Em que consiste o fato mencionado no texto, que acontece em Beverly Hills, e que consequências poderá trazer para cidadãos, plataformas eletrôni-cas e páginas da Internet?

b. A expressão backroom deals, no título, e a frase "...the meetings are held behind closed doors...", no texto, têm significados semelhantes.O que sig-nificam e como se relacionam ao assunto do texto?

c. No último parágrafo, faz-se um apelo aos cidadãos. Qual é esse apelo?

EXERCÍCIO EXTRARo

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Exercícios compatíveisCapítulo 4 – Questões de 301 a 320Língua Inglesa – Appendix, item 2 – False CognatesLíngua Inglesa – Appendix, item 4 – Prepositions


Série roxa 312 314 315 316 317 318 319 320

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1. Present perfectFormas• Afirmativa: sujeito + have/has + particípio passado do verbo• Negativa: sujeito + have/has + NOT (haven’t/hasn’t) + particípio passado do verbo• Interrogativa: Have/Has + sujeito + particípio passado do verbo

2. Present perfect continuousFormas• Afirmativa: sujeito + have/has + BEEN + verbo -ing • Negativa: sujeito + have/has + NOT (haven’t/hasn’t) + BEEN + verbo -ing• Interrogativa: Have/Has + sujeito + BEEN + verbo -ing

MóDULO 09 PRESENT TENSES: PRESENT PERFECT AND PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS



Brazil’s time bombPresident Dilma Rousseff is raising eyebrows

with her plans for Brazil. She is winning agreement even from the political opposition for an agenda that includes eradicating absolute poverty, trimming the national budget, and safeguarding freedom of the press. But she is also shocking everyone with what she plans to ignore: the social-security time bomb.

Brazil’s social-welfare system is an unrivaled mess. Though Brazil has one of the world’s youngest populations, it shells out the same share of its GDP (11 percent) as the grayest nations of Europe. Worse, it’s aging faster than the rich countries ever did – twice as fast as Europe in the last century. And the problem is getting worse: federal, state, and local governments write checks to private-sector pensioners worth more than 7 percent of GDP, up from 2.5 percent 30 years ago. With the economy surging again, even the ballooning social-security debt seems almost manageable. But to unleash its full potential, Brazil has little choice but to disarm the pension bomb. While Rousseff says she’s got no such appetite, she well knows that the average retirement age in Brazil is a tender 53 … and that France was in flames because Parliament voted to raise the retirement age from 60 to 62.

* GDP: Gross Domestic ProductMARGOLIS, Mac. Brazil’s time bomb. Newsweek.

Acesso em: 29 Nov. 2010.

01. UFESFill in the parentheses with T (True) or F (False).About President Dilma Rousseff, it’s stated in the text that she:

( ) is doing exactly what people expected.( ) has faced strong opposition from politicians.( ) is reducing the amount of money the government

has to spend.( ) is all against total freedom of the press.

According to the text, the correct sequence, from top to bottom, is:

a. T, F, T, F b. T, T, F, T c. F, T, F, T d. F, F, T, F e. T, T, T, T

ResoluçãoA primeira afirmação é falsa, pois, a expresssão to raise eyebrow indica "desaprovação". Sendo assim, a presidente não está fazendo exatamente o que as pessoas esperam.A segunda afirmação é falsa, pois, o primeiro parágrafo informa que a presidente está ganhando apoio, até mes-mo, da oposição.A terceira afirmação é verdadeira, pois, no primeiro pará-grafo, lê-se que a presidente está cortando – trimming – o orçamento nacional.A quarta afirmação é falsa, pois, o primeiro parágrafo in-dica que a presidente está protegendo – safeguarding – a liberdade de imprensa.RespostaD

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02. UFESOne of the reasons, mentioned in the text, why our social-welfare system is said to be an unrivaled mess is that:

a. Brazil is aging at a rather alarming rate.b. Brazil’s economy hasn’t grown as much as expected.c. Brazil’s old population is decreasing more and

more.d. Brazil spends most of its GDP with the young

population.e. Brazil’s young population has been declining each

year.

04. UFESThe phrase “she’s got”, in bold in the text, is the same as she:

a. has. b. puts. c. holds. d. knows. e. suffers.

03. UFES“...to unleash its full potential, Brazil has little choice but to disarm the pension bomb.” The word “but”, in this sentence, can be grammatically and semantically replaced by:

a. only. b. though. c. except. d. however. e. nevertheless.

ResoluçãoVerifica-se, no segundo parágrafo do texto, que o Brasil está envelhecendo mais rápido do que os países ricos – duas vezes tão rápido quanto a Europa no último século.RespostaA

ResoluçãoO trecho indica que, para o Brasil liberar todo o seu potencial, ele tem poucas escolhas exceto – except – desarmar a bomba da aposentadoria.RespostaC

ResoluçãoTrata-se da forma de presente perfeito representada pelo uso do verbo auxiliar to have e do particípio do verbo to get.RespostaA

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‘Text mining’: what do publishers have against this hi-tech research tool?

The scale of new information in modern science is staggering: more than 1.5m scholarly articles are published every year and the volume of data doubles every three years. No individual can keep up with such a volume, and scientists need computers to help them digest and make sense of the information.

Scientists need to access tens of thousands of research papers at once, so they could use computers to look for unseen patterns and associations across the millions of words in the articles. This technique, called text mining, is a vital 21st-century research method. It uses powerful computers to find links between drugs and side effects, or genes and diseases, that are hidden within the vast scientific literature. These are discoveries that a person scouring through papers one by one may never notice.

It is a technique with big potential. A report published by McKinsey Global Institute last year said that "big data" technologies such as text and data mining had the potential to create €250bn (£200bn) of annual value to Europe's economy, if researchers were allowed to make full use of it.

Unfortunately, in most cases, text mining is forbidden. Countless academics are prevented from using the most modern research techniques because the big publishing companies such as Macmillan, Wiley and Elsevier, which control the distribution of most of the world's academic literature, by default do not allow text mining of the content that sits behind their expensive paywalls.

The restrictions placed by publishers on text mining has led campaigners to view the issue as another front in the battle to make fruits of publicly funded research work available through "open access", free at the point of use. That would allow researchers to mine the content freely without needing to request any extra permissions.

Disponível em:<http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2012/may/23/text-mining-research-tool-forbidden>. Adaptado.


a. Qual é a importância e em que compreende a mi-neração de um texto?

b. O que impossibilita os cientistas de usar a minera-ção de texto?

EXERCÍCIO EXTRARo

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1. Past simpleFormas

• Afirmativa: aos verbos regulares acrescenta-se -(e)d para formar o passado; aos verbos irregulares nenhuma terminação é acrescida, pois eles frequentemente têm a sua forma alterada (verificar tabela no apêndice)

• Negativa: sujeito + did (auxiliar no passado) + not (didn’t) + verbo no modo infinitivo sem to• Interrogativa: Did (auxiliar no passado) + sujeito + verbo no modo infinitivo sem to

MóDULO 10 PAST TENSES: PAST SIMPLE



Stranger than fictionby Hillel E. Silverman

When the Old and New Cities of Jerusalem were reunited in 1967, a recently widowed Arab woman, who had been living in Old Jerusalem since 1948, wanted to see once more the house in which she formerly lived. Now that the city was one, she searched for and found her old home. She knocked on the door of the apartment, and a Jewish widow came to the door and greeted her.

The Arab woman explained that she had lived there until 1948 and wanted to look around. She was invited in and offered coffee. The Arab woman said, “When I lived here, I hid some valuables. If they are still here, I will share them with you half and half.”

The Jewish woman refused. “If they belonged to you and are still here, they are yours.” After much discussion back and forth, they entered the bathroom, loosened the floor planks, and found a hoard of gold coins. The Jewish woman said, “I shall ask the government to let you keep them.” She did and permission was granted.

The two widows visited each other again and again, and one day the Arab woman told her new friend, “You know, in the 1948 fighting here, my husband and I were so frightened that we ran away to escape. We grabbed our belongings, took the children, and each fled separately. We had a three-month-old son. I thought my husband had taken him, and he thought I had. Imagine our grief when we were reunited in Old Jerusalem to find that neither of us had taken the child.”

The Jewish woman turned pale, and asked the exact date. The Arab woman named the date and the hour, and the Jewish widow told her: “My husband was one of the Israeli troops that entered Jerusalem. He came into this house and found a baby on the floor. He asked if he could keep the house and the baby, too. Permission was granted”.

At that moment, a twenty-year-old Israeli soldier in uniform walked into the room, and the Jewish woman broke down in tears. “This is your son,” she cried.

This is one of those incredible tales we hear. And the aftermath? The two women liked each other so much that the Jewish widow asked the Arab mother: “Look, we are both widows living alone. Our children are grown up. This house has brought you luck. You have found your son… our son. Why don’t we live together?” And they do.

Disponível em: <http://www.perso.ch/tio.family/page 196.html>. Acesso em: março 2011. Adaptado.

01. UEPG-PRCom relação ao segmento permission was granted, que aparece no final do terceiro e do quinto parágrafos, assi-nale o que for correto.

01. Em ambos os casos, ele se refere a acontecimentos positivos.

02. No primeiro caso, ele se refere a um bem material. 04. No segundo caso, ele se refere a um bem material

e a uma vida humana. 08. Em ambos os casos, ele se refere apenas a bens

materiais. Faça a somatória das proposições corretas.

Resolução: 08. No primeiro caso, ele se refere a um bem material e, no segundo caso, ele se refere a um bem material e a uma vida humana.Resposta07 (01+02+04)

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02. UEPG-PRCom relação aos termos three-month-old e twenty--year-old, no quarto e sexto parágrafos, respectivamente, assinale o que for correto.

01. São adjetivos compostos. 02. Referem-se a duas pessoas diferentes. 04. São substantivos compostos. 08. Referem-se à mesma pessoa.


04. UEPG-PRSobre o que as duas mulheres têm em comum hoje, assinale o que for correto.

01. Elas perderam seus maridos. 02. Ambas têm filhos já adultos. 04. Elas moram no mesmo endereço. 08. O jovem soldado de vinte anos é amado por ambas

as mulheres.Faça a somatória das proposições corretas.

03. UEPG-PRCom relação à distinção entre as duas mulheres, assinale o que for correto.

01. A mulher árabe foi obrigada a abandonar sua casa durante o conflito de 1948.

02. A mulher judia nunca foi privada da convivência com o filho adotivo.

04. A mulher judia ficou viúva durante o confronto de 1948.

08. A mulher árabe foi morar na Antiga Jerusalém em 1948.


Resolução02. Referem-se à mesma pessoa: ao filho da mulher ára-be, criado pela mulher judia.04. Trata-se de adjetivos compostos.Resposta09 (01+08)

Resolução04. Não há informação no texto quanto ao momento em que a mulher judia ficou viúva.Resposta11 (01+02+08)

Resolução15 (01+02+04+08)

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A U.K. company – Peratech – says its highly pressure-sensitive material could be used to integrate an "electronic nose" into paper or clothing.

Peratech's sensor rapidly detects volatile organic compounds (VOCs) – gases in our surrounding environment that are produced by a wide variety of sources, everything from household paints to a person's own skin. Many do not have an odor, but an electronic sensor could alert a user to the presence of harmful chemicals or perhaps indicate that something is off-kilter with a user's health.

"By using a new sensing medium, we are taking it out to areas where previously it wasn't viable," says David Lussey, Peratech's chief technology officer. For instance, the VOC sensors could be integrated into protective clothing for first responders entering chemically contaminated areas, or into everyday clothing to monitor a person's own VOCs, which could indicate health status.

Disponível em: <http://www.technologyreview.com/article/40392/?p1=MstRcnt>. Adaptado.


a. Como funciona o "nariz eletrônico"?b. De que modo os sensores podem ser úteis?

EXERCÍCIO EXTRA

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1. Past continuousFormas

• Afirmativa: sujeito + verbo to be no passado (was/were) + verbo principal -ing• Negativa: sujeito + verbo to be (was/were) + NOT + verbo principal -ing• Interrogativa: verbo to be (was/were) + sujeito + verbo principal -ing

MóDULO 11 PAST TENSES: PAST CONTINUOUS


NFL supports fight against breast cancerThe National Football League (NFL) is

joining the American Cancer Society (ACS) to raise awareness about the importance of breast screenings and to raise money to help fight breast cancer.

NFL players, coaches and referees will wear pink during the month of October to remind women about the importance of getting mammograms and clinical breast exams to find breast cancer early, when it’s easier to treat. The program, A Crucial Catch: Annual Screening Saves Lives, is timed to coincide with National Breast Cancer Awareness Month. The American Cancer Society recommends women 40 and older have a mammogram and clinical breast exam every year, and younger women have clinical breast exams periodically as well.

Hats, wristbands and other apparel worn at NFL games, and special footballs and pink coins will be auctioned off and proceeds will benefit the American Cancer Society. Fans attending games are encouraged to wear pink. The NFL also has a Web page where clubs and fans can register teams to participate in the American Cancer Society Making Strides Against Breast Cancer walk. This noncompetitive, inspirational event raises awareness and funds to help end breast cancer by finding cures and supporting programs and services for all people facing the disease.

Additionally, the Society’s advocacy affiliate, the American Cancer Society Cancer Action Network (ACS CAN), is participating in Crucial Catch by encouraging Congress to allocate more funding for cancer research.

Disponível em: <http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/news/Features/nfl-supports-fightagainst-breast-

cancer>. Acesso em: 1 out. 2011. Adaptado.


01. UespiAccording to the text, it is true to say that:

a. The NFL is fighting along with the ACS to stop breast cancer.

b. detecting breast cancer late leaves no chance of cure for patients.

c. football players have had breast cancer themselves.d. mammograms and clinical exams will cure breast

cancer.e. the detection of breast cancer is higher in the

month of October.

02. UespiIn October every football fan will wear:

a. a hat, a wristband and other pink apparel at games.

b. pink clothes along with the players and the referees.c. a football player’s uniform as part of the campaign.d. pink women’s clothes to support the campaign.e. pink clothes and other apparel at games if possible.

ResoluçãoO texto informa que a Liga Nacional de Futebol (NFL) está unindo-se à Sociedade Americana de Câncer (ACS) para ampliar a conscientização sobre a importância dos diag-nósticos de câncer de mama e para angariar fundos para auxiliar na luta contra este câncer. RespostaA

ResoluçãoNo trecho do terceiro parágrafo do texto, afirma-se que os fãs que irão ao estádio serão encorajados a usar a cor rosa – Fans attending the games will be encouraged to wear pink.RespostaE

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03. UespiWomen 40 or older:

a. are less likely to have breast cancer than younger ones.

b. are advised to have a biannual checkup for breast cancer.

c. need to care more for health than younger women.d. as well as younger ones should be on alert for

breast cancer.e. who had cancer should advise younger women

who never had it.

04. Mark the correct statement according to the text.

a. NFL has no intention of raising money with the campaign.

b. To enter the stadium, fans will have to wear pink.c. NFL was joining ACS to support a breast cancer

campaign.d. Younger women do not have to check for breast cancer.e. At NFL webpage fans can donate money to support

the cause.

EXERCÍCIO EXTRA


'Geeks on a Plane' flock to BrazilThe “Geeks on a Plane” project (yes, that’s really

what it’s called), is an invite-only tour for startups, investors and executives to learn about burgeoning technology markets worldwide. Organized by 500 Startups, a Silcon Valley firm that helps fund emerging tech companies, the tour brought 42 tech insiders last week to Sao Paolo, Brazil.

The tech sector in the world’s sixth-largest economy is abuzz, prompting venture capital funds to invest in local startups and luring foreign firms to its growing market.

The traveling geeks spent the week networking, attending conferences and visiting local firms such as Predicta, a company founded in 2000 that specializes in online marketing.

Predicta’s co-founders told their visitors about potential pitfalls in the Brazilian tech sector, like a shortage of skilled programmers and employee benefits that can inflate salaries by 120%.

But they also hammered home the country's selling points.

“Brazil has a very stable economy,” Predicta President Marcelo Marzola said. “Also, Brazilians are a very creative people by nature, so we’re able to make a lot of creative stuff.”

The main attraction for investors, however, is a booming consumer market. Brazilians already spend $13 billion a year online, with only 40% of the population regularly connected to the Internet – a figure that seems poised to grow.

The Brazil tour was the latest in a series of Geeks on a Plane trips that have brought tech execs and investors to India, China, Japan and other countries. Future tours are planned for Eastern Europe and the Middle East.

Disponível em:<http://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/22/tech/innovation/geeks-plane-brazil/index.html?hpt=ila_t3>. Adaptado.


a. O que é o projeto Geeks on a plane?b. Quais os pontos positivos e negativos em investir

no Brasil?

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ResoluçãoNo segundo parágrafo do texto, verifica-se que a ACS re-comenda que as mulheres de quarenta anos e as acima dessa faixa etária façam um exame de mamografia todos os anos e que as mais novas façam exames mamários clí-nicos periodicamente.RespostaD

ResoluçãoA Liga Nacional de Futebol (NFL) estava se aliando à Socie-dade Americana de Câncer (ACS) para apoiar uma campa-nha contra o câncer de mama.RespostaC

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1. Past perfectFormas

• Afirmativa: sujeito + had + particípio passado do verbo• Negativa: sujeito + had + NOT (hadn’t) + particípio passado do verbo• Interrogativa: Had + sujeito + particípio passado do verbo

2. Past perfect continuousFormas

• Afirmativa: sujeito + had + BEEN + verbo -ing• Negativa: sujeito + had + NOT (hadn’t) + BEEN + verbo -ing• Interrogativa: Had + sujeito + BEEN + verbo -ing

MóDULO 12 PAST TENSES: PAST PERFECT AND PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS


The specter of genocideby Alex Perry

The woman ____________________ in her office for three days as fighting rocked the streets below and armed gangs roamed. Alexandra had survived on a package of cookies and two cans of soda. Finally, frantic that a promised rescue by a U.N. convoy did not materialize, she ran out of her building and into the dangerous streets, dashing two blocks to a nearby hotel. "This place is paradise," she said to the staff, who took her in and provided her with water and some food, even though they were running low. "This place is paradise."

On March 31, millions in the chic, sultry West African city of Abidjan, the center of power in lvory Coast, abandoned their wine bars, high-rise offices and four-lane highways. They barricaded their apartments and watched, terrified, as the battle for their nation swept into town. Forces allied with northerner Alassane Ouattara, who was elected President on Nov. 28, fought troops loyal to southerner Laurent Gbagbo, the incumbent, who delayed an election for five years, then refused to go when he lost.

Mediation went nowhere, and from March 28 to 30, militias supporting Ouattara captured most of the country. But the battle for Abidjan, a city of 5 million, was always going to be bloody. Gbagbo had surrounded himself with thousands of troops and heavy weapons – mortars, mounted machine guns and artillery – and was believed to be in a bunker under the presidential residence. Its food supplies already low, the city ran so short of water that even Gbagbo's thugs were knocking on doors begging for a drink. Thirsty civilians braved gunfire to draw water from the city's polluted lagoons.

Meanwhile, the specter of genocide hung in the air as Gbagbo's state television urged patriots to defend the nation, broadcasting pictures of bodies in the streets. Northerners and southerners daubed one another's doors with signs to indicate tribal affiliation, a guide to enmity. In the western town of Duékoué, 800 people died in two separate massacres, apparently one by each side. The U.N. estimated that a million people were displaced.

Gbagbo seemed to be counting on the world's doing little to stop what sounded like an alltoo- familiar African tragedy. As with other autocrats – Robert Mugabe in Zimbabwe, Muammar Gaddafi in Libya – the country would burn. The world would watch in horror but just as quickly turn away. And after all the killing, rape and destruction, Gbagbo would remain.

Time – April 18, 2011

01. The gap in the sentence in the first paragraph would be correctly replaced by:

a. had been trapped.b. trapped.c. is trapped.d. would be trapped.e. will be trapped.


ResoluçãoA ideia do trecho é de que a mulher tinha ficado presa no seu escritório por três dias enquanto a luta balançava as ruas e as gangues armadas vagavam por elas. A intenção é mostrar que algo tinha acontecido antes de outro acon-tecimento no passado.RespostaA

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02. FGVWhich of the following best describes what happened to Alexandra, the woman mentioned in paragraph 1?

a. She was part of a U.N. delegation trapped in a hotel during a battle in her city.

b. She nearly died because she had refused to leave her home during a battle.

c. She nearly died because she had tried to observe a battle in her city.

d. Because of a battle in her city she had to stay in her office with almost nothing to eat or drink.

e. During a battle in her city she had left her office to look for food and water and then could not get back.

03. FGVIn paragraph 1, when Alexandra says “This place is paradise,” she most likely means that:

a. her city used to be a wonderful place to live.b. compared to the terrible battle she had just escaped,

where she was staying was wonderful.c. war is hell and can never be justified.d. any place that offers peace and safety is preferable

to a war.e. she was very happy to have discovered that the

U.N. had set up a shelter inside the hotel.

ResoluçãoLê-se, no primeiro parágrafo, que Alexandra ficou presa em seu escritório por três dias enquanto uma luta asso-lava as ruas e gangues armadas vagavam por elas. Ela so-breviveu durante três dias com um pacote de bolachas e duas latas de refrigerante. Diante da não materialização de uma promessa de resgate feita pela ONU, Alexandra enfrentou duas quadras nas perigosas ruas até chegar a um hotel. Portanto, pode-se afirmar que devido à batalha na sua cidade, Alexandra teve que ficar no seu escritório com quase nada para comer e beber.RespostaD

ResoluçãoAlexandra menciona a um dos membros da equipe do ho-tel que aquele lugar era o paraíso. Sendo assim, entende--se por tal menção que o lugar onde ela estava agora era maravilhoso comparado à terrível batalha da qual ela teve que escapar.RespostaB

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04. FGVWhich of the following probably best describes the reason for the armed conflict in Ivory Coast?

a. The president of the country was not reelected but, even so, refused to leave office.

b. A losing candidate tried to force the country’s legitimate president to leave office.

c. A northern tribe and a southern tribe started fighting each other in order to determine which one would dominate the country.

d. The people decided to fight rather than accept the results of a fraudulent election.

e. Contrary to the will of the people, militants attempted to set up an Islamic republic.

05. Para responder à esta questão, utilize o texto do Exercício de Aplicação.

a. A primeira sentença do terceiro parágrafo afirma que Mediation went nowhere. A que tal trecho faz referência?

b. O que o autor do texto quis dizer com a afirmação no último parágrafo de que Gbagbo seemed to be counting on the world's doing little to stop what sounded like an alltoo- familiar African tragedy?

EXERCÍCIO EXTRA

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ResoluçãoNo final do segundo parágrafo, verifica-se que forças alia-das ao nortista Alassane Ouattara, que foi eleito presiden-te em 28 de novembro, lutaram contra tropas leais ao su-lista Laurent Gbagbo, o presidente no poder, que atrasou as eleições por cinco anos e se recusou a sair quando der-rotado. Portanto, o conflito, provavelmente, aconteceu porque Laurent Gbagbo não foi reeleito, mas recusou-se a deixar o poder.RespostaA

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1. WillFormas

• Afirmativa: sujeito + will + verbo no modo infinitivo sem to

• Negativa: sujeito + will + not (won’t) + verbo no modo infinitivo sem to

• Interrogativa: Will + sujeito + verbo no modo infinitivo sem to

2. Going to Formas

• Afirmativa: verbo to be + going to + verbo no modo infinitivo sem to

• Negativa: sujeito + verbo to be + not (am not/is not/are not) + going to + verbo no modo infinitivo sem to

• Interrogativa: verbo to be + sujeito + going to + verbo no modo infinitivo sem to

MóDULO 13 FUTURE TENSES: WILL AND GOING TO



Looking for freedomby David Hasselhoff

One morning in june some twenty years agoI was born a rich man’s sonI had everything that money could buyBut freedom – I had none

I’ve been lookin’ for freedomI’ve been lookin’ so longI’ve been lookin’ for freedomStill the search goes onI’ve been lookin’ for freedomSince I left my home townI’ve been lookin’ for freedomStill it can’t be found

I headed down the track, my baggage on my backI left the city far behindWalkin’ down the road, with my heavy loadTryin’ to find some peace of mindFather said you’ll be sorry, son,If you leave your home this wayAnd when you realize the freedom money buysYou’ll come running home some day

I paid a lotta dues, had plenty to loseTravelling across the landWorked on a farm, got some muscle in my armBut still I’m not a self-made manI’ll be on the run for many years to comeI’ll be searching door to doorBut, given some time, some day I’m gonna findThe freedom I’ve been searchin’ for

Disponível em: <http://www.lyrics007.com/David%20Hasselhoff%20Lyrics/Looking%20For%20Freedom%20

Lyrics.html>. Acesso em: 13 jul. 2011.

01. UFPBAccording to the text, it is correct to say that the young man had:

a. everything, however he was unhappy. b. nothing, because he was a traveller. c. no interest in life despite being rich.d. anything he wanted, but a son of his own.e. all he wished except for his father’s advice.

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02. UFPBAccording to the text, father and son have:

a. each bought their own farms. b. travelled together across the land. c. had opposing views about freedom.d. soon realized freedom is money.e. both left their city to look for freedom.

ResoluçãoDe acordo com o poema, entende-se que o homem tinha tudo, exceto a liberdade que tanto procurava e, por isso, era infeliz.RespostaA

ResoluçãoLê-se na primeira estrofe que o filho acreditava ter tudo o que o dinheiro podia comprar, no entanto, não tinha liber-dade, ou seja, ele não acreditava que o dinheiro pudesse comprá-la. Já na quarta estrofe, o pai afirma que a liber-dade é algo que o dinheiro pode comprar. Portanto, pai e filho tinham visões opostas sobre a liberdade.RespostaC

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03. UFPBConsidering the text, identify the correct statements related to the young man.

I. He is patient.II. He is hopeful.III. He is intolerant.IV. He is optimistic.V. He is determined.

04. O que o filho quis dizer no seguinte trecho: I’ll be on the run for many years to come / I’ll be searching door to door / But, given some time, some day I’m gonna find / The freedom I’ve been searchin’ for?

EXERCÍCIO EXTRA


Meat from scratchby Stephen Ornes

If all goes according to Mark Post’s plan, he will appear on television in October and devour a hamburger that costs about twice as much as most houses do in the United States. Yes, as Charlotte the spider might have written, that’s some burger.

“It’s not something you’d flip every day on the barbecue,” admits Post, a biologist at Maastricht University in the Netherlands. The burger’s price – roughly $330,000, or about 250,000 Euros – might break a record for the most expensive ever.

But that won’t be the biggest reason for its making history. The burger will look like meat, and be cooked like meat, but no animal will have been killed to make it. Under a microscope, the patty’s cells will look identical to those from animal muscles, the source of conventional meat. Post says he wants this publicity to make people think hard about food of the future.

Post uses chemistry, biology and creativity to grow meat in glass dishes. The laboratory creations are white because they don’t contain blood (which colors meat red), and Post describes them as rubbery, “sort of like a piece of squid.”

Disponível em: <http://www.sciencenewsforkids.org/2012/04/meat-from-scratch/>. Adaptado.


a. Além do alto preço que será cobrado pelo hambúrguer, que outro fato o torna tão singular?

b. O que é dito a respeito da cor e da textura da nova carne?

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ResoluçãoA única opção que não faz jus ao filho é a opção de nú-mero III, a qual afirma que ele é intolerante. Não há in-formação suficiente no texto que demonstre que ele seja intolerante.RespostaI, II, IV e V.

ResoluçãoO filho quis dizer que continuará sua busca de porta em porta ainda por muitos anos, e, depois de algum tempo, ele encontrará a liberdade que tanto tem procurado.

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1. Future conditionalEm português, o tempo conditional corresponde ao futuro do pretérito, tempo verbal que, geralmente, associa-se a uma condição (if).

I would go with you if I had money.

MóDULO 14 FUTURE TENSES: FUTURE CONDITIONAL



Profile perfectby Karen Ann Monsy

January 7, 2011

Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Orkut – all over the place, aren’t you? Now find out how a single snap can say it all.

Researchers suggesting people pay more attention to the kind of pictures, specifically profile shots, they post on their Facebook/Twitter accounts are on the rise.

According to freelance photographer Tiffany Schultz, “People don’t think much about their profile pictures – but they should because social networking sites are becoming such a huge part of our lives today. Included in Tiffany’s list of absolute no-nos are the self-shot kinds (you know the ones: images taken with a mobile camera – and part of the person’s arm extending upwards into the frame) as well as the badly cropped ones (complete with some poor anonymous chappie’s arm flung around your shoulder).

According to research, the photographs we share online are one of the most important methods of building relationships on social networks. In fact, they create a more powerful connection than even the words we pick to describe ourselves.

Facebook and Twitter are generally seen as personal networking sites but profile pictures on

LinkedIn and other corporate networking sites are equally important. “Potential employers may not be able to access your entire profile, but they can definitely see your profile picture,” Tiffany cautioned. The question is: what exactly do you want them to see?

Dr Asi Sharabi, social psychologist for Cosmopolitan, feels a person’s expression in his/her profile picture is a dead giveaway about his/her current status. A pouting pose, for example, would project a provocative, sensual symbol that indicates someone seeking intimacy or a partner; one of yourself on a carefree holiday indicates a possible tendency for escapist fantasies or over-stressing in daily life; on the other hand, a shot of yourself looking away from the camera would indicate a headstrong and confident approach to life.

Here are a few tips from Tiffany for how best to create that memorable profile shot:• Avoid the stiff smile! Go for the ‘after laugh’ smile

instead – it always works best.• Magic hours for outdoor photography: early morning

or in the evening just before, during or after sunset.• Make the most of your assets. For example: Don’t

cover freckles, says Tiffany. “They’re awesome. They’re you. So make the most of them.”

• Photographers always ask you to [put your] ‘chin down’ – it makes one look more flattering that way. Even slightly raised eyebrows work too.

• Avoid wearing sunglasses for a photo; they’re like stuffing your hands in your pockets – you come across as having something to hide.

• Go for B&W shots if you’re looking for classic and flattering.

Disponível em: <http://www.khaleejtimes.com/weekend/inside.asp?xfile=/data/weekend/2011/january/

weekend_january7.xml&section=weekend>.GlossárioAsset: dote físico, qualidadeFlattering: atrativo, cativanteHeadstrong: determinado(a)Huge: enormeShot: fotografiaSnap: fotografiaTo caution: alertarTo crop: recortar

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01. UFSM-RSEm relação ao texto, considere as afirmações:

I. A autora faz uso de recursos como all over the place, aren't you (paragraph 1) e chappie (paragraph 3), que são característicos do discurso oral e que dão um tom de informalidade ao texto.

II. No primeiro parágrafo, é possível encontrar a tese a single snap can say it all cuja sustentação é fei-ta ao longo do texto, principalmente por meio da referência aos discursos de especialistas, os quais conferem autoridade aos argumentos.

III. O texto foi escrito para fotógrafos profissionais, pois apresenta linguagem técnico-científica da área da produção visual fotográfica.

Das afirmações anteriores, está(ão) correta(as):a. apenas I e II.b. apenas I e III.c. apenas II.d. apenas III.e. I, II e III.

03. UFSM-RSO segmento que contém um recurso de modalização que indica incerteza do autor em relação às informações apresentadas é:

a. “People don't think much about their profile pictures...” (paragraph 3)

b. “In fact, they create a more powerful connection than even the words we pick to describe ourselves.” (paragraph 4)

c. “...a shot of yourself looking away from the camera would indicate a headstrong and confident approach to life..." (paragraph 6).

d. “...it always works best.” (paragraph 7)e. “...they can definitely see you profile picture...”

(paragraph 5)

02. UFSM-RSO fragmento que melhor descreve a imagem apresentada no texto é o seguinte:

a. “...social networking sites are becoming such a huge part of our lives today.” (paragraph 3)

b. “...images taken with a mobile camera...” (paragraph 3)c. “...the photographs we share online are one of

the most important methods of building rela-tionships...” (paragraph 4)

d. “...they can definitely see your profile picture...” (paragraph 5)

e. “...how best to create that memorable profile shot...” (paragraph 7)

04. UFSM-RSDois tipos de fotos para perfil são desaconselhados por Tiffany, dentre os quais está a foto que:

a. mostra uma pose provocante e sensual.b. revela detalhes como sardas.c. demonstra o olhar desviado da câmera.d. apresenta recorte malfeito.e. retrata o pôr do sol.

ResoluçãoO fragmento que melhor descreve a imagem apresentada no texto é o que instrui “como melhor criar um perfil com uma imagem memorável”.RespostaE

ResoluçãoIII. A proposição contradiz com a ideia apresentada em I.RespostaA

ResoluçãoO segmento com um recurso de modalização que indica incerteza do autor em relação às informações apresenta-das é o que diz que uma foto de si mesmo distante da câmera indicaria uma percepção determinada e confiante da vida. RespostaC

ResoluçãoNo terceiro parágrafo, Tiffany afirma que as fotos mal recortadas (badly cropped ones) são desaconselhadas assim como as tiradas pela própria pessoa nas quais é possível ver o braço esticado.RespostaD

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Are cesarean sections contributing to childhood obesity?

by Alice Park

In a study published in the journal Archives of Disease in Childhood, researchers found that babies born by cesarean section were more than twice as likely to be obese by age 3 as those born vaginally.

The study involved 1,255 children born in the Boston area between 1999 and 2002, whose mothers agreed to provide their prenatal and gestational weight information, as well as height and weight measurements for their babies at birth and then until they reached 3 years old.

About 23% of the babies were born by c-section. Of these children, 15.7% were obese by age 3, compared with 7.5% of children born vaginally.

Why? It might have something to do with how delivery affects the makeup of bacteria that populate infants’ digestive tracts. During their first year of life, infants born by c-section tend to have higher quantities of Firmicutes bacteria in their guts. Studies show that these bacteria can influence weight: obese adults tend to have more Firmicutes than any other species of gut bacteria, and research in mice finds that reducing the amount of gut Firmicutes lowers animals’ risk of weight gain.

EXERCÍCIO EXTRA

Infants born vaginally are exposed to their mother’s vaginal microbes, while those born by c-section are not. Further, it’s possible that the antibiotics used during cesarean delivery also influences the population of infants’ gut bugs, which can in turn impact babies’ weight.

Disponível em:<http://healthland.time.com/2012/05/24/are-cesarean-sections-contributing-to-childhood-

obesity/?iid=hl-main-feature>. Adaptado.


a. É possível afirmar que as cesarianas contribuem para a obesidade infantil? Justifique

b. Quais as possíveis justificativas para a obesidade infantil decorrente da forma de nascimento?

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1. Modal verbsCan: expressa tanto permissão como habilidade.Could: expressa também habilidade, porém, no passa-do. É utilizado também como permissão em um contexto mais formal.

May e might: expressam possibilidade de acontecimento. O uso de may também está associado à "permissão" em contextos ainda mais formais.Must: expressa obrigação ou dedução.Should e ought to: expressam conselho.

MóDULO 15 MODAL VERBS



Workplace not psychologically safe for many

by Reuters

Companies around the globe have work to

do to improve worker satisfaction because about three in 10 employees say their workplace is not psychologically safe and healthy, according to a new poll. Whether it is due to stress, interpersonal conflict, frustration, lack of feedback or promotion, 27 percent of workers in 24 countries said they are not happy with the psychological aspects of their work environment, the survey by research company Ipsos showed.

“Employers need to pay attention to their employees’ mental health, not just their physical health,” said Alexandra Evershed, senior vice president, Ipsos Public Affairs. “Three in 10 is still a fairly large proportion and that goes up to 44 percent and 43 percent in Argentina and Mexico and 42 percent in Hungary.” Nearly half, 47 percent, of the total of 14,618 workers polled agreed that their workplace was ‘a psychologically safe and healthy environment to work in’ and 26 percent hovered on the fence and weren’t sure.

Although many North Americans have fewer holidays than Europeans and may work longer hours and enjoy fewer social services, Americans and Canadians had the highest marks for positively assessing the mental health of their workplace, followed by workers in India, Australia, Great Britain and South Africa.

Evershed suggested that the improving economies in some countries could have played a part in the positive assessment among employees. “It’s better than it was,” she said in an interview. “India, China, Brazil, South Africa, these are countries where the economic picture has been brightening.”

Older workers over 50 with a good household income who have completed a higher level of education were the most satisfied with the psychological aspects of their workplace. “This is an online survey therefore in countries like Brazil, South Africa and China we are surveying people who are a bit better off.”Disponível em: <www.iol.co.za>. Acesso em: 19 mar.2012. Adaptado.

01. UFTM-MGA poll conducted by Ipsos showed that:

a. slightly less than half of the people surveyed said they worked in psychologically healthy conditions.

b. more Europeans than Australians evaluated their working surroundings as healthy.

c. the amount of holidays influenced negatively the results of the survey.

d. a psychologically safe workplace depends on the company culture.

e. usually mentally balanced people are under 50 and have a well-paid job.

ResoluçãoVerifica-se, no segundo parágrafo, que aproximadamente metade – 47% – do total dos 14.618 trabalhadores pes-quisados concorda que seu local de trabalho era um ambiente “psicologicamente seguro e saudável” para trabalhar – Nearly half, 47 percent, of the total of 14,618 workers polled agreed that their workplace was ‘a psychologically safe and healthy environment to work in’.RespostaA

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02. UFTM-MGAlexandra Evershed stated that:

a. physical health should come first in a business environment.

b. the 24 countries have very diverse cultures and economies that determined the outcome of the poll.

c. India, China, Brazil and South Africa displayed the same results in the poll.

d. just 14,618 executives that worked in large companies were interviewed online.

e. a growing economy in countries such as Brazil might have influenced positively the responses to the survey.

03. UFTM-MGOs dados resultantes da pesquisa mostram que:

a. as porcentagens de pessoas descontentes com o ambiente psicológico no trabalho e de pessoas que não souberam responder são quase as mesmas.

b. países da América Latina tiveram os maiores índi-ces de satisfação com os aspectos psicológicos no trabalho.

c. mais da metade das pessoas mais velhas não iden-tificou problemas de ordem psicológica no trabalho.

d. quanto maior a idade das pessoas, maior é seu ní-vel educacional e, consequentemente, sua renda.

e. tanto os empresários como seus funcionários não consideram a saúde mental como parte integrante dos planos de saúde.

04. UFTM-MGNo trecho inicial do quarto parágrafo – Evershed suggested that the improving economies in some countries could have played a part in the positive assessment among employees. –, could have played a part equivale, em português, a:

a. devem ter sido parciais.b. poderiam ser parcialmente desconsiderados.c. não tiveram nada a ver.d. teriam uma participação futura.e. poderiam ter desempenhado um papel.

ResoluçãoNo quarto parágrafo, Alexandra Evershed sugere que as eco-nomias crescentes em alguns países como Índia, China, Bra-sil e África do Sul poderiam ter desempenhado um papel na avaliação positiva quanto ao nível de satisfação no am-biente de trabalho entre os empregados pesquisados. Evershed suggested that the improving economies in some countries could have played a part in the positive assessment among employees. “It’s better than it was,” she said in an interview. “India, china, Brazil, South Africa, these are countries where the economic picture has been brightening.”RespostaE

ResoluçãoNo primeiro parágrafo, afirma-se que 27% dos trabalha-dores nos 24 países pesquisados disseram não estar sa-tisfeitos com os aspectos psicológicos do seu ambiente de trabalho – 27 percent of workers in 24 countries said they are not happy with the psychological aspects of their work environment. No segundo parágrafo, verifica-se que 26% dos 14.618 trabalhadores ficaram “em cima do muro” ou não souberam responder – 26 percent hovered on the fen-ce and weren’t sure.RespostaA

ResoluçãoCom base no contexto, a interpretação correta do trecho could have played a part é “poderiam ter desempenhado um papel”. Entende-se, portanto, que as economias cres-centes em alguns países “poderiam ter desempenhado um papel” na avaliação positiva quanto ao nível de satis-fação no ambiente de trabalho entre os empregados pes-quisados.RespostaE

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EXERCÍCIO EXTRA


Most families massively underestimate the amount of food they throw away each week, according to new research.

The survey of 2,116 adults, carried out by frozen food giant Birds Eye, found that the average household spends £68 a week on food but that 91% of households with children admit to throwing some of that away. Vegetables topped the list of the most commonly wasted food group, followed by bread and fruit, and 40% of those polled admitted they felt guilty for wasting food.

The main reason cited for wasting food was buying too much (37%), with 22% doing so because of supermarket offers and mutibuy deals. Lack of meal planning prior to shopping was another issue, with one in three people admitting to not planning.

Families with children at home proved more savvy, with 37% saying they planned more than before the recession.

The research confirms the fact that a large proportion of Britons (almost 70%) have changed their eating habits as a result of the economic downturn – 47% of families are eating out less, 24% have changed what they eat at mealtimes, for example by buying cheaper food, and 26% try to all eat the same food at mealtimes to keep costs down.

Disponível em:<http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2012/may/16/uk-families-waste-discarded-food>. Adaptado.


a. Segundo a pesquisa qual o motivo do disperdício de alimentos e quais os itens mais disperdiçados?

b. É possível afirmar que houve alguma mudança no comportamento dos britânicos? Justifique.

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1. Relative pronounsWho (quem, que) – faz referência à pessoa anteriormente mencionada.Whom (que, quem, o qual, a qual) – usado normalmente após preposições referindo-se ao objeto direto.Which (que, o qual) – refere-se a tudo aquilo que não faz referência a pessoa, a lugar e a momento.

Whose (cujo, "de quem") – refere-se a tudo: pessoas, ani-mais e coisas. Where (onde) – refere-se ao local físico, a um lugar.When (quando) – refere-se ao momento marcado na frase.That pode substituir which ou who.

MóDULO 16 RELATIVE PRONOUNS



Brazilian judge orders construction of Amazon dam to stop

by Tom Phillips29 September 2011

'We don't want Belo Monte,' reads a sign at an antidam rally in front of Brazil's parliament. A judge has ordered building of

the dam to stop. Photograph: Evaristo Sa/AFP/Getty Images

A Brazilian judge has ordered construction to be suspended on a controversial hydroelectric dam in the Amazon. In his ruling, Judge Carlos Castro Martins said that all working on the Belo Monte dam that interfered with the natural course of the Xingu river should be halted because of the risk that fish stocks would be damaged. The £7bn dam would reputedly be the third largest in the world, after China's Three Gorges and the Itaipu project on the Brazil-Paraguay border.

The injunction is the latest development in a decades-long battle against the Belo Monte dam, plans for which were conceived in the mid-1970's but subsequently shelved after protests. Brazil's government argues that the dam is essential to the energy needs of the country's booming economy. A full environmental licence for the construction was issued in June, with federal authorities promising a series of initiatives to lessen the social and environmental impact of the dam.

On Tuesday, activists from the anti-dam Xingu Para Sempre movement claimed the project had brought unprecedented chaos to the riverside town of Altamira, with thousands of impoverished migrants having arrived by boat or road in search of work. "Nothing good is coming to the region and all of our darkest prophecies are coming true," Antonia Melo, one of the movement's leaders, said.

Earlier this week, politicians from Altamira's townhall filed papers with the regional public prosecutor, asking for work on the dam to be interrupted. "The former president, Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, publicly promised … that the project would bring major benefits to Altamira and 10 other towns around this mega-project," the document said. "But what we have so far seen are painful frustrations such as increased poverty, insecurity and social chaos." On Wednesday the judge issued his ruling to suspend building work.

While there has long been widespread opposition to the dam from environmentalists, social activists and even Hollywood figures such as the director James Cameron, Altamira's political leaders have been broadly supportive of Belo Monte in the past, arguing it could bring development to the region.

Norte Energia, the consortium behind Belo Monte's construction, is expected to appeal against the decision.

Disponível em: <http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/sep/29/brazilian-judge-monte-bello-dam>. Adaptado.

01. FDF-SPThe Belo Monte dam:

a. has been built in 1970's and needs to be enlarged.

b. is responsible for most energy needs in the Amazon region.

c. would be larger than Three Gorges and Itaipu.

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d. has been granted a full environmental licence for its construction.

e. will be demolished after the judge issued a building suspension.

03. FDF-SPSegundo o texto:

a. os funcionários de Belo Monte estão desemprega-dos engrossando as favelas em Altamira.

b. Altamira e 10 outros municípios serão devastados quando Belo Monte estiver concluída.

c. os políticos de Altamira, em sua maioria, antes de-fendiam Belo Monte e agora a condenam.

d. o município de Altamira foi beneficiado sobrema-neira com a construção da hidrelétrica.

e. grandes grupos econômicos, como Norte Energia, serão usuários da energia gerada por Belo Monte.

02. FDF-SPEm defesa da barragem de Belo Monte, está:

a. o movimento Xingu Para Sempre.b. o vereador do município de Altamira.c. o cineasta James Cameron.d. a ambientalista Antonia Melo.e. o governo federal.

04. FDF-SPNo trecho do segundo parágrafo do texto – which were conceived in the mid-1970's but subsequently shelved after protests. – a palavra which refere-se a:

a. plans.b. latest development.c. decades-long battle.d. injunction.e. Belo Monte dam.

ResoluçãoVerifica-se, no segundo parágrafo do texto, que uma li-cença ambiental para a construção da represa foi concedi-da em junho. Afirma-se que as autoridades prometeram, na época da concessão, uma série de iniciativas para dimi-nuir os impactos sociais e ambientais da represa.RespostaD

ResoluçãoLê-se, no segundo parágrafo, que o governo brasileiro ar-gumenta que a represa é essencial para a demanda ener-gética da economia crescente do país. Dessa forma, o go-verno está em defesa da construção da barragem. RespostaE

ResoluçãoNo último parágrafo do texto, lê-se que enquanto alguns se opõem à construção da represa, os líderes políticos de Altamira apoiaram a Belo Monte no passado, argumen-tando que a construção poderia trazer desenvolvimento para a região.RespostaC

ResoluçãoEntende-se pelo trecho que o mandato é o último avanço na batalha que já dura décadas contra a represa de Belo Monte. Os planos para essa represa – Belo Monte dam – foram concebidos em 1970, mas, em seguida, foram ar-quivados após protestos.RespostaE

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Should smoking trigger an R rating?by Amanda Gardner

July 9, 2012

Movies that show actors smoking tobacco should automatically earn an R rating in order to minimize copycat smoking among impressionable tweens and teenagers, the authors of a new study suggest.

*PG-13 films account for nearly two-thirds of the smoking scenes adolescents see on the big screen, according to the two-year study, which surveyed roughly 5,000 children ages 10 to 14 about the movies they’d seen and whether they’d ever tried a cigarette.

Smoking in PG-13 films – including background shots and other passing instances – was just as strongly linked with real-world experimentation as the smoking in R-rated films. For every 500 smoking scenes a child saw in PG-13 movies, his or her likelihood of trying cigarettes increased by 49%. The comparable figure for **R-rated movies was 33%, a statistically negligible difference.

Assigning an R rating to all movies portraying smoking would lower the proportion of kids who try cigarettes at this age by 18%, the authors estimate. (Children under 17 must be accompanied by an adult to buy a ticket for an R-rated movie.)

“The movie industry [should] treat smoking like it treats profanity and sex and violence,” says lead author James D. Sargent, M.D., a cancer-prevention specialist and professor of pediatrics at Dartmouth Medical School, in Lebanon, N.H. “If saying the ‘F’ word twice gets you an R rating, certainly something as important as smoking should get you an R rating.”

*PG-13: Parents Strongly Cautioned – Some material may be inappropriate for children under 13.**R: Restricted – Under 17 requires an accompanying pa-rent or adult guardian.

Disponível em: <http:// http://news.health.com/2012/07/09/smoking-movies-r-rating/>. Acesso em: 12 jul. 2012. Adaptado.


a. Qual foi o resultado do estudo quanto aos adoles-centes que assitiram filmes nos quais o(s) ator(es) fuma(m)?

b. Qual a opinião do autor do estudo quanto à clas-sificação indicativa dos filmes?

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1. Reported speech – Statements

Verb tenses & auxiliary verbs

Present Past“I never understand you,” she told me. “We are doing exercises,” he explained.

She told me she never understood me. He explained that they were doing exercises.

Present perfect Past perfect

“I have broken the window,” he admitted. “I have been waiting since the morning,” he complained.

He admitted that he had broken the window. He complained that he had been waiting since the morning.

Past Past perfect“She went to Rome,” I thought.

“He was thinking of buying a new car,” she said.I thought that she had gone to Rome.

She said he had been thinking of buying a new car.Will Conditional

“I will come on Sunday,” he reminded me. He reminded me that he would come on Sunday.

MóDULO 17 REPORTED SPEECH (I) – STATEMENTS



Steve Jobs – early life and education

Steven Paul “Steve” Jobs was an American businessman and visionary widely recognized (along with his Apple business partner Steve Wozniak) as a charismatic pioneer of the personal computer revolution. He was co-founder, chairman, and chief executive officer of Apple Inc.

Steve Jobs was born in San Francisco in 1955, and adopted at birth by Paul Reinhold Jobs (1922-1993) and Clara Jobs (1924-1986). When asked about his “adoptive parents,” Jobs replied emphatically that Paul and Clara Jobs “were my parents 1,000%.” Asked in a 1995 interview what he wanted to pass on to his children, Jobs replied, “Just to try to be as good a father to them as my father was to me. I think about that every day of my life.”

Jobs told an interviewer, “I was very lucky. My father, Paul, was a pretty remarkable man, a genius with his hands.” When his son was five or six, Paul Jobs sectioned a piece of his workbench and gave it to Jobs, saying ‘Steve, this is your workbench now.’ And he gave me some of his smaller tools and showed me how to use a hammer and saw and how to build things. It really was very good for me. He spent a lot of time with me... teaching me how to build things, how to take things apart, put things back together.” Jobs also noted that while his father “did not have a deep understanding of electronics [...] he’d encountered electronics a lot in automobiles and other

things he would fix. He showed me the rudiments of electronics and I got very interested in that.”

Jobs went to elementary school and high school in Cupertino, California. He attended after-school lectures at the Hewlett-Packard Company in Palo Alto, California, and was later hired there, working with Steve Wozniak as a summer employee. Following high school graduation in 1972, Jobs enrolled at Reed College in Portland, Oregon. Although he dropped out after only one semester, he continued auditing classes at Reed, while sleeping on the floor in friends’ rooms, returning Coke bottles for food money, and getting weekly free meals at the local Hare Krishna temple. Jobs later said, “If I had never dropped in on that single calligraphy course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts.”

Disponível em: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#Early_life_and_education>. Acesso em: 8 dez. 2011.

01. UFESFill in the parentheses with T (true) or F (false).About Steve Jobs, it’s correct to say:

( ) He was adopted as soon as he was born.

( ) He missed his biological parents.

( ) He didn’t get along with Clara and Paul Jobs.

( ) He thought very highly of Paul Reinhold Jobs.

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According to the text, the correct sequence, from top to bottom, is:

a. F, T, T, F b. F, T, F, T c. T, T, F, F d. T, F, F, T e. T, T, T, T

03. UFESAccording to the text, Steve Jobs’s father:

a. knew nothing about electronics.b. didn’t have much time for his son.c. disliked sharing his tools with Steve.d. got impatient having children in his workshop.e. was the first person to introduce him to electronics.

02. UFESThe text says that Steve Jobs:

a. resented being an adopted child.b. was proud of his adoptive parents.c. was five when he found out he had been adopted.d. considered Paul Jobs a model unworthy being co-

pied.e. tried in vain to find out who his biological parents

were.

04. UFES“Paul Jobs[…] gave it to Jobs, saying ‘Steve, this is your workbench now.’” (paragraph 3)This sentence can be exactly rephrased in indirect speech as:

a. Paul Jobs advised Steve to use that workbench whenever he needed it.

b. Paul Jobs said to Steve that would be his workbench in the future.

c. Paul Jobs told Steve that had always been his workbench.d. Paul Jobs told Steve that was his workbench then.e. Paul Jobs asked Steve not to use his workbench.

ResoluçãoA primeira afirmação é verdadeira conforme o trecho Steve Jobs was born in San Francisco in 1955, and adopted at birth by Paul Reinhold Jobs (…).A segunda afirmação é falsa, pois, não há nenhum trecho que confirme tal declaração.A terceira afirmação é falsa, pois, segundo o trecho When asked about his “adoptive parents,” Jobs replied emphatically that Paul and Clara Jobs “were my parents 1,000%.”, Steve demonstra ter sido muito feliz com os pais adotivos.A quarta afirmação é verdadeira conforme o trecho “I was very lucky. My father, Paul, was a pretty remarkable man, a genius with his hands.”RespostaD

ResoluçãoO segundo e terceiro parágrafos sugerem, claramente, que Steve Jobs era muito feliz com seus pais adotivos e tinha muito orgulho deles.RespostaB

ResoluçãoNo final do terceiro parágrafo, lê-se que Steve Jobs per-cebeu que, apesar de seu pai não ter um profundo co-nhecimento em eletrônica, ele tinha se deparado com a eletrônica nos automóveis e em outras coisas que ele con-sertava. Segundo Jobs, foi seu pai quem o introduziu aos rudimentos da eletrônica.RespostaE

ResoluçãoA sentença do texto encontra-se no presente simples, portanto, ao ser colocada no discurso indireto, ela vai para o passado simples. Além disso, o advérbio now sofre alteração, transformando-se em then.RespostaD

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05. Para responder à esta questão, utilize o texto do Exercício de Aplicação.Answer the following questions a, b and c in English, according to the fourth paragraph.

a. When did he finish high school?b. Where did he use to stay while he was in Oregon?

c. How long did he attend college in Oregon?d. O que Jobs quis dizer quando afirmou “If I had never

dropped in on that single calligraphy course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts”?

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1. Reported speech – Questions and special cases

“Where have you been?” – my mother wanted to know. My mother wanted to know WHERE I had been.“Are you single?” – the boy at the club asked me. The boy at the club asked me IF I were single.

MóDULO 18 REPORTED SPEECH (II) – QUESTIONS AND SPECIAL CASES



The Arab Spring – a year of revolutionIn December 2010, 26-year-old Mohamed

Bouazizi was getting ready to sell fruits and vegetables in the rural town of Sidi Bouzid, Tunisia. Although Bouazizi supported his mother and six brothers and sisters, he didn't have a license to sell the products. When the police asked Bouazizi to stop selling the products, he refused and a policewoman allegedly beat him.

Angry because he was publicly humiliated, Bouazizi marched in front of a government building and set himself on fire. His act of desperation resonated immediately with others in the town. Protests began that day in Sidi Bouzid, captured by cellphone cameras and seen on the Internet. Within days, protests were started across the country, demanding President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali and his regime to leave the government. About a month later, he escaped.

The protests in Tunisia set off rebellions across the Middle East that became known as the Arab Spring. A year after the young Tunisian became a martyr, does the Arab World have a long way to go in its fight for democracy?

Disponível em: <http://www.npr.org/2011/12/17/143897126/the-arab-spring-a-year-of-revolution; th. Acesso em: 14 mar. 2012. Adaptado.

01. UFSJ-MGIn the sentence “Although Bouazizi supported his mother and six brothers and sisters, he didn't have a license to sell the products.”, the word although expresses:

a. comparison.b. addition.c. emphasis.d. contrast.

02. UFSJ-MGIn the sentence “About a month later, he escaped.”, the pronoun he refers to:

a. the government.b. Zine Ben Ali's regime.c. president Zine Ben Ali.d. Mohamed Bouazizi.

03. UFSJ-MGChoose the alternative which contains a correct substitute for the words in bold in each of the following sentences:

a. Although Bouazizi supported his mother and six brothers and sisters, he didn't have a license to sell the products. (paragraph 1)

supported: toleratedb. In December 2010, 26-year-old Mohamed Bouazizi

was getting ready to sell fruits and vegetables in the rural town of Sidi Bouzid, Tunisia. (paragraph 1)

ready: preparedc. When the police asked Bouazizi to stop selling the

products, he refused and a policewoman allegedly beat him. (paragraph 1)

allegedly: agressivelyd. The protests in Tunisia set off rebellions across

the Middle East that became known as the Arab Spring. (paragraph 3)

set off: intensifiedResoluçãoA palavra atlhough expressa constraste. Entende-se que Bouazizi sustentatava sua família vendendo frutas e legu-mas apesar de não ter licença para realizar tal trabalho.RespostaD

ResoluçãoO trecho em que o pronome aparece, informa que após cer-ca de um mês, ele – o presidente Zine Bem Ali – escapou.RespostaC

ResoluçãoReady, neste caso, é sinônimo de prepared.Resposta B

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04. UFSJ-MGIn the final question of the text “A year after the young Tunisian became a martyr, does the Arab World have a long way to go in its fight for democracracy?” (paragraph 3), the author is asking if the Arab World:

a. wants to fight democracy.b. is very far from democracy.c. has a long democratic way.d. is longing for democracy.

EXERCÍCIO EXTRA


72% of Americans follow local news closely by Carolyn Miller, Kristen Purcell, Tom Rosenstiel

Apr 12, 2012

Nearly three quarters (72%) of adults are quite attached to following local news and information, and local newspapers are by far the source they rely on for much of the local information they need. In fact, local news enthusiasts are substantially more wedded to their local newspapers than others. They are much more likely than others to say that if their local newspaper vanished, it would have a major impact on their ability to get the local information they want. This is especially true of local news followers age 40 and older, who differ from younger local news enthusiasts in some key ways.

One-third of local news enthusiasts (32%) say it would have a major impact on them if their local newspaper no longer existed, compared with just 19% of those less interested in local news. Most likely to report a major impact if their newspaper disappeared are local news followers age 40 and older (35%), though even among younger local news followers 26% say losing the local paper would have a major impact on them. In contrast, just 19% of adults who do not follow local news closely say they would feel a major impact and fully half (51%) say they would feel no impact at all from the loss of their local paper. Only 34% of local news enthusiasts feel this way.

Disponível em:<http://pewinternet.org/Reports/2012/Local-news-enthusiasts.aspx>. Adaptado.


a. De acordo com o texto, qual é o veículo de comuni-cação mais confiável para os americanos?

b. A que se referem os percentuais 32%, 26% e 51%?

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Leia com atenção Língua Inglesa – Capítulo 4, item 5 Exercícios compatíveis Capítulo 4 – Questões de 501 a 519


Série roxa 511 512 513 514 516 517 518 519

ResoluçãoO trecho questiona se o Mundo Árabe tem um caminho longo a percorrer em sua luta pela democracia. Sendo assim, o autor está perguntando se o Mundo Árabe está muito longe da democracia.RespostaB

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1. If caluses• Zero conditional

If you heat water at 100ºC, it boils.• First conditional

If he gets up early, he will arrive on time.• Second conditional

If I won the lottery, I would certainly buy a huge house.

• Third conditional If I had won a million, I would have started

a business of my own.• Mixed conditional

MóDULO 19 IF CLAUSES



Extreme weather events increased over past decade

Extreme weather events over the past decade have increased and were very likely caused by human-induced global warming, according to a study in the journal Nature Climate Change.

Scientists used physics, statistical analysis and computer simulations to link extreme rainfall and heatwaves to global warming. The link between warming and storms was less clear.

It is very likely that several of the unprecedented extremes of the past decade would not have occurred without anthropogenic global warming. The past decade was probably the warmest globally for at least a millennium.

Extreme weather events were devastating in their impacts and affected nearly all regions of the world. They included severe floods and record hot summers in Europe; a record number of tropical storms and hurricanes in the Atlantic in 2005; the hottest Russian summer since 1500 in 2010 and the worst flooding in Pakistan’s history. In 2011 alone, the United States suffered 14 weather events which caused losses of over $1billion each.

The high amount of extremes is not normal, the study said. For some types of extreme weather, there are physical reasons why they would increase in a warming climate. For example, if average temperature rises, then so will the number of heat records. Natural weather patterns like El Nino or La Nina can also cause highs in global temperature or increased precipitation which leads to floods.

The link between storms and hurricanes and global warming is less conclusive, but at least some of recent rainfall extremes can be attributed to human influences on the climate.

Disponível em: <http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2012/mar/26/extreme-weather-climate-

change>. Acesso em: 28 mar. 2012. Adaptado.

1

5

10

15

20

25

30

01. UEM-PRChoose the alternative(s) in which the definition for the word related to the weather is correct.

01. rainfall (line 6): a long period of dry weather when there is not enough water for plants and animals to live.

02. heatwave (line 7): a period of time such as a few weeks when the weather is much hotter than the usual.

04. storm (line 8): water frozen into soft white flakes (= pieces) that fall from the sky in cold weather and cover the ground.

08. flood (line 16): a very large amount of water that covers an area that is usually dry.

16. hurricane (line 18): a powerful flash of light in the sky caused by electricity and usually followed by thunder.

Faça a somatória dos itens corretos.

Resolução01. rainfall é chuva/precipitação atmosférica e não é de-finida como um longo período de clima seco quando não há água suficiente para as plantas e animais viverem; isto é seca – drought e não chuva/precipitação atmosférica.04. storm é uma tempestade e não é definida como água congelada em pequenos flocos (=pedaços) que caem do céu quando está frio e cobrem o solo; isto é neve – snow – e não tempestade.16. hurricane é um furacão e não é definido como um raio de luz no céu causado por eletricidade e que, normalmente, é seguido de um trovão; isto é um raio/relâmpago – lightning – e não um furacão.Resposta10 (02+08)

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02. UEM-PRAccording to the text, choose the correct alternative(s).

01. Several types of extreme weather the world has seen in the last ten years have had human influence.

02. American scientists concluded that the world climate has basically changed due to natural phenomena such as El Niño or La Niña.

04. The United States lost over 14 billion dollars last year because of weather events.

08. Global warming affects most regions of the world causing record numbers of hurricanes in all of them.

16. Not every weather extreme can be attributed to the increase in world temperatures.


04. Que regiões foram afetadas e quais os impactos causados pelas condições climáticas extremas?

03. UEM-PRChoose the alternative(s) in which the information about the words from the text is correct.

01. “It is very likely” (line 9) is the same as “It’s probably true”.

02. “several” (line 9) is a quantifier which derives from the adjective “severe” (line 16).

04. In the extract “Extreme weather events were devastating in their impacts ...” (lines 14 and 15), the underlined words are an example of the present progressive tense.

08. “increase” (line 25) and “rises” (line 27) both mean “become larger in amount, number, or degree”.

16. The extract “... if average temperature rises, then so will the number of heat records.” (lines 26 to 28) is expressed in a conditioal form.


Resolução02. Several é um advérbio que não deriva do adjetivo severe.04. A sentença extraída do texto encontra-se no passado progressivo/contínuo.Resposta25 (01+08+16)

ResoluçãoNa Europa foram observadas severas enchentes e verões muito quentes; no Atlântico foram recordes os números de tempestades tropicais e furacões; na Rússia observou--se, em 2010, o verão mais quente desde 1500 e o Paquis-tão sofreu com a pior enchente da história.

Resolução02. Não há informação sobre os cientistas terem chega-do à conclusão de que, basicamente, o clima do mundo mudou devido aos fenômenos naturais El Niño e La Niña.08. Não se pode afirmar que o aquecimento global afeta a maioria das regiões do mundo causando uma série de furacões em todas elas.Resposta21 (01+04+16)

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Of the 7.5m global deaths from cancer in 2008, an estimated 1.5m may have been due to potentially preventable or treatable infections.

Scientists carried out a statistical analysis of cancer incidence to calculate that around 16% of all cancers diagnosed in 2008 were infection-related. The proportion of cancers linked to infection was three times higher in developing countries than in developed ones.

Key cancer-causing infectious agents include human papillomavirus (HPV), the gastric bug Helicobacter pylori and the hepatitis B (HBV) and C viruses.

These four were together believed to be responsible for 1.9m cases of cancer, mostly gastric, liver and cervical cancers.

Cervical cancer accounted for around half of infection-related women's cancers. In men, more than 80% of infection-related cancers affected the liver, stomach and colon.

Dr Catherine de Martel and Dr Martyn Plummer, from the International Agency for Research on Cancer in Lyon, wrote in the Lancet Oncology journal: "Infections with certain viruses, bacteria, and parasites are one of the biggest and preventable causes of cancer worldwide… Application of existing public-health methods for infection prevention, such as vaccination, safer injection practice, or antimicrobial treatments, could have a substantial effect on future burden of cancer worldwide."

Disponível em: <http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2012/may/09/cancers-treatable-infections>. Adaptado.


a. A que conclusões chegaram os cientistas com base na análise estatística feita em 2008?

b. Que justificativa pode estar associada à alta in-cidência dos cânceres nos países em desenvol-vimento e quais podem ser os métodos de pre-venção contra as infecções que levam ao quadro cancerígeno?

EXERCÍCIO EXTRARo

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MóDULO 20 PASSIVE VOICE

1. Passive voice

Voz ativa Voz passivaSimple present AM/IS/ARE + past participle

Simple past WAS/WERE + past participlePresent continuous AM/IS/ARE BEING + past participle

Past continuous WAS/WERE BEING + past participle

Simple future WILL BE + past participleSimple conditional WOULD BE + past participle

Present perfect HAS/HAVE BEEN + past participlePast perfect HAD BEEN + past participleModal verbs MODAL VERB + BE + past participle

EXERCÍCIOS DE APLICAÇÃOLeia e observe o quadro abaixo e responda às questões de 01 a 04.

Jorge Cham 2012. Disponível em: <www.PHDcomics .com>. Acesso em: 25 mar. 2012.

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03. UdescAnalyze the sentences which contain the correct grammar definition from words, as used in the text.

I. Outside: adverb of place; stuff: noun.II. Commercially: adverb of manner; until: adjective.III. Turned out: gerund; overnight: adverb of time.IV. Stuff: noun; commercially: adjective.V. Were used and applied: passive voice; turned out:

phrasal verb.Mark the correct alternative.

a. I and V are correct.b. I, II and V are correct.c. III and IV are correct.d. II and IV are correct.e. All options are correct.

01. UdescAccording to the previous comic, it is correct to state that:

a. only the meanings are understandable and straight.b. it is trying to help you with any misunderstood of

an assignment.c. it is giving you funny meanings to real statements.d. it is a translator which is for sale on the net for

everyone.e. there are words, numbers and symbols which are

said and can be translated if you have the translator downloaded into your PC.

02. UdescMark the correct alternative which replaces the expression in bold: “We made stuff up”.

a. inventedb. destroyedc. controlledd. solde. reached

04. Transforme as frases abaixo da voz passiva para a voz ativa.

a. “All procedures were approved by the Internal Ethics Review Board.”

b. “Samples were treated with 0.03% sodium citrate.”c. “Experimental kits from a commercial vendor were

used and applied according to the manufacturer’s instructions.”

d. “Statistical significance was assessed using the Student’s T Test.”

ResoluçãoO objetivo do quadro anterior é dar exemplos divertidos/engraçados à declarações verdadeiras. RespostaC

ResoluçãoO phrasal verb to make up significa ‘inventar’. Sendo assim, ele pode ser substituído por invented. RespostaA

ResoluçãoII. until é preposição e não adjetivo.III. turned out não é caracterizado como gerúndio mas sim, como um phrasal verb no passado simples.IV. comercially é advérbio.RespostaA

Resolução a. The Internal Ethics Review Board approved all procedures.b. They treated samples with 0.03% sodium citrate.c. They used and applied experimental kits from a commercial vendor according to the manufacturer’s instructions.d. They assessed statistical significance using the Student’s T Test.

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Sandwich labels misleading consumersby Rebecca Smithers

Inconsistent and confusing labels on best-selling sandwiches on the high street are making it difficult for shoppers to make meaningful comparisons and choose the healthiest options, a consumer group has warned.

Retailers such as Tesco, Aldi, Caffe Nero and Greggs are criticised by Which? for failing to print so-called 'traffic light labelling' on the front of packs which claims that portion sizes and nutritional content vary so much that consumers could be eating three times as much fat and double the amount of salt as the same sandwich bought elsewhere.

Which? researchers looked at the calorie, fat, saturated fat and salt content of three of the most popular pre-prepared sandwiches – chicken salad, egg mayonnaise and bacon, lettuce and tomato (BLT) on sale at supermarkets and coffee chains.

But they found that fat and salt content varied widely while inconsistent labelling across stores meant that healthier sandwich options were not always obvious. The traffic light labelling system uses a colour-coded wheel of red, amber and green symbols to indicate levels of salt, fat and other nutrients but is not compulsory in the UK. Six out of the 15 retailers it compared include the traffic light system, but the rest do not.


a. Qual é o problema relatado no texto?b. O que é e como funciona o sistema traffic light

labelling?

EXERCÍCIO EXTRARo

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MóDULO 21 INDEFINITE AND DEFINITE ARTICLES

1. Indefinite and definite articlesOs artigos a, an ou the são utilizados nos seguintes casos:

• a = artigo indefinido (objeto não específico, um dentre vários sem referente) cuja ocorrência associa-se a palavras que tem som de consoante;

• an = artigo indefinido (objeto não específico, um dentre vários sem referente) cuja ocorrência associa-se a palavras que tem som de vogal;

• the = artigo definido (objeto específico que já fora mencionado anteriormente ou especificidade quanto à localização).



Traffic pollution kills 5,000 a year in UK, says study

by Roland Pease

Road pollution is more than twice as deadly as traffic accidents, according to a study of UK air quality. The analysis appears in Environmental Science and Technology, carried out by Steve Yim and Steven Barrett, pollution experts from MIT in Massachusetts. They estimate that combustion exhausts across 1 UK cause nearly 5,000 premature deaths each year. The pair also estimate that exhaust gases from airplanes cause a further 2,000 deaths annually. By comparison, there were 1,850 deaths due to road accidents recorded. Overall, the study's findings are in line with an earlier report by the government's Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants (COMEAP), which found that air pollution in 2008 was responsible for about 29,000 deaths in the UK. The new study arrives at a slightly lower annual figure of 19,000, a difference the lead author of the COMEAP study, Fintan Hurley, attributes to differing methodology.

2 latest study adds to the debate by breaking down mortality rates according to sector – transport, energy and industry. 3 researchers combine models of atmospheric circulation and chemistry with source data and clinical studies to arrive at their independent figures for the health effects of pollution. Although the popular perception of air pollution involves images of smoke stacks billowing out toxic black fumes into the atmosphere, industry and the power sector turn out to kill fewer than vehicle emissions, the data shows. "Cars and lorries emit right by where people live and work and so have a greater impact", explains lead author Steven Barrett.

Disponível em: <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-17704116>. Adaptado.

01. UFPRConsider the following information about the latest study of air pollution:

1. The authors of the study.2. The nationality of the authors of the study.3. The place where the study was carried out.4. The year in which the study was carried out.

What information is in the text?a. Only 1 and 2.b. Only 1 and 3.c. Only 2 and 4.d. Only 1, 3 and 4.e. 1, 2, 3 and 4.

ResoluçãoVerifica-se, no primeiro parágrafo, que o estudo foi feito por Steve Yim e Steven Barrett no Reino Unido (UK).RespostaB

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02. UFPRAccording to the text:

a. The latest study was conducted by the government.b. Steve Yim and Steven Barrett work for Environmental

Science and Technology.c. The results from Yim and Barrett’s study are

totally different from the ones reported by the government’s committee.

d. The difference in the number of deaths reported by Yim and Barrett’s study and Hurley’s study are due to methodology.

e. Industry and power sectors cause the same number of deaths as vehicle emissions.

03. UFPRAccording to the text, are these statements true (T) or false (F)?

( ) Airplanes gases caused 2.000 deaths out of 5.000 annually in UK.

( ) Road pollution causes more deaths than road accidents in UK.

( ) The latest study considered three different sectors to calculate mortality rates.

( ) Air pollution is also caused by people who smoke.

Mark the alternative which presents the correct sequen-ce, from top to bottom.

a. T – F – F – Tb. T – T – F – Fc. F – T – T – Fd. F – T – T – Te. F – F – T – F

04. The gaps 1, 2 and 3 would be correctly filled by:

a. the – the – the. b. the – a – the. c. a – the – the.d. the – the – X. e. the – X – the.

ResoluçãoAfirma-se, no final do primeiro parágrafo, que o estudo atual mostra dados um pouco diferentes dos valores anu-ais de 19.000 mortes causadas pela poluição do ar; dife-rença esta que o autor do estudo do COMEAP – Fintan Hurley – atribui à metodologia.RespostaD

ResoluçãoA primeira proposição é falsa, pois, o texto informa que a exaustão de gases por combustão no Reino Unido causa aproximadamente 5.000 mortes prematuras todo ano. Os cientistas também verificaram que os gases emitidos pelos aviões contribuem com mais 2.000 mortes anualmente.A quarta proposição é falsa uma vez que não há informa-ção no texto sobre o fato de a poluição ser causada por pessoas que fumam.RespostaC

ResoluçãoO Reino Unido – United Kingdom – é tratado como uma palavra no plural e vem, obrigatoriamente, precedida do artigo definido. O artigo definido é sempre utilizado antes da formação de superlativo – the latest. Os pesquisadores – researchers – já tinham sido mencionados anteriormen-te, portanto, a retomada deles na sentença exige o uso do artigo definido.RespostaA

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Some schemes to save the Earth just might cost the Earth. Back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that scaling up proposals to scrub the atmosphere of carbon dioxide would mean creating the biggest industry there has ever been.

You can strip CO2 from the air with chemical filters or by boosting reactions occurring as rocks weather. Colin Axon of Brunel University in Uxbridge, UK, and Alex Lubansky at the University of Oxford estimated what it would take to remove the 30 gigatonnes of CO2 we emit every year.

That would mean processing 75,000 Gt of dry air. Scaling up proposals to filter air would use 180 Gt of clean water per year, depriving 53 million people of water, on top of the 66 per cent of the world's population who will face water shortages by 2025.

Enhancing rock weathering is no better. It would call for 100 Gt of olivine, a common mineral. This is 12,500 times more than is produced worldwide. To deal with 30 Gt of CO2 we would need to spread the olivine 1 centimetre thick over 3.6 billion square kilometres of dry land, 1000 times more than Earth has available.

Axon says his calculations are rough. "Still, I'm confident that a CO2 removal scheme would have to be in the order of 1000 times larger than any existing industry." He presented the estimates at the Planet Under Pressure conference in London last week.

Disponível em:<http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21428593.800-stripping-co2-from-air-requires-

largest-industry-ever.html>. Adaptado.

Responda às questões abaixo com base nas informações contidas no texto.05. O texto critica a ideia de limpar o CO2 da atmosfera, por quê?06. Quais seriam os métodos para limpar a atmosfera e por que eles não são executáveis?

EXERCÍCIO EXTRA

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1. Plural of nounsÀ semelhança do português, a maioria dos substantivos tem seu plural formado a partir do acréscimo de -s ao sin-gular. No entanto, também como em português, existem várias exceções quanto à formação do plural em inglês.1) Substantivos que terminam em ch, s, ss, sh, x, z e a maioria dos substantivos que terminam em o: acrescenta-se -es no final;2) Substantivos que terminam em vogal + y: acrescenta-se somente -s no final.3) Substantivos que terminam em consoante + y: retira-se o y e acrescenta-se -ies; 4) Substantivos que terminam em -oo: acrescenta-se so-mente -s no final.5) Substantivos que têm plural irregular.6) Substantivos que têm a mesma forma tanto no singular quanto no plural:6.1) Alguns substantivos terminados em -s têm a mesma forma tanto para o singular quanto para o plural. Nesses casos, o verbo correspondente também vai para o plural.

6.2) As parelhas, também chamadas pluralia tantrum são substantivos que designam coisas quem têm duas par-tes iguais, “um par de” (exemplos: óculos). Essas pala-vras só existem no plural, não possuem forma singular. Seus equivalentes em português apresentam-se no sin-gular.6.3) “Falsos plurais”: a maioria dos nomes de ciências e outros substantivos terminados em -ics são singulares, isto é, não apresentam formas distintas quando no plural. O verbo correspondente permanece no singular.7) Substantivos de origem grega ou latina mantêm seus plurais originais.8) Substantivos compostos:8.1) Em substantivos compostos com preposição ou ad-vérbio, pluraliza-se o componente principal (geralmente a primeira palavra).8.2) Em substantivos compostos que incluem as palavras man e woman, pluraliza-se as duas palavras.9) Medidas e dinheiro seguem a regra geral do plural, ou seja, acrescenta-se somente –s.

MóDULO 22 PLURAL OF NOUNS


No more Fish 'n' Chips: the original fast food is struggling to survive

It is the original British fast food; fish 'n' chips, the original "carry-out" meal, has been part of British life for over 100 years. But will it survive much longer? Perhaps only in the form of a luxury for those who can afford it. Long before the Big Mac was invented, Britain had its own national form of fast food.

"When I was a young man, it was the sort of thing you'd have once or twice a week," remembers 82-year old Arthur Mowbrey. "Before the last war, you'd get a full size portion of cod and chips for sixpence. It was cheap, and good". Fish 'n' chips was nourishing too. It was a proper meal that you could eat in the street on your way home from work, or during the lunch-break. Wrapped in newspaper, it would keep warm to the last chip, even on the coldest days of the year.

In the last quarter of a century, things have changed. "It's not so popular with young people these days," says Lizzie, a teenager. "Most of the time, if young people want to eat out, they'll go to a Burger King or something like that, or a Chinese


take-away. Fish 'n' chips is a bit old-fashioned really, I suppose. But there are still cheap chip shops around. I had fish 'n' chips about three weeks ago. We sometimes have it at home, and we go and get it from the chip shop. It saves cooking!"

Thousands of chip shops, however, have closed in the last twenty-five years. Some have been turned into Chinese or Indian take-aways, others have just closed. They have survived best in seaside towns, where the fish is really fresh, and people visit them more as a tradition than for any other reason. Yet nothing, perhaps, can save the classic fish 'n' chip shop from extinction. Fish 'n' chips wrapped in newspaper is already just a memory of the past. British and European hygiene rules no longer allow food to be wrapped in old papers, so today's carry-out chip shops use new paper or styrofoam cartons. Of course, you can still eat fish and chips with your fingers if you want, but there are now plastic throw-away forks for those who don't want to get greasy fingers! Yet in spite of these changes, the classic fish 'n' chip shop could disappear from British streets in a few years' time, for a completely different reason; lack of fish.

For over ten years, European agriculture ministers have been trying to solve the fish

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problem, but with little success. As a result of modern industrial fishing, some types of fish are facing extinction in the North Sea and Atlantic. "Overfishing in the North Sea has reached crisis levels," say Greenpeace. Quotas have been introduced, but each time there are new restrictions, fishermen in Britain, France, Spain and other countries protest, because jobs are lost.

Sadly, this is inevitable; and unless strict quotas are applied, thousands of European fishermen could lose their job, as there will few fish left to catch (at least few of the kinds of fish people want to eat). One way or the other, sea fish will become rarer, and therefore more expensive.

Disponível em: <http://linguapress.com/intermediate/nomorefishnchips.htm>. Acesso em: 5 abril 2011. Adaptado.

01. Unemat-MTDe acordo com o texto, o tradicional prato da culinária inglesa, Fish ‘n’ Chips, corre o risco de desaparecer devido:

a. à difícil concorrência com o Mc Donald’s.b. à proliferação de lojas que servem comida chinesa

e indiana.c. à escassez de peixes.d. à poluição dos mares.e. à falta de um tipo especial de batata usada no pre-

paro do prato.

d. Quando eu era jovem, o Fish ‘n’ Chips era o tipo de comida que você podia comprar em todos os luga-res e durante toda a semana, [...] Antes da última guerra, você tinha uma porção de bom tamanho de bacalhau e de batatas a seis centavos. Era ba-rata e boa.

e. Quando eu era jovem, eu e meus amigos comía-mos Fish ‘n’ Chips todos os finais de semana, [...] Antes da última guerra, você tinha uma porção com um bom tamanho de bacalhau e de batatas a seis centavos. Era barata e boa.

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02. Unemat-MTWhen I was a young man, it was the sort of thing

you'd have once or twice a week, […] Before the last war, you'd get a full size portion of cod and chips for sixpence. It was cheap, and good.

Assinale a alternativa que traduz o fragmento acima.a. Quando eu era jovem, o Fish ‘n’ Chips era o tipo de

coisa que você comia uma ou duas vezes por se-mana, [...] Antes da última guerra, você tinha uma porção com um bom tamanho de bacalhau e de batatas a seis centavos. Era barata e boa.

b. Quando eu era jovem, o Fish ‘n’ Chips era o tipo de coisa que você comia durante toda a semana, [...] Antes da última guerra, você tinha uma porção de bom tamanho de bacalhau e de batatas a seis centavos. Era barata e boa.

c. Quando eu era jovem, o Fish ‘n’ Chips era o tipo de coisa que você comia uma ou duas vezes por se-mana, [...] Durante a última guerra, você tinha uma porção de bom tamanho de bacalhau e de batatas a seis centavos. Era muito boa e muito barata.

03. Unemat-MTTomando a frase When I was a young man (l.8) como re-ferência sintática, analise as alternativas abaixo e assinale a incorreta.

a. When he was a young man.b. When they were young men.c. When we were young men.d. When Peter’s brother was a young man.e. When Paul and Jorge were young man.

04. Unemat-MTAssinale a alternativa correta.

a. …its (l.6) refere-se ao Big Mac.b. them (l.33) refere-se à palavra people (l.18).c. they (l.21) refere-se aos restaurantes chineses e

indianos.d. their (l.59) refere-se aos peixes que estão sumindo

dos mares.e. this (l.57) refere-se à expressão jobs are lost (l.56).

ResoluçãoLê-se, no final do quarto parágrafo, que apesar de todas aas mudanças, as lojas que vendem Fish ‘n’ Chips podem desa-parecer das ruas inglesas em poucos anos por uma razão completamente diferente que é a falta de peixe – lack of fish. RespostaC

ResoluçãoA tradução é feita corretamente na alternativa ‘A’.RespostaA

ResoluçãoVerifica-se na alternativa E que não há concordância entre o sujeito plural – Paul and Jorge e o substantivo que os designa – man. A palavra deveria estar grafada no plural – men – e não no singular como apresentado na alternativa. RespostaE

ResoluçãoO pronome this retoma a ideia de que, diante da situa-ção mencionada no parágrafo anterior, é inevitável que os empregos sejam perdidos – jobs are lost.RespostaE

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a. Justifique o que é dito por Lizzie ao afirmar que Fish ‘n’ Chips não é muito popular entre os ado-lescentes.

b. De que forma as regras de higiene europeias e bri-tânicas interferem na manutenção do tradicional prato inglês?

EXERCÍCIO EXTRARo

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1. AdverbsModo: quickly, slowly, remotely, easilyFrequência: always, never, usually,seldomLugar: here, there, over here/there

Tempo: yesterday, today, tomorrow, recently, latelyIntensidade: too, veryPropósito: accidentally, intentionally, purposely

MóDULO 23 ADVERBS



How do I get paid?

All money generated by click throughs or customers signing on with a program are fed into a database on the affiliated advertisers site and tallied automatically (1). The affiliated advertiser transfers, wires, mails the any money earned once an amount of $50 or more has been collected.

I only want certain types of ads on my site

With most affiliate advertisers you can determine exactly what kinds of ads appear on your site. The upside is you have more control, the down side is it is more labor intensive managing the ads. When an ad is automatically generated, as is the case with Google AdSence, the nature of the ad depends on the content of your page where (2) the ad is located. This means you have little or no control over the contents of the ads other than the content of your web page.

It must (3) be hard to put the ads or banners up on the site

In most cases it is a matter of cutting (4) the advertising code from the affiliated advertisers site and paste into (5) your web page. No messing with images or writing copy for the advertisments.

Disponível em: <http://www.bannermadness.com/articles.php>. Accesso em: 25 mar. 2012. Adaptado.

01. UdescMark the correct sequence of grammar definitions from the underlined words, following the sequence of numbers (1), (2), (3), (4) e (5).

a. Subject, pronoun, verb, gerund, phrasal verbb. Adjective, objective adverb, auxiliary, past participle,

phrasal verbc. Adverb, adverb, modal verb, gerund, preposition

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d. Adverb, possessive pronoun, modal, passive voice, subject

e. Adverb, question word, simple past, past participle, noun

02. UdescIt is correct to say that this text:

a. leads anyone to design and sell ads for TV commercials.

b. shows you ways to earn money through ads.c. determines the sorts of ads you are fond of.d. helps you to control the sites which come to your

PC.e. basically tells you how to stop ads in the sites you

search for.

ResoluçãoA função gramatical de cada uma das palavras é, respec-tivamente, advérbio – automatically, advérbio – where, verbo modal – must, gerúndio – cutting e preposição – into.RespostaC

ResoluçãoVerifica-se, ao longo do texto, que o autor informa o lei-tor como ele ganha dinheiro com os anúncios, como ele controla os anúncios no seu site e como ele coloca os anúncios no site. É correto afirmar, portanto, que o texto mostra meios de se ganhar dinheiro através de anúncios.RespostaB

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03. UdescIt is correct to say that: where (line 18), is related to:

a. the Ad.b. the content.c. nature.d. Google Ad Sense.e. page.

04. UdescMark which would be the best title for this text.

a. Being a Google partnerb. Profit on TVc. Stock market investmentsd. Creating income with online advertisinge. Eco ad

EXERCÍCIO EXTRA


For decades, women have been told that drinking any amount of alcohol during pregnancy can harm their developing child. The zero-alcohol rule is so ingrained that just walking into a bar while pregnant can draw suspicious stares.

But new data from Denmark suggests that light to moderate drinking early in pregnancy – up to eight drinks a week – has no effect on intelligence, attention or self-control in children at age 5. Drinking more heavily, however, was associated with measurable negative effects.

In five papers published in the BJOG journal, the authors report finding no effect of light, moderate or even binge drinking in pregnancy on children’s overall IQ, ability to pay attention or executive function, which involves self-control and the ability to organize and plan behavior, at age 5.

However, children of heavy-drinking women who had nine or more drinks a week had reduced attention span and were nearly five times more likely to have low IQ than children of nondrinkers. Oddly, binge drinking during the first or second week of pregnancy was associated with a 54% lower risk of having a child with a low IQ, but the researchers think this finding occurred purely by chance and doesn’t show a true effect.

Disponível em:<http://healthland.time.com/2012/06/20/alcohol-in-pregnancy-light-to-moderate-drinking-is-

safe-study-says/?iid=hl-main-lede >. Adaptado.


a. Qual foi a descoberta feita com base no estudo?b. Que fator, associado às mães que bebiam nove ou

mais drinks por semana, pode ser considerado es-tranho?

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ResoluçãoO advérbio where faz referência ao local onde os anúncios estão localizados na página, ou seja, faz referência à page que é onde (where) o anúncio está localizado.RespostaE

ResoluçãoO melhor título para o texto seria aquele que menciona a Geração de renda com anúncios on-line – Creating income with online ads.RespostaD

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1. Gerund and infinitiveAs formas de gerúndio e infinitivo não só desempenham a função do gerúndio no tempo contínuo ou a de infinitivo quando se utiliza o auxiliar do verbo, por exemplo. Gerúndio e infinitivo podem desempenhar outras funções na frase.

MóDULO 24 GERUND AND INFINITIVE



StressStress is your body’s response to the demands

placed upon it. A little stress is a good thing, but too much can have devastating consequences for your health and relationships.

Everyone needs a certain amount of stress to live well. It’s what gets you out of bed in the morning and gives you the vitality to do all sorts of things.

Stress becomes a problem when there’s too much or too little. A lack of stress means your body is understimulated, leaving you feeling bored and isolated. In an effort to find stimulation, many people do things that are harmful to themselves (such as taking drugs) or society (for instance, committing a crime).

However, too much stress, can result in a range of health problems including headaches, stomach upsets, high blood pressure and even stroke or heart disease. It can also cause feelings of distrust, anger, anxiety and fear.

People often feel over-stressed as a result of some event. This doesn’t have to be negative (such as the death of a loved one, redundancy or divorce); it can also be seemingly positive (a new partner, new job or going on holiday).

Among the bad stressbusters, it is possible to mention drinking alcohol, denying the problem, taking drugs, overeating and smoking cigarettes. On the other hand, the good techniques to avoid stress are taking a nap; getting a massage; expressing yourself artistically; having a laugh; being gentle to yourself; and making use of meditation and relaxation techniques.

Disponível em: <http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/emotional_health/mental_health/mind_stress.

shtml>. Acesso em: 28 mar. 2012. Adaptado.

01. UEM-PRChoose the alternative(s) in which the information about the words extracted from the text is correct.

01. The pronoun “it” (line 2) refers to “stress” (line 1).02. The adjectives “bored” (line 11) and “harmful”

(line 13) are used in a negative context.

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04. The prefixes “under-”, in “understimulated” (line 11), and “over”, in “over-stressed” (line 21), express opposite meanings.

08. The word “result” in “... can result in a range of health problems ...” (lines 16 and 17) and “... as a result of some event.” (lines 21 and 22) is used in the first extract as a verb and in the second as a noun.

16. The -ing form in “feelings” (line 19), “seemingly” (line 24) and “denying” (line 27) is added to the noun to express the action or process of doing something.


02. UEM-PRChoose the correct alternative(s), according to the text.

01. Stress, in certain circumstances, might bring benefits to people.

02. People can do dangerous things in order to find stimuli to live.

04. Losing one’s job does not cause as much stress as getting divorced.

08. If you accept you have a problem, the stress will probably be higher.

16. One possible way to avoid stress is sleeping for a short time during the day.


Resolução01. O pronome it refere-se à body.16. As formas de -ing correspondem, respectivamente, à formação de substantivo, a um advérbio e à formação de um substantivo; nenhuma das formas correspondem ao processo de ser fazer algo.Resposta14 (02+04+08)

Resolução04. Não é feita qualquer comparação quanto ao grau de estresse associado ao fato de se perder um emprego ou ao de se divorciar.08. A negação, e não a aceitação, de que se tem um pro-blema pode aumentar o nível de estresse.Resposta19 (01+02+16)

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Although robots have made great strides in manufacturing, where tasks are repetitive, they are still no match for humans, who can grasp things and move about effortlessly in the physical world.

Designing a robot to mimic the basic capabilities of motion and perception would be revolutionary, researchers say, with applications stretching from care for the elderly to returning overseas manufacturing operations to the United States (albeit with fewer workers).

Yet the challenges remain immense, far higher than artificial intelligence obstacles like speaking and hearing. “All these problems where you want to duplicate something biology does, such as perception, touch, planning or grasping, turn out to be hard in fundamental ways,” said Gary Bradski, a vision specialist at Willow Garage, a robot development company based in Silicon Valley. “It’s always surprising, because humans can do so much effortlessly.”Disponível em: <http://www.nytimes.com>. July 11, 2011. Adaptado.

03. Fuvest-SPSegundo o texto, um grande desafio da robótica é:

a. não desistir da criação de robôs que falem e enten-dam o que ouvem.

b. melhorar a capacidade dos robôs para a execução de tarefas repetitivas.

c. não tentar igualar as habilidades dos robôs às dos seres humanos.

d. voltar a fabricar robôs que possam ser comerciali-zados pela indústria norte-americana.

e. projetar um robô que imite as habilidades básicas de movimento e percepção dos seres humanos.

04. Fuvest-SP De acordo com o texto, o especialista Gary Bradski afirma que:

a. a sua empresa projetou um robô com capacidade de percepção.

b. os robôs já estão bem mais desenvolvidos, atual-mente.

c. a construção de robôs que reproduzam capacida-des biológicas é difícil.

d. as pessoas podem ser beneficiadas por robôs com capacidade de planejamento.

e. a habilidade das pessoas em operar robôs sofisti-cados é surpreendente.

ResoluçãoLê-se, no primeiro parágrafo do texto, que, de acordo com os pesquisadores, desenvolver um robô que imite as ca-pacidades básicas de movimento e percepção dos seres humanos seria algo revolucionário, com aplicações que iriam desde o cuidado com os mais velhos até o retorno das operações de produção para os Estados Unidos, em-bora com menos trabalhadores. Sendo assim, um gran-de desafio da robótica é projetar um robô que imite as habilidades básicas de movimento e percepção dos seres humanos.RespostaE

ResoluçãoVerifica-se, no segundo parágrafo do texto, que os desa-fios para a construção de um robô com habilidades se-melhantes às dos humanos permanecem imensos, muito maiores do que os problemas relacionados à inteligência artificial, como falar e ouvir. De acordo com Gary Bradski, todas as questões que tangem à capacidade de duplicar características naturais no ser humano, como percepção, toque, planejamento ou sustentação de algum objeto, tornam-se difíceis quando se trata de robótica. Portanto, o especialista Gary Bradski afirma que a construção de ro-bôs que reproduzam capacidades biológicas é difícil.RespostaC

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Pilotless planes project begins test flights over Irish Sea

by Dan Milmo

BAE Systems has taken a step closer to removing pilots from fighter jets by launching the first major test flights for a new generation of intelligent drone aircraft.

The project, named Astraea, differs from the current drone models in use in Afghanistan, which are flown remotely by pilots on the ground. Instead the prototypes will follow a set of programmed instructions, with the aim that they could fly difficult missions autonomously for days at a time.

BAE is using a conventional aircraft – an 18-seater Jetstream propeller plane – for the flights over the Irish Sea and will have technicians on board. The Jetstream will fly autonomously during some tests but there will be a pilot at the controls at all times, ready to take over if there is a problem.

Edward Hunt, a senior consultant at IHS Jane's, the defence analysis firm, said the argument for intelligent, unmanned aircraft was compelling, however, Hunt said technical and legal hurdles remained. "Giving them any autonomy is going to be complicated in terms of technical developments, such as the software, and legally allowing a fighter without a human being in it to launch a weapon and kill someone," he said. BAE executives have already stated that "there has to be a man in the loop" when combat drones operate, ruling out the possibility of a computer deciding whether to take a life.

Disponível em:<http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2012/may/07/pilotless-planes-test-flights-astraea>. Adaptado.


a. Qual a diferença entre o modelo inovador de aero-nave, sugerido no texto, e as aeronaves utilizadas no Afeganistão?

b. Justifique o trecho: Edward Hunt, a senior consultant at IHS Jane's, the defence analysis firm, said the argument for intelligent, unmanned aircraft was compelling, however, Hunt said technical and legal hurdles remained.

EXERCÍCIO EXTRA

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1. QuantifiersOs quantificadores são utilizados quando há intenção de informar o leitor a respeito do número ou da quantidade de algo. Dois conceitos básicos são essenciais para a compreensão dos quantificadores: countable nouns e uncountable nouns.

MóDULO 25 QUANTIFIERS


Denmark’s fat taxDenmark has become the first country in the

world to introduce a tax on foods seen as being harmful to health. There will be an extra charge on items that contain more than 2.3% of a particular type of fat.

When you think of Denmark, you think of pastries, butter and bacon. So perhaps a fat tax isn’t a bad idea, a levy that will be added to any foods that are high in saturated fat; milk, cheese and meat, for instance.

Make it more expensive, reduce consumption, improve health. Well, that is the theory. Some shops have reported increased sales, people hoarding food to beat the price rise. The Danish Food and Drink Federation says some might just cross the border to do their shopping.

There is certainly some skepticism. Scientists insist that saturated fat is not the right target. Salt and sugar cause more health problems. But one study claims close to 4% of premature deaths in Denmark are caused by people consuming too much saturated fat. So hit 20 shoppers in the pocket, not the waistband.

ALLMAN, Tim. Denmark’s fat tax. BBC News. Disponível em: <www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/

learningenglish/language/wordsinthenews/2011/10/111003_witn_fat_tax.shtml>. Acesso em: 8 dez. 2011.

01. UFESThe Danish people________an extra tax on fatty food.According to the text, the alternative that completes the blank correctly is:

a. are likely to pay.b. have started paying.c. are already paying.d. won’t definitely pay.e. are in favor of paying.


02. UFESAfter the fat tax announcement, people in Denmark:

a. started stocking fatty food.b. decided to protest against that.c. stopped eating unhealthy food.d. had to give up eating fatty food.e. were forbidden to buy fatty food abroad.

03. UFESThe only alternative without a pair of opposites is:

a. harmful – harmless.b. high – low.c. expensive – cheap.d. right – wrong.e. too much – too many.

ResoluçãoDe acordo com o primeiro parágrafo do texto, a Dinamarca se tornou o primeiro país a introduzir um imposto sobre os alimentos que podem ser prejudiciais à saúde. Haverá um imposto extra em itens que contenham mais de 2.3% de um tipo específico de gordura.

No terceiro parágrafo, a ideia de que os dinamarqueses tendem a pagar um imposto extra em alimentos gordurosos, é confirmada com base na informação que algumas lojas reportaram um aumento nas vendas. As pessoas estão estocando alimentos para combater o aumento no preço.RespostaA

ResoluçãoDe acordo com o trecho do terceiro parágrafo do texto, Some shops have reported increased sales, people hoarding food to beat the price rise – as pessoas começaram a estocar alimentos.RespostaA

ResoluçãoO quantificador too much não tem como antônimo too many. Too much é utilizado para quantificar substantivos incontáveis e too many para os contáveis; ambos, portan-to, são sinônimos.RespostaE

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04. UFES “Make it more expensive, reduce consumption, improve health.” (paragraph 3)This sentence can be exactly rephrased as:

a. If you make it more expensive, you’ll reduce consumption and improve health.

b. Whereas you make it more expensive, you won’t reduce consumption and improve health.

c. Make it more expensive, as long as you don’t reduce consumption and improve health.

d. Make it more expensive, otherwise you’ll reduce consumption and improve health.

e. Even though you make it more expensive, you won’t reduce consumption or improve health.

EXERCÍCIO EXTRA


Longer commutes may steal health and fitnessby Ann J. Curley

Anybody who has a long daily commute knows the frustration of sitting in traffic with nothing to do but wait. Now, a study suggests that long commutes can take away more than just precious time – they also negatively impact your fitness and health.

Here's how the research was conducted: Scientists studied 4,297 residents from the Dallas-Fort Worth and Austin, Texas, metropolitan areas. They documented their commuting distances, body mass indices, and metabolic risk, including waist circumference, fasting glucose and lipid levels and blood pressure. Participants reported their physical activity for the previous three months.

What did scientists learn? Commuters who said they drove longer distances also reported they took part in less moderate or vigorous physical activity. They had lower cardiorespiratory fitness, greater body mass index, waist circumference, and higher blood pressure.

Between 1960 and 2000, workers commuting in private vehicles jumped from 41.4 million to

112.7 million, according to the U.S. Department of Transportation. And as suburbs have sprawled across the nation since the 1950s, commuter miles have increased too, along with the time drivers spend sitting behind the wheel, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.

For many commuters, moving closer to work isn't an option but Hoehner said there are solutions that can lead to more exercise.

Commuters should find ways to work physical activity into their work days said Hoehner, by doing things like walking during work breaks. Employers could also help, she said, by encouraging fitness break and by offering schedule flexibility to commuters, if possible.

Disponível em: <http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2012/05/08/longer-commutes-may-steal-health-

and-fitness-study says/?hpt=he_c2>. Adaptado.


a. Como foi conduzida a pesquisa e o que foi desco-berto?

b. Segundo o texto, o que tem roubado a saúde e o bem-estar das pessoas e o que elas podem fazer para evitar esta situação?

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ResoluçãoA ideia presente na sentença é que se você tornar algo mais caro, você reduzirá o consumo e, consequentemente, melhorará a saúde das pessoas – If you make it more expensive, you’ll reduce consumption and improve health.RespostaA

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1. Comparison degrees

Comparative form• Superiority

O comparative of superiority estabelece uma compara-ção, evidenciado a superioridade de um ser sobre o outro.

• EqualityO comparative of equality estabelece uma comparação de igualdade, em que dois seres estão no mesmo nível.

• InferiorityO comparative of inferiority estabelece uma comparação, evidenciando a inferioridade de um ser sobre o outro.

Superlative form• Superiority

O superlative estabelece a superioridade de um ser sobre outros.

• InferiorityO superlative of inferiority é uma relação que evidencia a inferioridade de um ser sobre outros.

2. Adjetivos irregulares

good better bestbad worse worstfar farther / further farthest / furthest

MóDULO 26 COMPARISON DEGREES


Leia o texto abaixo e responda às perguntas de 01 a 04.

How men and women manage their social networks differently

A new study of online behavior reveals that men and women organize their social networks

very differently.

One of the interesting insights that social networks offer is the difference between male and female behaviour.

In the past, behavioural differences have been hard to measure. Experiments could only be done on limited numbers of individuals and even then, the process of measurement often distorted people’s behaviour.

That’s all changed with the advent of massive online participation in gaming, professional and friendship networks. For the first time, it has become possible to quantify exactly how the genders differ in their approach to things like risk and communication.

Earlier this year, for example, we looked at a remarkable study of a mobile phone network that demonstrated the different reproductive strategies that men and women employ throughout their lives, as revealed by how often they call friends, family and potential mates.

Today, Michael Szell and Stefan Thurner at the Medical University of Vienna in Austria say they’ve found significant differences in the way men and women manage their social networks in an online game called Pardus with over 300,000 players. In this game, players explore various solar systems in a virtual universe. On the way, they can mark other players as friends or enemies, exchange messages, gain wealth by trading or doing battle but can also be killed.

The interesting thing about online games is that almost every action of every player is recorded, mostly without the players being consciously aware of this. That means measurement bias is minimal.

The networks of friends and enemies that are set up also differ in an important way from those on social networking sites such as Facebook. That’s because players can neither see nor influence other players’ networks. This prevents the kind of clustering and herding behaviour that sometimes dominates other social networks.

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Szell and Thurner say the data reveals clear and significant differences between men and women in Pardus. For example, men and women interact with the opposite sex differently. ”Males reciprocate friendship requests from females faster than vice versa and hesitate to reciprocate hostile actions of females,” say Szell and Thurner. Women are also significantly more risk averse than men as measured by the amount of fighting they engage in and their likelihood of dying. They are also more likely to be friends with each other than men.

These results are more or less as expected. More surprising is the finding that women tend to be more wealthy than men, probably because they engage more in economic than destructive behaviour.

One obvious problem is that of gender swapping: men who play as women and vice versa. Szell and Thurner say that other studies have shown that around ten per cent of online gaming populations engage in gender swapping. They say there’s no reason to think this would be any different in Pardus and that it shouldn’t affect the results.

A more serious problem could be the well known phenomenon that women tend to receive better treatment in maledominated online gaming communities. Indeed, Szell and Thurner say they can see evidence of this in their data. That’s something they’ll need to look into in more detail.

Technology review published by MIT, 23/05/2012. Disponível em: <http://www.technologyreview.com/blog/arxiv/27870/>. Adaptado.

01. UCPel-RSDe acordo com o artigo, Pardus é:

a. uma rede social, similar ao Facebook.b. um jogo on-line.c. um teste on-line para verificar diferenças entre os

comportamentos de homens e mulheres.d. um documentário sobre sistemas solares num uni-

verso virtual.e. uma ferramenta de comunicação com a qual o

usuário pode fazer chamadas para celulares.

02. UCPel-RSEm relação às sentenças abaixo, é correto afirmar que:

I. Os pesquisadores Szell e Thurner encontraram di-ferenças significativas entre os comportamentos de homens e mulheres no Pardus.

II. Os homens aceitam os pedidos de amizade feitos por mulheres mais rapidamente do que os pedidos feitos por outros homens.

III. Comparadas aos homens, as mulheres tendem a fazer mais amizades entre si.

IV. As mulheres se arriscam mais que os homens no Pardus.

a. apenas a alternativa II está incorreta.b. as alternativas I, II e IV estão corretas.c. as alternativas II e III estão incorretas.d. as alternativas I, II e III estão corretas.e. todas as alternativas estão corretas.

03. UCPel-RSA forma comparativa destacada na frase “More surprising is the finding that women tend to be more wealthy than men”, destacada no texto, poderia ser corretamente subs-tituída por:

a. wealthier than.b. wealthiest than.c. the wealthiest.d. wealthier.e. wealthiest.

ResoluçãoVerifica-se, no quinto parágrafo, que Szell e Thurner da Universidade de Viena na Áustria afirmam ter encontrado diferenças significativas na forma como homens e mulhe-res gerenciam suas redes sociais em um jogo on-line cha-mado Pardus que tem mais de 300.000 jogadores.RespostaB

ResoluçãoVerifica-se, no quinto parágrafo, que Szell e Thurner en-contraram diferenças significativas entre homens e mu-lheres no Pardus (I). Os homens aceitam pedidos de ami-zade feitos por mulheres mais rápido do que o contrário, ou seja, pedidos de outros homens (II). As mulheres são mais adversas a arrisacar-se do que os homens (IV), isto medido pela quantidade de batalhas nas quais se enga-jam e na propensão de morrer. Além disso, as mulheres tendem a fazer mais amizades umas com as outras do que os homens (III).RespostaD

ResoluçãoMore wealthy than e wealthier than são sinônimos. Al-guns adjetivos em inglês permitem ambas as construções indicativas de comparativo de superioridade.RespostaA

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04. UCPelO pronome They destacado no texto refere-se a:

a. populações.b. outros estudos.c. Szell e Thurner.d. resultados.e. homens e mulheres.

EXERCÍCIO EXTRA


a. O que é dito a respeito das diferenças comporta-mentais entre homens e mulheres no passado e nos dias atuais?

b. O que é interessante sobre os jogos on-line?

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ResoluçãoO pronome they refere-se aos pesquisadores Szell e Thurner ao afirmarem que a troca de gênero nos jogos on-line também acontece em Pardus e que tal fato não deveria afetar os resultados.RespostaC

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MóDULO 27 CONJUNCTIONS AND LINKING WORDS (I)

1. Conjunctions and linking words (I)

Adição

also, alternatively, and, as well as, besides, furthermore, in addition to, moreover, what’s more

Alternância/exclusão

either...or, neither...nor, or, or else, otherwise

Causa/explicação

as, because, due to, for, now that, seeing that, since

Comparação

correspondingly, in like manner, in the same way, likewise, similarly

Contraste

but, however, instead (of), nevertheless, nonetheless, on the contrary, on the one hand…on the other hand, rather than, unlike, whereas, while, yet

(Concessão)

albeit, although, despite (in spite of) , even though, though

Conclusão

finally, in conclusion, in short, in summary


Leia o texto abaixo e responda às questões de 01 e 04.

Trial for new drug-resistant TB treatment to beginby Jean-Louis Santini

A global health alliance Monday unveiled plans for the first clinical tests of a new treatment regimen for tuberculosis, including for patients with resistance to existing multidrug programs. The TB Alliance, which is funded by several governments and foundations, said the new drug combination offers promise in the fight against TB, which kills an estimated 1.4 million people each year, mostly in Africa.

Health experts said the new program could be particularly useful for an estimated 650,000 people around the world who suffer from multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), a number expected to rise, and could shorten treatment times.

“There is new momentum and new hope in TB research, as shown by this and several other novel regimen trials that will soon be launched,” said Mel Spigelman, president and chief executive of the TB Alliance. This novel TB drug regimen has the potential to unlock a new and more efficient approach to tackling TB. “In essence, it’s a step toward erasing the distinction between TB and MDR-TB – and in the

process, dramatically shortening, simplifying, and improving treatment,” he added.

Currently, someone with TB must take a course of drugs daily for six months, while those with MDR-TB must take a daily injection for the first six months and a dozen or more pills each day for 18 months or more. Many TB patients fail to complete treatment because they cannot tolerate the difficult side effects of the medications or cannot adhere to the long-term treatment, according to the TB Alliance. This leads to drug resistant forms of the disease, or even extensively drug-resistant TB known as XDR-TB. “The current TB treatment takes too long, and all around the world, patients needlessly suffer because today’s treatment is completely inadequate,” said Francis George Apina of the Network of Men Living with HIV/AIDS in Kenya.

The new regimen being tested could shorten required treatment to as little as four months in both patients with TB and some forms of drug-resistant TB, compared with the current six to 24 months. Costs will also be vastly reduced. Once known as “consumption” for the slow wasting away of terminally-ill patients, one out of every three people is thought to be infected by the airborne TB organism,

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though only a fraction go on to develop the disease. A total of 8.8 million people worldwide fell ill with the contagious lung disease in 2010 and around 1.4 million died, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). The new trials will take place at eight sites in South Africa, Tanzania, and Brazil, the alliance said.

Disponível em: <http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article>. Acesso em: 20 mar. 2012. Adaptado.

01. Unicid-SPO novo tratamento para tuberculose:

a. será mais longo que o atual, porém mais eficaz.b. já foi testado e aprovado para aplicação pública.c. será menos dispendioso apesar de mais longo.d. será testado em dois países da África e no Brasil.e. consistirá de injeções diárias durante pelo menos

18 meses.

03. Unicid-SPNo trecho do quarto parágrafo – [...] someone with TB must take a course of drugs daily for six months, while those with MDR-TB must take a daily injection [...] –, while indica uma ideia de:

a. contraste.b. advertência.c. continuidade.d. finalidade.e. sequência.

02. Unicid-SPAt present, tuberculosis treatment:

a. works with MDR-TB and XDR-TB but not with HIV/AIDS patients.

b. is easy to complete because patients feel relieved quickly.

c. does not work with infected people who do not develop the disease.

d. causes some side effects that make many patients drop the medication.

e. prevents TB evolution in terminally-ill patients.

04. Unicid-SPNo trecho do quinto parágrafo – [...] one out of every three people is thought to be infected by the airborne TB organism, though only a fraction go on to develop the disease. –, though equivale, em português, a:

a. então.b. inclusive.c. portanto.d. através.e. embora.

ResoluçãoLê-se, no último parágrafo do texto, que os novos testes acontecerão em oito lugares na África do Sul, na Tanzânia e no Brasil – The new trials will take place at eight sites in South Africa, Tanzania, and Brazil, the alliance said. Sendo assim, pode-se afirmar que o novo tratamento para tu-berculose será testado em dois países da África – África do Sul e Tanzânia – e no Brasil.RespostaD

ResoluçãoVerifica-se, no quarto parágrafo do texto, que muitos pa-cientes com TB não conseguem completar o tratamento porque não toleram os efeitos colaterais do medicamento ou não conseguem aderir ao tratamento a longo prazo – Many TB patients fail to complete treatment because they cannot tolerate the difficult side effects of the medications or cannot adhere to the long-term treatment. Dessa for-ma, atualmente, o tratamento de tuberculose causa al-guns efeitos colaterais que fazem com que os pacientes abandonem o medicamento.RespostaD

ResoluçãoA ideia da conjunção é de contraste. Entende-se, com base no trecho, que pacientes com TB devem tomar uma série de medicamentos diariamente por seis meses ao passo que (while), aqueles que tem MDR-TB devem tomar uma injeção diária.RespostaA

ResoluçãoThough é o mesmo que although e, ambos significam "embora".RespostaE

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a. O que afirmam os especialistas em saúde quanto ao novo programa?

b. A que se referem os números 8,8 milhões e 1,4 mi-lhões mencionados no último parágrafo do texto?

EXERCÍCIO EXTRA

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Série amarela 146 148 149 151 152 153 154 155

Série roxa 152 153 154 155 156 158 159 160

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1. Conjunctions and linking words (II)

Condiçãoas long as, if, in case, on the condition that, provided (that), so long as, unless, whether

Consequênciaaccordingly, as a result, because of, consequently, by reason of, hence, so, then, therefore, thus

Ênfaseactually, as a matter of fact, certainly, in actual fact, indeed

Exemplificaçãoe.g.(example given), for example, for instance, in other words

Maneiraas, as if, as though, how

Propósitoin order to, so as to, so that

Sequênciafirst, next, second

Tempoafter, as, as soon as, before, in the meantime, now (that) , once, since, then, until/till, when, whenever, while, yet

MóDULO 28 CONJUNCTIONS AND LINKING WORDS (II)



What is “Rio+20”?

“Rio+20” is the short name for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development to take place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June 2012 – twenty years after the landmark 1992 Earth Summit in Rio. Rio+20 is also an opportunity to look ahead to the world we want in 20 years.

At the Rio+20 Conference, world leaders, along with thousands of participants from the private sector, NGOs and other groups, will come together to shape how we can reduce poverty, advance social equity and ensure environmental protection on an ever more crowded planet.

The official discussions will focus on two main themes: how to build a green economy to achieve sustainable development and lift people out of poverty; and how to improve international coordination for sustainable development.

It is a historic opportunity to define pathways to a sustainable future – a future with more jobs, more clean energy, greater security and a decent standard of living for all.

Why do we need Rio+20? If we are to leave a liveable world to our children

and grandchildren, the challenges of widespread poverty and environmental destruction need to be tackled now.• The world today has 7 billion people – by 2050,

there will be 9 billion. • One out of every five people – 1.4 billion – currently

lives on $1.25 a day or less. • A billion and half people in the world don’t have

access to electricity. • Two and a half billion people don’t have a toilet. • Almost a billion people go hungry every day.• Greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, and

more than a third of all known species could go extinct if climate change continues unchecked. The 1992 Earth Summit in Rio laid the

groundwork. Rio+20 is a new opportunity to think globally so that we can all act locally to secure our common future.

Disponível em: <http: http://www.un.org/en/sustainablefuture/about.shtml>. Acesso em: 22 maio 2012.

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01. Puc-SPRio+20:

a. é um evento que ocorreu pela primeira vez há mais de 20 anos.

b. congregará ONGs e ambientalistas que são desfa-voráveis às lideranças do governo.

c. tem por objetivo discutir o desenvolvimento sus-tentável no âmbito internacional.

d. reunirá todas as lideranças dos países pobres, ou seja, o G20.

e. tratará das questões ambientais sem comprome-ter a produção industrial e o consumo.

02. Puc-SPAccording to the text:

a. 20% of the people in the world are very poor.b. more people have access to sanitation than they

do to electricity.c. demographic expansion has already been controlled.d. developed countries agreed to lower greenhouse gas

emissions.e. hunger might affect 9 billion people by 2050.

03. Puc-SPOne of the themes to be discussed in Rio+20 will tackle:

a. world leadership.b. NGO development.c. family planning in China.d. poverty reduction.e. global economic crisis.

04. Puc-SPNo trecho do último parágrafo – Rio+20 is a new opportunity to think globally so that we can all act locally to secure our common future. – so that introduz:

a. uma causa.b. um contraste.c. uma finalidade.d. uma condição.e. um exemplo.

ResoluçãoLê-se, no terceiro parágrafo, que as discussões focarão dois temas principais: como construir uma economia "verde" para alcançar um desenvolvimento sustentável e tirar as pessoas da pobreza e como melhorar a ação conjunta in-ternacional para um desenvolvimento sustentável – The official discussions will focus on two main themes: how to build a green economy to achieve sustainable development and lift people out of poverty; and how to improve international coordination for sustainable development.RespostaC

ResoluçãoVerifica-se, nos tópicos que constituem problemas a se-rem discutidos na Rio+20, o fato de uma em cada cinco pessoas – 1,4 bilhões – viver, atualmente, com $1,25 por dia ou menos – One out of every five people – 1.4 billion – currently lives on $1.25 a day or less. Sendo assim, pode-se afirmar que 20% das pessoas (uma em cada cinco) no mundo são muito pobres.RespostaA

ResoluçãoNo terceiro parágrafo do texto, verifica-se que líderes mundiais, juntamente com milhares de participantes do setor privado, organizações não governamentais e outros grupos, unir-se-ão para discutir formas de se reduzir a po-breza, de avançar quanto à equidade social e de assegurar a proteção ambiental em um planeta cada vez mais povoado. Portanto, um dos temas a serem discutidos na Conferên-cia Rio+20 é a redução da pobreza (poverty reduction).RespostaD

ResoluçãoO trecho indica que a Conferência Rio+20 é uma nova oportunidade para se pensar globalmente para que/a fim de que (so that) nós possamos agir em cada local para assegurar o nosso futuro comum. Portanto, so that indica finalidade.RespostaC

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EXERCÍCIO EXTRA

Leia a charge abaixo e responda, em português, à questão 05.

Disponível em: <www.cartoonistgroup.com>. Adaptado.

05. UnespCom base na leitura da charge, explique, em português, qual é o ponto de humor apresentado.

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Leia com atenção Língua Inglesa – Capítulo 2, item 7Exercícios compatíveis Capítulo 2 – Questões de 161 a 180


Série roxa 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 180

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ANOTAÇÕES

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R: Matéria

b. Embora os narcóticos produ-zam dopamina quase diretamente, com o tempo tornam-se necessárias doses cada vez maiores para se con-seguir o mesmo efeito, podendo levar à destruição de lares, a riscos para a saúde ou até à morte.

MóDULO 05 05.

a. He plans to require all public schools to teach all courses in English instead of Spanish.

b. They fear to lose a key part of their identity and find themselves a step closer to statehood, a status that only about half of islanders have backed in recent polls.

MóDULO 06 05.

a. Ambos são pássaros da mes-ma espécie, mas Blu é um macho fe-liz e mora numa cidade onde neva, e Jewel é uma fêmea triste que vive pre-sa numa gaiola no Brasil.

b. Os aspectos que deixaram o autor impressionado foram: a forma realista com que as favelas são retrata-das no filme e como a geografia, mais especialmente as montanhas, foram meticulosamente reproduzidas. Ele está em conflito com o fato de o sam-ba ser cantado em inglês no filme.

MóDULO 07 05.

a. Acreditava-se que o desenvol-vimento do autismo estava associado ao mercúrio que compõe o tiomersal. Sendo assim, ele foi tirado da maioria das vacinas pediátricas nos Estados Unidos.

b. A remoção do tiomersal não se mostrou eficaz. Estudos mostraram que, após seis anos, o aumento no nú-mero de casos de autismo foi de 78% em crianças que tomaram vacinas sem a substância química tiomersal.

MóDULO 08 05.

a. O texto relata um encontro

em um luxuoso hotel em Beverly Hills, onde representantes de nove países, incluindo os EUA, estão negociando o Acordo Trans-Pacífico de Parcerias. Tal acordo comercial tem potencial para conter cláusulas de propriedade inte-lectual que vão além da ACTA. Esses encontros secretos podem criar novas regras e padrões com mais abrangência que os antigos e impedir discursos on-line dos cidadãos, páginas da Internet e plataformas eletrônicas acusadas de infringirem os direitos autorais.

b. As expressões backroom deals e "...the meetings are held behind closed doors" têm significados semelhantes, pois ambas fazem referência “a assuntos secretos”. A expressão backroom deals em português pode ser entendida como acordo de bastidores e "...the meetings are held behind closed doors..." é enten-dido como o fato dos encontros estarem sendo feitos a portas fechadas.Ambas as expressões se relacionam com a ideia do texto, pois referem-se exatamente ao encontro que está acontecendo no luxuoso hotel em Be-verly Hills, sem o conhecimento da imprensa ou de quaisquer outras pessoas não relacionadas.

c. No último parágrafo, lê-se que a semana de negociações em Los Angeles mencionada no texto é um momento crucial para o acordo. O au-tor pede aos cidadãos que contatem os seus legisladores e lhes informem que eles – cidadãos – não ficarão às escuras e, assim, reinvindicam saber o que é o acordo.

MóDULO 09 05.

a. O texto afirma que a escala de novas informações na ciência mo-derna é surpreendente e que nenhum indivíduo consegue acompanhar tal volume de informação, então os cien-tistas precisam de computadores para ajudá-los a digerir e a compreender essas informações.A mineração de texto, nos textos cien-tíficos, procura por elos entre as dro-gas e seus efeitos colaterais, genes e doenças que estão escondidas na vas-

RESOLUÇÃO DOS EXERCÍCIOS EXTRAS

SETOR 156

MóDULO 01 05. Acredita-se que os bebês vivem em um ambiente estéril, protegidos das bacté-rias do interior e do exterior do corpo da mãe. O texto afirma que, na verda-de, o bebê já nasce “contaminado” por bactérias que colonizam as suas vísce-ras, moldando o seu sistema imunoló-gico e influenciando o risco de doenças.

MóDULO 02 05.

a. O “x” representa a posição dos alunos na sala de aula em relação à posição ocupada pelo professor. O valor de “x” é determinado de acor-do com a posição do aluno em sala de aula, ou seja, “x” é determinado pela razão entre o interesse do aluno e o quão desatento (sonolento) ele é (está).

b. Aquele que se senta próximo à saída é considerado descomprometi-do. Já aquele que se senta encostado à parede é considerado sensível e pede para ser ignorado.

MóDULO 03 05.

a. Os parasitas da malária têm-se tornado resistentes à artemisina, o medicamento mais efetivo contra a malária do mundo.

b. O aluno deve citar um dos motivos abaixo listados.

Um dos motivos de os para-sitas estarem mais resistentes relacio-na-se à venda de artemisina diluída.

Os parasitas em Cambodia melhoraram sua resistência genética ao medicamento se comparados aos parasitas das outras partes do mundo.

MóDULO 04 05.

a. Ouvir música faz com que o cérebro libere um neurotransmissor chamado dopamina.

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ta literatura científica e, se uma pes-soa explorar os artigos um a um, talvez nunca note esses elos.b. Os acadêmicos são impedidos de usar esta técnica moderna de pes-quisa por que grandes editoras como Macmillan, Wiley e Elsevier, que são as editoras que controlam a distribuição da maior parte da literatura acadê-mica devido procedimentos padrões, não permitem a mineração de seus textos, exigindo pagamento para que possa acessá-los.

MóDULO 10 05.

a. O nariz possui sensores que detectam rapidamente compostos or-gânicos voláteis, ou seja, gases no am-biente que são produzidos a partir de várias fontes, desde a tinta de nossas paredes até a nossa pele.

b. Os sensores podem ser inte-grados à vestimenta dos prestadores de socorro quando entram em áreas quimicamente contaminadas ou, até mesmo, à roupa das pessoas comuns com o intuito de monitorar os odores que podem indicar problemas de saúde.

MóDULO 11 05.

a. Geeks on a plane é um projeto que convida investidores e executivos a um tour para conhecerem empre-sas (startups) que estão crescendo no mercado de tecnologia.

b. Os pontos positivos são que o Brasil tem uma economia estável, as pessoas são criativas por natureza e gastam, atualmente, U$13 bilhões por ano em compras on-line, com apenas 40% da população conectada regular-mente à Internet. Segundo o cofunda-dor da Predicta, os pontos negativos consistem na escassez de programa-dores qualificados e que, consequen-temente, podem inflacionar os salá-rios em até 120%.

MóDULO 12 05.

a. A primeira sentença do ter-ceiro parágrafo indica que a tentativa de mediação não foi bem-sucedida. Entende-se que foi impossível resolver

a disputa presidencial de forma acei-tável tanto para Laurent Gbagbo como para Alassane Ouattara.

b. Gbagbo afirmou que pare-cia estar contando com pouca reação do resto do mundo para tentar frear o que soa como uma tragédia africa-na bastante familiar. Pode-se afirmar, portanto, que, aparentemente, Gbag-bo acreditava que ele poderia cometer atrocidades e que os outros países não interfeririam.

MóDULO 13 05.

a. O hambúrguer terá aparência de carne de animal, no entanto, ne-nhum animal será morto para que ele seja fabricado.

b. A cor é branca porque não con-tém sangue e a textura é "borrachenta", semelhante a um pedaço de lula.

MóDULO 14 05.

a. Sim, é possível fazer tal afir-mação. De acordo com o texto, 15.7% dos 23% dos bebês que nasceram de cesariana estavam obesos aos três anos comparados aos 7.5% dos bebês que nasceram de parto normal.

b. As crianças que nasceram de cesariana tendem a ter grandes quantidades da bactéria Firmicutes no intestino. Tal bactéria influencia no peso: adultos obesos, por exemplo, possuem maior quantidade dessa bac-téria. As crianças que nasceram por parto normal são expostas aos micró-bios vaginais ao passo que as de cesa-riana não o são. Além disso, é possível que os antibióticos usados durante a cesariana possa também influenciar na quantidade de bactérias no intes-tino do bebê, o que gera impacto no peso da criança.

MóDULO 15 05.

a. Segundo 37% dos pesquisa-dos, o desperdício se dá por comprar muita comida, sendo que 22% deles não resistem às ofertas e promoções do tipo “leve 2 pague 1”. A falta de pla-nejamento de um cardápio antes das compras também foi apontada pela pesquisa como fator de desperdício.

De acordo com a pesquisa, os vegetais são os mais desperdiçados, seguidos de pães e frutas.

b. A pesquisa afirma que houve uma mudança na população britânica em relação aos hábitos alimentares como resultado da recessão econômi-ca. De acordo com a pesquisa, 47% das famílias estão comendo menos, 24% mudaram os alimentos que consomem por alimentos mais baratos e 26% ten-tam fazer com que todos na família consumam os mesmos alimentos nas refeições para tentar reduzir os custos.

MóDULO 16 05.

a. O estudo mostrou que, a cada quinhentas cenas de filmes avaliados como PG-13, envolvendo o ato de fu-mar, que um adolescente assistiu, a propensão de ele começar a fumar au-mentou para 49%. O comparativo com os filmes que são avaliados como R foi de 33%; diferença insignificante esta-tisticamente.

b. O autor do estudo acredita que a indústria cinematográfica deve-ria tratar o ato de fumar como trata a profanidade, o sexo e a violência. Ele acha que usar a palavra fuck ("foda--se") duas vezes já é indicativo para que um filme seja avaliado como R (restrito). Certamente, algo tão im-portante como fumar deveria merecer essa classificação.

MóDULO 17 05.

a. He finished high school in 1972.

b. He used to sleep on the floor in friend’s rooms.

c. He attended college for only one semester.

d. Ele quis dizer que não se arre-pende de ter se matriculado no curso de caligrafia, pois, caso não o tivesse feito, o Mac nunca teria tido as várias fontes ou as fontes espaçadas proporcionais.

MóDULO 18 05.

a. Os jornais locais são, de lon-ge, a fonte de informações que os americanos mais confiam.

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b. 32% referem-se ao percentual de pessoas que disseram que o impac-to seria grande se os noticiários locais deixassem de existir. 26% referem-se ao percentual de jovens que acompa-nham os jornais locais e disseram que a extinção dos noticiários locais teria um grande impacto sobre eles. 51% referem-se ao percentual de adultos que não acompanham os noticiários locais e afirmaram que não sentiriam qualquer impacto com a perda dos jornais locais.

MóDULO 19 05.

a. Os cientistas concluíram que em torno de 16% de todos os cânce-res diagnosticados em 2008 estavam relacionados a infecções. A proporção de cânceres ligados a infecções foi três vezes maior nos países em desenvolvi-mento do que nos países desenvolvi-dos.

b. O descaso com a saúde ou até mesmo a dificuldade de acesso aos serviços de assistência médica podem ser a justificativa associada à alta in-cidência dos cânceres nos países em desenvolvimento.A Dra. Catherine de Martel e o Dr. Martyn Plummer sugerem a vacina, práticas de vacinação mais seguras ou trata-mentos antimicróbios como métodos de prevenção contra as infecções que levam ao quadro cancerígeno.

MóDULO 20 05.

a. O texto relata o problema encontrado nas etiquetas que identi-ficam os sanduíches nas principais re-des de venda. Tais etiquetas contém a quantidade de gordura, sal e nutrien-tes que são ingeridos.

b. O traffic light labelling é um sistema que consiste no uso de código em cores – vermelho, âmbar e verde – que vem colado/anexado ao produto para indicar os níveis de sal, gorduras e outros nutrientes.

MóDULO 21 05.O texto afirma que cálculos rápidos acerca das propostas de limpar o CO2

da atmosfera significariam criar a maior indústria já vista. 06.A primeira proposta apresentada no texto seria a de filtrar o ar, no entanto, para tal seria necessário usar 180 giga-toneladas de água por ano, o que pri-varia 53 milhões de pessoas de água, além dos 66% da população mundial que sofrerá de falta de água por volta de 2025.A segunda proposta apresentada seria melhorar a meteorização, entretanto, seria necessário usar 100 gigatonela-das de olivina, mas essa quantidade é 12.500 vezes maior do que o volume produzido anualmente. Essa olivina deveria ser espalhada por uma área de 3.6 bilhões de quilômetros quadrados de terra seca, 1.000 vezes mais espaço do que a Terra tem disponível.

MóDULO 22 05.

a. Tal afirmação é justificada com as próprias palavras de Lizzie, ao afirmar que muitos adolescentes pre-ferem Burger King ou levam comida chinesa para casa quando saem em vez de optarem por Fish ‘n’ Chips.

b. As regras de higiene euro-peias e britânicas não mais permitem que alimentos sejam embalados em papéis velhos como jornais. As refei-ções hoje são embaladas em papéis novos ou em embalagens de isopor.

MóDULO 23 05.

a. Pesquisadores descobriram que beber de leve a moderadamente du-rante a gravidez não tem efeito sobre a inteligência, a atenção ou o autocon-trole em crianças de cinco anos.

b. Verificou-se que, estranha-mente, as mães que beberam mais durante a primeira e segunda sema-nas de gravidez tinham 54% menos risco de ter um bebê com baixo QI. No entanto, os pesquisadores acreditam que essa descoberta ocorreu ao acaso e não mostra um efeito verdadeiro.

MóDULO 24 05.

a. De acordo com o texto, os

modelos utilizados no Afeganistão, apesar de não serem controlados por pilotos dentro da aeronave, são con-trolados por pilotos remotamente do solo. Já o modelo inovador propõe que a aeronave siga uma série de ins-truções programadas com o objetivo de voar em missões de risco autono-mamente por dias seguidos.

b. Edward Hunt quis dizer que dar autonomia às aeronaves será complicado com relação aos desenvol-vimentos técnicos como, por exemplo, software e a permissão legal de um combatente, sem um ser humano pre-sente, para efetuar disparos e matar uma pessoa. Ele acredita que é neces-sário que haja uma pessoa no coman-do da aeronave.

MóDULO 25 05.

a. Foram pesquisadas 4.297 pes-soas que residiam nas áreas metropo-litanas de Dallas Fort Worth e Austin no Texas. Os pesquisadores documen-taram a distância que as pessoas per-correm, o índice de massa corpórea, o risco metabólico, incluindo a circun-ferência da cintura, níveis de glicose e lipídeos e pressão sanguínea. Os par-ticipantes informaram as atividades físicas dos últimos três meses.Os cientistas descobriram que os par-ticipantes que tinham que dirigir por distâncias mais longas relataram pra-ticar atividades físicas menos mode-radas ou vigorosas. Eles apresentaram condição cardiorrespiratória mais bai-xa, maior índice de massa corporal, circunferência da cintura e pressão sanguínea mais alta.

b. Segundo o texto, com a ex-pansão dos subúrbios a partir de 1950, a migração pendular (commute) também cresceu e, com isso, o tempo que se passa dentro do carro. Assim há menos tempo para as atividades físicas. Uma possibilidade, segundo o texto, seria trabalhar mais perto de casa, o que para algumas pessoas não é possível. Então, o texto sugere que as pessoas encontrem maneiras de ter uma atividade física durante o dia, como, por exemplo, caminhar du-rante o intervalo de trabalho. O texto também sugere que os empregadores

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colaborem, proporcionando intervalos para atividades físicas ou oferecendo, quando possível, horários flexíveis para as pessoas.

MóDULO 26 05.

a. Afirma-se que, no passado, as diferenças comportamentais eram difíceis de serem medidas. Entretanto, com a chegada dos jogos on-line em massa e as redes sociais, tornou-se possível, atualmente, mensurar com exatidão como homens e mulheres se diferenciam quanto à comunicação e à tomada de risco.

b. Um fator interessante sobre os jogos on-line é que quase todas as

ações de cada participante são grava-das; a maioria delas sem que o partici-pante tenha consciência de estar sen-do gravado. Isso indica que a medição de erros sistemáticos é mínima.

MóDULO 27 05.

a. Os especialistas em saúde afirmam que o novo programa pode-ria ser particularmente útil para cerca de 650.000 pessoas em todo o mun-do que sofrem de resistência à vários medicamentos contra a tuberculose (TB – MDR-TB); número este de be-neficiários que pode vir a aumentar e encurtar o período de tratamento.

b. 8.8 milhões refere-se ao nú-

mero de pessoas em todo o mundo, no ano de 2010, que ficaram doentes com tuberculose e 1.4 milhões faz re-ferência ao número de pessoas que morreram nesse mesmo ano vítimas da doença.

MóDULO 28 05.

O humor está no fato de o porta-voz anunciar que o rei responderá às per-guntas da imprensa e de o rei estar se-gurando a lâmina de uma guilhotina, em alusão à censura da liberdade de imprensa. Entende-se que qualquer um que tentar se opor a ele terá a ca-beça cortada.

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ANOTAÇÕES

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ANOTAÇÕES

Ingles Instrumental

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