Infrastructure Frameworks for Urban Resilience

Integrating Principles of GRAY and GREEN Infrastructure

Sandia National Laboratories and George Mason Center for Infrastructure Protection and Homeland Security 2017 Frontiers in Resilience symposium

May 10, 2017

Professor Rae Zimmerman

New York University

Wagner Graduate School of Public Service

rae.zimmerman@nyu.edu

Scope and Objectives Introduction • The role of interconnections among infrastructures in providing resilient services is

increasing in importance. • These interconnections appear as dependencies and interdependencies in a

number of different forms (functional, spatial, cyber, etc.). • Interconnections can result in increasing consequences of failures in any single

infrastructure, often as a result of cascading failures. • Modeling approaches, often based on network theory, are used to portray or

capture these interconnections and their effects. Objectives • Development of a network-based framework to identify interconnectivity and • Application to innovative solutions to reduce or avoid adverse consequences Approach • Choke points in non-resilient interconnected infrastructures are identified • Decentralized infrastructure concepts are introduced in the form of green

infrastructure in the context of maintaining dense urban settings • Alterations in infrastructure relationships are proposed with the introduction of

more flexible green infrastructure systems, their integration with “gray” infrastructure, and other means of introducing flexibility into interconnected systems.

Conventional, Traditional or Gray Infrastructure: Interdependencies under Normal (non-disruptive)

Conditions

TRANSPORTATION WATER MANAGEMENT

Roads • Signals • Lighting

Rail track) • Signals • Switches • Lighting

Water Conveyance • Drainage Structures • Catch Basins • Culverts • Sewers

Transportation supports distribution and storage structures for water infrastructure via co-location (geographic dependence)

Water management infrastructure provides water reduction services for transportation to prevent flooding (functional dependence)

ENERGY

Dependence on energy

Conventional, Traditional or Gray Infrastructure for Water Management: Examples (NYC)

Source: NYCEP 2017 Progress Report 2017 NYC Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System (MS4) - Stormwater Management Program Plan, p. 2. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/pdf/water_sewer/ms4-progress-report-2017.pdf

Source: R. Zimmerman and C. Faris, “Infrastructure Impacts and Adaptation Challenges,” Chapter 4 in Climate Change Adaptation in New York City: Building a Risk Management Response, New York City Panel on Climate Change 2010 Report, edited by C. Rosenzweig and W. Solecki. Prepared for use by the New York City Climate Change Adaptation Task Force. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 1196. New York, NY, NY Academy of Sciences, 2010, pp. 63-85. Page 73. Drawn from the City of New York, PlaNYC: Greener, Greater NY, New York, NY, NYC April 2007, p. 55.

Step 1: Collection

Gray Infrastructure as Non-Absorbent, Impervious Surfaces Selected U.S. Cities

Source: U.S. EPA (October 2008) Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies, Chapter 5, “Cool

Pavements,” p. 1 and p. 12, http://www.epa.gov/heatisld/resources/compendium.htmLawrence Berkeley National Labs.

Extent of pavement coverage by land use

Dysfunctional Gray Infrastructure in Extreme Weather

TRANSPORTATION WATER MANAGEMENT

Roads • Signals • Lighting

Rail track) • Signals • Switches • Lighting

Water Conveyance • Drainage Structures • Catch Basins • Culverts • Sewers

Extreme Weather • Flooding • Debris

Power Outages

ENERGY

Transportation blockages impede water controls

Water structure blockages and failures due to clogging, over-capacity, and damage affect transportation

Choke points at the intersection of different interconnected infrastructure systems

Water Management Infrastructure Re-design with Green Infrastructure and Modified Gray Infrastructure:

For Protection in Extreme Conditions

TRANSPORTATION WATER MANAGEMENT

Roads Rail (track)

Water Conveyance/ Reduction: GREEN* • Vegetative Nourishment • Islands, reefs

Transportation provides physical support for green infrastructure

Water management (green, gray) infrastructure is decentralized

porous track beds

porous pavement vegetation

vegetation

*Suggested by Georgetown Climate Center (2017) Rebuilding with Resilience, p. 9 Note: Extreme events can impair green infrastructure where floodwaters and debris overwhelm them. Green infrastructure is meant to support water management under normal conditions so that flood volumes can be reduced when extreme events do happen.

Energy Use

Water Protection: GRAY* • Barriers, levees, structures

parallel/perpendicular to shorelines

ELECTRIC POWER

Application 1: Interconnection Model Adapted to Energy, Transportation and Water Functional Disruptions

(not component specific)

Source: Extracted, adapted and generalized from concepts in Rae Zimmerman, Quanyan Zhu, Francisco De Leon, and Zhan Guo,

“Conceptual Modeling Framework to Integrate Resilient and Interdependent Infrastructure in Extreme Weather,” forthcoming Journal

of Infrastructure Systems. Copyrighted, not for distribution.

Relationships among the sectors portrayed by linkages change over time as the system moves from normal conditions through storm

disruptions and then recovery.

TRANSPORTATION WATER

• Water as an input for power production

• Power for water pumping, Treatment, and distribution

• Water for transportation cleaning processes

• Transportation to provide supplies and workers for water production

• Transportation to provide supplies and worker for power production

• Power to provide fuel for transportation vehicles

Debris and floodwaters block roads and impair supplies and workers from being available for repairs and people from evacuating

Signifies a disruption of a connection due to an extreme weather event

Application 2: Interconnection Model Adapted to Transportation Redesign with Multimodal Connectivity

as a Framework to Move from Gray to Green (shortening bike-share and subway station distances)

INTERCITY RAIL

COMMUTER RAIL

SUBWAY/ LIGHT RAIL

Motor Vehicle

Bike/ Bike-Share

Pedestrian

Motor Vehicle

Bus Transit

These still rely on roadways, but can reduce roadway surfaces by shortening distances. Porous pavement could also be introduced.

Introducing Energy Infrastructure Interconnections

Gray infrastructures consumes energy in a number of ways: • the use of fuels to power equipment • the use of electric power in the operation of equipment Gray infrastructure can reduce energy usage by: • relying on renewable energy to run equipment Green infrastructure supports energy reduction in: • reducing reliance on the gray infrastructure equipment

requiring fossil-fuel based energy Green infrastructure consumes energy if: • vegetation requires energy under conditions where sunlight

is not present and for irrigation when water is scarce

Source: U.S. EPA (December 2009) Technical Guidance on Implementing the Stormwater Runoff Requirements for Federal Projects under Section 438 of the Energy Independence and Security Act, p. 9, 13, 7, 21. http://www.epa.gov/owow/NPS/lid/section438/pdf/final_sec438_eisa.pdf

Bioretention facility

Disconnected Down Spout (water for gardening)

Bioswale

What Green Infrastructure Looks Like: Roadway/Roadside Water Capture

Source: U.S. EPA (August 2010) Green

Infrastructure Case Studies: Municipal

Policies for Managing Stormwater with Green

Infrastructure. Washington, DC: U.S. EPA, p.

54.

http://www.epa.gov/owow/NPS/lid/gi_case_st

udies_2010.pdf

Greening Transit TriMet, Portland OR

Sources: Photo by R. Zimmerman, October 2016.

Greening Wastewater Facilities Connecting CSO Basins Gray and Green Infrastructure Technologies

Source: NYC DEP (2009) NYC Green Infrastructure Plan 2009, p. 54, p. 62.

Source: NYC Environmental Protection (via Flickr)

Selected Findings

• Network frameworks are useful for portraying how green and gray infrastructures can interact under normal and extreme conditions

• There are different ways of greening infrastructure: • changing design • materials • distribution of infrastructure

• Green and gray can be integrated to confront different conditions

• Time is an important dimension in the network: • time to develop and introduce a technology and • time to assemble resources to support them • time for public engagement and acceptance • time to comply with or adapt regulations

References • Merk, O., Saussier, S., Staropoli, C., Slack, E., Kim, J-H (2012) Financing Green Urban

Infrastructure, OECD Regional Development Working Papers 2012/10, OECD Publishing. http://www.oecd.org/gov/regional-policy/WP_Financing_Green_Urban_Infrastructure.pdf

• NYC Environmental Protection (2009) NYC Green Infrastructure Plan http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/pdf/green_infrastructure/NYCGreenInfrastructurePlan_LowRes.pdf

• University of North Carolina Environmental Finance Center (2016) “Paying for Stormwater Management,” http://www.efc.sog.unc.edu/

• U.S. EPA (2012) The Clean Water State Revolving Fund: Green Infrastructure- Innovative Projects and State Activities.”

• U.S. EPA (2014) “Getting to Green: Paying for green infrastructure.” • U.S. EPA (2016) “City Green: Innovative Green Infrastructure Solutions for Downtowns

and Infill Locations.” • R. Zimmerman, Q. Zhu, F. de Leon, and Z. Guo, “Conceptual Modeling Framework to

Integrate Resilient and Interdependent Infrastructure in Extreme Weather,” Journal of Infrastructure Systems, Accepted for publication, in press, forthcoming 2017.

• R. Zimmerman, Q. Zhu and C. Dimitri, “Promoting Resilience for Food, Energy and Water Interdependencies,” Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, Vol. 6, Issue 1, 2016, pp. 50-61. Published online: February 12, 2016. DOI: 10.1007/s13412-016-0362-0

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the following grants: “Urban Resilience to Extreme Weather Related Events Sustainability Research Network (UREx SRN)” funded by The National Science Foundation (#1444755) to Arizona State University. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. “Dynamic Resiliency Modeling and Planning for Interdependent Critical Infrastructures,” funded by the Critical Infrastructure Resilience Institute, U. of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, part of the Homeland Security Center of Excellence funded by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security The author acknowledges the work of Graduate Researcher Jimena Llopis on the green infrastructure portion of this presentation