Informe Técnico: Control del Viñedo en los Vinos de Calidad

8/2/2019 Informe Tcnico: Control del Viedo en los Vinos de Calidad

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Patrocinadores Oficiales:

Con el apoyo de:

Con la colaboracin de:

Informe Tcnico

V Encuentro EnolgicoMadrid, 8 de mayo de 2008 Hotel Meli Castilla

Control del viedoen los vinos de calidad


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Patronato de la Fundacin

Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca Alimentacin

Bodegas Codornu

Bodegas Julin Chivite

Bodegas La Rioja Alta, S.A.

Bodegas Vega Sicilia

Vinos de los Herederos del Marqus de Riscal

INFORME TCNICO

Control del viedo en los vinos de calidad

Edita FUNDACIN PARA LA CULTURA DEL VINO

Pa. del Per, 1 Esc. Ida. 1A

28016 Madrid

Tel.: 91 343 07 08/09 Fax 91 345 35 25

[email protected]

www.culturadelvino.org

Presidente: Guillermo de Aranabal

Vicepresidente: Luis Miguel Beneto

Gerente: Emilio Castro Medina

Todos los derechos reservados:

Fundacin para la Cultura del Vino

Diseo: Unaluna Publicidad

Madrid 2008


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Informe Tcnico

V Encuentro EnolgicoV Encuentro Enolgico

Control del viedo

en los vinos de calidad

Control del viedo

en los vinos de calidad


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ndice

Captulo I

8 I. 1. El papel del suelo en la expresin delterruo.

12 I. 2. Mil millones de hectreasesterilizadas en un siglo? Ya es hora decuidar los suelos! (ABCD Presse)

20 I. 3. ENTREVISTA. Claude Bourguignon,microbilogo de los suelos28 I. 4. Respuestas de la via al terroir.

Elementos para determinar un mtodode estudio

34 I. 5. Actividad biolgica de los suelos:intereses y mtodos de evaluacin


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Captulo II Captulo III

42 II.1. Inuencia de la gestin del viedoen la calidad de la uva.

52 II.2. Eectos de la poda en verde en laotosntesis del sarmiento, componentesde la cosecha y composicin de la uva.

66 II.3. Valoracin de la eciencia de la masavegetal de la vid.78 II.4. Prcticas ambientales y de gestin

que aectan a la composicin de la uva y ala calidad del vino.

108 II.5. Estimacin y control de la calidad dela uva en el viedo.

116 II.6. Estimacin de la calidad de la uvaen el viedo empleando un nuevo ndicevitcola.

124 II.7. Estimacin de la calidad de la uvatempranillo en el viedo mediante lacha VITUR.

132 II.8. Determinacin y control del estadohdrico de la vid, eectos morolgicos y

siolgicos de la restriccin hdrica en lavid.

144 II.9. Riego cualitativo de precisinen la vid.

154 II.10. El control del riego en la calidaddel vino.

164 II.11.La gestin hdrica del viedo.

184 II.12.Estrategias de gestin del riego enviedos de vinicacin.

206 III.1. Nuevos mtodos para ladeterminacin de la madurez enlica

212 III.2. Inuencia de la eliminacin yel aporte de pepitas sobre el color, lacomposicin enlica y la astringencia delvino tinto

222 III.3. Inuencia de la etapa demaduracin y del tiempo de maceracinen la contribucin de hollejos, pepitas yrabillos en la composicin enlica y enla astringencia en maceraciones de vinosimuladas

232 III.4. Inuencia de la concentracin deetanol en la extraccin de color y de

compuestos enlicos de los hollejos ypepitas de uvas tempranillo en diversasetapas de maduracin

244 III.5. Las vitisinas o piranoantocianos;nuevos pigmentos enticados en el vinotinto.

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El suelo vitcola


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Captulo I

8 I.1. El papel del suelo en la expresin del terruoCld Bourguignon y Lyd gaBuCCi-Bourguignon

12 I. 2. Mil millones de hectreas esterilizadas en un siglo? Ya es horade cuidar los suelos! (ABCD Presse)Cld Bourguignon y Lyd gaBuCCi-Bourguignon

20 I. 3. ENTREVISTA. Claude Bourguignon, microbilogo de los suelos28 I. 4. Respuestas de la via al terroir. Elementos para determinar unmtodo de estudioa. DeLoire

a. CarBonneau

M. Ferrer

34 I. 5. Actividad biolgica de los suelos: intereses y mtodos deevaluacin

ec CHanTeLoT

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I.1. El papel del suelo enla expresin del terruo

9 I.1.1. Introduccin

9 I.1.2. Caractersticas sicas de los suelosde los terruos

10 I.1.3. Caractersticas qumicas de losterruos

10 I.1.4. Caractersticas biolgicas de losterruos

11 I.1.5. Conclusin

11 I.1.6. Reerencias bibliogrcas


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Fundacin para la Cultura del Vinoim Tcc


I.1.1. Introduccin

S b ls ms h pdd dmst l ppld l clmtl y d l tp l xpsdl t, sl h ptd xplccs ctcs my pcls sb l ppl dl sl. est sdb q h bdd l sl dsd pt dvst scqmc slmt, d s dms blc.

L s spsbl d l psdd dl sl, yp d d l ptc d y pddd, mts q l mc s spsbl dl mc d ls lmts tvs smlblsp ls plts, cm ls tts: no

3, ls sts:

Po4

3 ls slts: So4

2.

ests lmts, q s xds, sl s pd m s l sl st b d p l ; p stsl s hd l pddd dl sl s l hcls cs.

D s md s cmpd q l dst l dl sl c pstcds, y l cmpct ls sls cmq cd vz ms psd, s mpd l c dl sl y l ctvdd mcb.

Ls cs d l vd vlv sb hc l spcp sp, y ssttms l lb d ls mcbsdl sl p bs dtcs tds pts.

D s m s td hc mzc dls vs, y s ps psvmt d v dt v d vtl.

al dscd l bl d ls sls d ls ts,l ps vtcl h stdzd ls vs, vlvdls cls d cp, y c ll ls xp lcmptc xtj.

el pd dsll d ls vs dl nv Md,q y pst l 30% dl cmc mdl, yl vlc d ls sts d ls csmds, qbb ms v p s ms xts ct s cldd, q dptc p pt dls vtvclts ps. T q ps d l

pdcc msv pdcc d vs d cldd, y spcl d vs c dmc d ctld. P dpt l pdcc l vdmd, dt d cd hcd hy q sb

q pcls s pd vt, pq ss vss s mtz tvs d s pcs d vtms lts, y q pcls s cs vtpq d tds ms sl pd pdc vsd vtl. P ll s cs ccmt dls ts.

Dsd hc 15 s, st lbt tbj ldc d ls cctstcs scs, qmcs y b

lcs d ls sls d ts vtcls, spcl dls d B.

D ppl d ls sls l tpcdd pmt lmt st l clm, l tp, l vtl y lvcc.

Pq sts 4 cts slt ltvmt clsd cp p ts pss. P l ct, l dvsdd d ls sls y d ls lcs dmtlsq vcl ls sls, ls mcbs y ls pltslcz tl d d cmpljdd q slt m

psbls d cp, y p l tt tz ls vtvclts l ldd d s v.

es cs p tt:

D ls cts scs, qmcs y blcs1.ms mptts l dc d sl dt.

Dsll pctcs d cltv q spt d2.chs cctstcs.

P lst st dscs hms ld l

d B, dbd s pctc mvtl y sdd lc (clz dl Jsc).

ectvmt, st l dc d sbbsvd t ds vs d msm dmc sl s pd db l sl, sb td cdsds vs ls lb l msm vtvclt.

I.1.2. Caractersticas sicas de los suelos de losterruos

I.1.2.1. La texturaLs qs lmtcs clscs c h svd p cctz t.

Claude BOURGUIGNON

Ingeniero Agrnomo INAPG, Microbilogo del suelo

Laboratorio de Anlisis Microbiolgico del Suelo

Ldia GABUCCI

Ingeniera IUT


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el ppl dl sl l xps dl t

e B, p jmpl, 2 ps pd pst lmsm lmt y s mb pdc vs dstts, cm s l cs d Ltc y Chpll Chmbt.

e cmb, ls sls t cctstc llmtv: l spc spcc d ss clls, s dc lspc ttl dspld p ls hjls d m d cll.

Ls stds q hms lzd Cts d nts yCts d B pc dc ts css:

el sl d cd v s cctz p s1.pc spcc pcl.

Ls sls q d vs tts ct clls2.cy spc spcc s ms lt pmdq l d qlls q pdc vs blcs.

e msm dmc d vs blcs,3.ls vs s tt ms s ct ms dcd s l spc spcc d ls clls qct ls sls.

e l cl d PlyMtcht s bsv pjmpl:

AOC Village: Les Houlires: 375 m2/g.

Premier Cr: Clavaillon: 233 m2/g.

Grand Cr: El Montrachet: 176 m2/g.

ests sltds plms s cm tss css. L m spc spccq hms lld md vd s l d lCl d St c 57 m2/, y l ms lt, l d rchb c 550 m2/.

Dd q xst lc ll t l spcspcc d cll y s cpcdd d tcmbd cts, s pd ml l hptss d q cdtp d cll lmt l vd d m spcc, y qp l tt xst ls ts pm vl d

tpcdd dbd l sl, q s l d l spc spcc d ls clls d s cmplj bsbt.

I.1.2.2. La estructura

Ls ds ts s cctz p psdd spcl y psdd pddd. ess psdds pd s d sc, cm s l cs d l psdd spcl d lsvs d ls cts lvls d Bds, Cts drh dl Vll dl L, d l psdd pdd ls clzs ds d B y alsc.

P sts psdds tmb s d blc (ls y blts cls d l dl sl)cm l s l psdd d ls clls d Bds

dl Vll dl L y l psdd blc d ls clzs dl sbsl d B d l c clz dChmp, l psdd spcl d ls slscllclzs d B.

ests ds psdds spcls y d pddd pmt q ls sls sc pdmtdsps d l llv, y p l tt q l sl spcl s clt pdmt, m csp l b mdc d l v y l b xc d ls cs pds. L cclc dl pddd pmt lmtc hdc l d l vd l v.

al dt l tbj dl sl y mt l ql hbt c xcss d pstcds, ls vtcltsmpd q l y hst ls cps pds,vc l cclc spcl, cmt ls. Cm y pd pt x l

sl, l s vlv spcl.

I.1.3. Caractersticas qumicas de los terruos

n s h pdd clc l ctd d lmt mptt smlbl c tpcdd dt.

e cmb, ls lts ctds d cts llmts smlbls pc cctz cts ts: lts ctds d ms l Cl dSt, L M y Mtcht. S pd cls

dsc st llmt ls vs.

ests llmts dl t sl s pd vlv smlbls s l mc dl sl s sctmt ctv cm p qltls.

S s pt xcs d pstcds, s pd blq l qlc blc dl llmt.

ot cctstc tst s l tp d clz dls sls.

nsts bsvcs mcscpcs dmst

q s cm s l cclc dl , lssls xst p pt clzs pcdts dls cs, y tmb ts pcdts d l cbc mcb.

e ls pms s plt ls tts, y ls sds ls blcs.

Ls sls cs clz bct ct mypc h c lb, cd sbms q s lmt s cs p l stss d ls tcs.

I.1.4. Caractersticas biolgicas de los terruosS st ts vls: l d ls cs, l d l dl sl y l d ls mcbs.

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I.1.4.1. Caractersticas de los arraigos

Tds ls ds ts q hms stddpstb pds s ctls ts.Cd l s pd, l sb dl t sms t q l dl vtl.

L cstmb xtdd dsps d l mdl d l ptjts pdctvs q xpltb ls bs, p c mts spcls, cm l So4, h vcd l sb dl vtlc spct l dl t.

obsvms s msm pblm ls sls pds d ls vlls (Hlt, ad, rh, sls p cm d l ct cl l Ct do) q dmsd ttvs vl spcl p stbml ds pddd, vcd p ll lss spcls y ls sbs d vtls.

Ct ms pd s l z, ms ljs st d lsbs, ms xt ls lmts ttvs dl t y ms tz lmtc hdc l.

I.1.4.2. Caractersticas de la auna del suelo

e ls ds vs smp bsvms, ctct c l c md ls clls d pddd, t cms dcl q sv d lmt l d (cs, clmbls y ss). estmltplcc d l pddd v cm

pd d psdd blc (ls) yd cmt d l ctvdd blc jt l c. Dch ctvdd pmt l mc d lmts smlbls p l vd y pps dl t.

I.1.4.3. Caractersticas microbiolgicas

nsts bsvcs mcscpcs dmst ql mc dmt d ls sls d ls vds smp s l msm. e cts sls dm ls hs, y ts ls bcts. Cts ps bctspd s my bdts, cm ls sdbcts ls sls d Bds ls bcts dl ccl dl cl

c ls sls d Chbls d Chmp.

nsts mdcs d l ctvdd mcb dls sls d ls vds dmst q l ctvdddpd d l spc spcc d ls clls, dltp y l ctd d cbt d clc, y d lctdd y cldd d ls hms dl sl.

P l l, ls pctcs vtcls ctls dsmbc dsplm d l ctvdd blc dls sls d ls ts. e ls sls vtcls,hms bsvd ctvdds blcs s

ls d ls sls dl Sh.

P l ct, ls vds q s h psd l vtclt blc, s bsv cpc

d l ctvdd blc y mj dl dscsdcl.

e ls ts cltvds c clt bdmc s dd bsvms ls mjs ctvdds blcs l pddd d ls sls.

es s tdc mys ctds d lmtsdl sbsl smlbls.

I.1.5. Conclusin

est pd pstc dl ppl dl sl l tpcdd dl t p d mst q st ltm s mt, ctmt l q ptd mss mcs pcdts dl nvMd.

est tvc dl sl l tpcdd d t

s pdc vl sc dl sl tvs d lC.e.C. q ppc cts l z d l v. estsmst dpd dctmt d l spc spcc d ls clls dl t. Tmb s p tvs d l stct spcl y pd dl sl,q pmt b cclc dl x y dl pddd hst ls cs.

est cc dl sl sb l t s tdc smsm tvs d l bl dl sl, ps s lsmcbs dl t ls q pdc ls xds smlds p ls plts.

Dsd l, dchs xds sl s pd m sl b d; p s c l sl .

itd y plcd ls vs ccmtsdqds mt d bl d ls sls scm pdms mj st cmps d lsts y dsll pctcs vtcls cpcs dsptls.

el ct q lmt l mj d l cldd d ls vsy s l vcc, s l sl, y s spt

dl cm scms my ptd d ls ts.

Menos qumca ms vda en nuestros suelos vtcolasdb s l lm dl vtclt dl t.

I.1.6. Reerencias bibliogrcas

MORLAT R., PUISSANT A., ASSLIN C. , LEON H. etREMUDE M. (1981). Qlqs spcts d lcd ml dphq s lcmt d l v, csqc s l qlt d v, Sc. Du sol, 2,

125-146.

MERIAUX S., CHRETIEN J., VERMI P., LENEUF N.,1981 Bll, SCi, B t 34.

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13 I.2.1. La Tierra es el nico planeta que

16 I.2.2. El medio planetario

16 I.2.3. Hacia una nueva revolucin verde

19 I.2.4. Conclusin

I.2. Mil millones dehectreas esterilizadas en

un siglo? Ya es hora decuidar los suelos!


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Lydia, ingeniera agrnoma, y Claude, microbilo-go, son directores del Laboratorio de Anlisis Mi-crobiolgicos de los Suelos (LAMS) de Borgoa.Desde los aos 70, deenden contra viento y ma-rea la ciencia de la microbiologa de los suelosHemos tenido un encuentro a estos mdicos dela tierra de mente prospectiva, en quienes con-

an hoy los grandes vinos de Francia. El saber ylos conocimientos especcos de Claude estnreconocidos en toda Latinoamrica. Claude Bour-guignon procede de una amilia de grandes mdi-cos de Borgoa, y su hermana es nada menos quela mismsima Anmone

Ls 2 s s ms. S cc linra ls s 70. Lyd dspt ssbldddstt Cld. ambs dcd hc vstcs mcbl d ls sls. ests lc, s s pyct d c! l dj tcs

Cld. P s dlt. Cm l inra lsm, s mch d s sttt y ds pp lbt d vstc, l LaMS (Lbt dalyss Mcblqs ds Sls). Vs ds, my ds. Vj mch Ltmc,ddd s pltmt, pdd. Hy, lps Cld B st slctd tdFc.

T d cdsm. e l c ls ds vs (t lls Ttt, Vst rsm).S pblc tcls sb l Cltv, l vstcs d lt tcl , l cl qvl

dc q ss ccmts spccs h cd tds sts cmps est slctd hstp l Bc Mdl, dl q s ss dsd hcvs s. Ps d hms c dms did Js, lm dl ps J Kll(l m q xclp M Bd l pcs pl p ls tsss c sctmd) y q ls s 50 c p tdl md ss mss Ccs cmcs dlHms. Hy, c Lyd y Cld B tbjdms d ss hjs, q ls yd d l lbt. el hms s sd l clv d l sld

d ls pbls. L mcbl, cc d ls slst dsdd p ls dss d l lt tcl, cp ss dchs d cdd. Y s t q l h, c q s md c

dl m d hcts pdds cd : dms q 225.000 hcts ls. S md mj l lz d t c q d mch q ps: sl, l qmc h stlzd 1.000 mlls d hcts d ts tls, s dc 25%d ls ts cltvbls dl plt. e estds uds, st c s cmt hst l 28%. el ps

B dcl: Los suelos no pueden ms. Se es-tn rndendo. EN TODAS PARTES! Ha que ocuparse deellos! De lo contraro, asstremos a una reaparcn de lashambrunas a una escala sn precedentes en la hstorade la humandad. Descendente de una amla de gran-des mdcos de Borgoa, Claude tambn es hermanode Anmone. Ante los grandes dramas pandemas deorgen agraro, Lda Claude Bourgugnon utlzan unaexpresn que ho en da resulta ncluso ms elocuenteque antao: En certo modo somos los Mdcos de laTerra!

es ct. Y l T ls cst mch.

Catherne CLiMNE & Gu DEEyES

I.2.1. La Tierra es el nico planeta que

p Lyd & P. Cld Bourguignon

Claude Bourguignon: L T s l c pltq t sl. el sl s mt vv cmplj, ms cmplj q l l tms,q s mds ltvmt sclls. el sl

pst vlm mptt st plt, p s xtd. aq sl t pmd d 30 ctmts d sps, lb l80% d l bms vv dl plt. Ps 50.000 vcs ms q td l q vv l spc d lt. es l c md pcdt d l s t l md ml d ls cs md, y l mdc dvd d l vd l spc d lt. Sl l plt T ps s md, q lb ms ss vvs q td l st d s spc. es l q s v. a scl plt, xst 2.500 spcs d ss, y ps tt cm

tds ls dms mls dl md. Ls atshc b llm T st plt. Slhy plt q ps sl, y s l st.es md ttlmt xcpcl, l ms c

Claude BOURGUIGNON

Ldia GABUCCI-BOURGUIGNON


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Ml mlls d hcts stlzds sl? Y s h d cd ls sls!

d st plt. e sl vv s ct t 1.000 mlls d mcbs p m Yhms dsdd s md mcb, cd cst d! Sb l mcb ps mtb: st scdd st my ml vst. e lvs d Pst, s l cs d mt pcpl. Ys mb ls bcts j (ts) l tdl p pdc tts p s msms! Cmhms vst, l sl st md p mts cs y clls. at, ls hmbs l mtptdl mt c l ms stcld ls ats. Tmb s mt ptd lsclls llmds ms. Dsd hc vs dcds,s cttms c t ls plts c bs yc tls d pstcds mts, y d td l sl. C tts ss qmcs y mccs cd vz ms ptts, ls ts s t. Lcscc s cd d ls dmts, qt 1950 y 1984 mtb 3%, ms dl

1% t 1984 y 1994, y l my pt d ls csdsmy dsd 1995, sb td p l q s l dmt d ls cls est tmbs vld p ls estds uds, dd, s lFao, y s h stlzd l 28% d ls ts cltvbls. ns pcpms mch p l tms y l, p d hbl dl sl. e ls s vds s dmtl cps dl sl. e tdspts st bdd l ptd! Hy q dsll vdd pltc cl d ptccd ls sls, mdt l hms csttd. Y dmmt s st hcd d pcd.

El cultivo intensivo conduce a la hambruna

Hy s bd l clt dsd pt d vstc. ns pcpms p l m d hcts y d cbzs d d q tms y qs pmt cs sbvcs y clddsp l xptc. L ctttv pm sb lclttv, c vs cts tmbls dds yclmt ccds, tt Fc cm ts pss. P l plt t 90 mlls d hbtts ms cd . S sms cpcs d cmt sts dmts, d mt l p

dcc mdl d cls p jmpl, cd lpblc mt s tm, vms dchs l hmb. Y s q ls s 70 s c l slc d tds ls pblms lmtsd l Hmdd! est bsvc ctc s pcpt. Dmst q l spct d ls dshmbs st ttlmt cjd ep t pt. S psms l hstd l Hmdd, vms q h tvsd ssd ds hmbs. al pcp, dt vsmlls d s, vv d l cz y l clcc.Ls hmbs cltvb l t y cc l

hmb, d hch tbjb my pc, s 2 hs l d ls ms cs y 4 hs l d ls ms pbs.e vds llvds. e ct, l t s l bstt s cm p lmtls, smp q s

dsdd s dcd. P cd hc s 8000s l hmb c ls pms cvlzcs s, mpz dscb q l hmb. Psdl std slvj l dmstcc slt my dcl, ps cd l hmb lb l t, dscd ms q sb ctl. P jmplls ms d s q sd pvc hmbs l cc mdt, ddls hmbs hb d l t.

Del trigo a la vid, de la abundancia al desierto

Ccms b l scc d cltvs pctcdp ls ms mdd q s b td lssls. S mpz p l t, l s ps tscls ms xts, sb td l ct, yl l sl y spt ls cls y s ps cltv tls cm ls lmds, ls lvs, y pltm l vd. Cd s ddc t l cltv d

l vd, sc lmt q l sl pd dd ms e l sl XiX, l msm mmt l q l s hm ct qlb c lmd q l d, y p cs lmtsd s t q cltv l msm, mp l qmc q sstt l plcltv y l d d Slly,cts d qlb. Dsd tcs h djdd mt sls. Hy, pdms pmd d 10tlds d sl p hct y . S chmscts, cmpdms q dt d ms d300 s, l plt t s hb cvtd dst.

Hay que reaccionar ahora

n hc lt s pt p dvl... Td lq ls clsts ss v cd dsdhc 30 s s st cmpld hy. e sts mmts s stms jd l t d stcvlzc. estms lbd l btll dcsv doccdt. Q ps s hcms d? Qoccdt s dmb p lt d tctc,d cstmt pd t ss s. S ss, s ccms cm s dbd, occdtm cm h mt tds ls cvlzcs: p

dstcc d ls sls. Cm ls mps d Bbl, d rm, d ls Mys. P vtl, sl hyq ps Kt, p q cs s mlcd s lzbl l cjt d l hmdd.

Convertirse en los Kant de la agricultura actual

P vms q st psd hy: ls mcscsm 800 k d cls p ps y . S tmms l pdcc ctl d cls l mdy mltplcms ss 800 k p 5.600 mlls d h

btts, bsvms q pdms lmt 1.000mlls d lls, l cl sc q s l mdl mc, hy q dj m d hmb 4.600mlls d hbtts, l cl s mpsbl.

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S tmms l lmtc d ps ms zbl,cm s l d itl q csm 400 k d clsp hbtt s lcz p lmt s3.000 mlls d hbtts.

P s tmms l q pdcms ctlmt l md y l dvdms p ls 6.000 mlls d hbtts xstts, s dms ct d q vmshc l sstm d, s dc s 200 k d clsp hbtt y . Y y sbms cm cm lsds: my pc c, ms ms vz l ms,y dmtlmt z, s dc lmtcmy l. stms dspsts ls ps cpt s lmtc l? es s l pt q hyq mls, y tcs tms stc ml, tt ms p ct, q sl s vl cmc, st clt dstl slzbl. Hc lt pb? S l tdstl tv q pt tds ls ts d l

bz l ctdd d t q csm Fc, bst td l t mdl p tspt l t cst! es mpsbl D md q hyq cmb d clt. Pq ls tdds sd my mch d dc ls css q cst sstm lmt, ls pss cs hclt hct d t cltvd p ps pcm. Mts q sl qd 2600 m2 d tsd lb p hbtt. etcs? Sc q s sts csmms hct, s q hy ss hms q cm. es tmtc scll, pp dsc ct. P q? Ps pq l pl

t T qd 3 hcts p hbtt, td ct tds ls ts, dsd l dst dl Shhst ls pls. Y d ss 3 hcts s sc c qvsts, csts cs, cch, tc. as q dss ts qd 2600 m2 cltvds p cm. Yd lls, l ctldd dspc cd l qvlt l spc d Fc dbd l s.S hbl d t d ls sls; tms l vl dpt ls mds, pq ls hy.

L clt vv s l q qc ls sls.eqc sc stt. P l clt, s lqvlt dl mtmt dl mtl pdc

tv p dstl: l sl s l q pdc, dmd q hy q mtl. P tlz, tsmms ls sds cs cmpst, s cltvb vd y s hc t ls cltvs p vc ls mcbs d ls cs, y s p ls lmts tlzds. S l lss d ls sls, stcvlzc d 30 s ms. P l pblm s tcc. el pblm s mch ms stl. Pq l T s my stl. n s scll lmt lshmbs. rq spt, y hmldd, cldds dls q pcsmt cc st scdd m. Hy q: ) vlv plt sts mlld

d 20 hcts; b) st ls sls ssbls, y c)st l mt c d ls cdds, ptd l bs dstl, p pd vlv mtl ts d mt c d ls sls. L c q

pd slv l hmdd d ls ds ctsts s l clt blc y l ttc bdmc. Pq s q s lcl y lbl l msmtmp. u v t d l cc, v td cvvc tt l cmp cm l cdd.el Std Cm! el m. S, m tv dcl,l m! Dt ls 15 ltms s s h cdvs ctds d bdmc dvss vsdds, d estds uds, alm, Dmc sbtd. L vs d l clt blc dsmbc l cmt d vdds vsdds clcs ls y bs. e Fc tdv hmslld tt, y dsd l l dpl l ct q td st hst scd s l lc c l t, c l mj. L t cst spt. L t ch d ms lbds d clddq l ctj y l cltv c ls cdds qmc. P p dsc, ls hmbs y q tbjl y qcl, pq s lbd s

h vlt ddt tms d m scl. Ys mb l dstcc d ls sls cls sl my pblm l q s t l hmdd st cmz d sl. n s pd dsc l cldd dl y dl d l cldd d ls sls. Lmxm c csst dt l s d lsts d lbz.

Habla con la Tierra y Ella te ensear

(proverbo celta avorto de Lda Bourgugnon)

Lydia Bourguignon: Ls clts db tmjmpl d ls vtvclts, q hc sl smpls vtclts q pdc cms d vsq l llvb ls cptvs s ps lpdct tmd, l v. Y s q qllpc hb mchs pblms c l v, p tcs ls csmds y mpzb mstsms xts c spct s cldd y s sb.Ls vtclts cb p hcs pts, y z d s x s cvt vdds vtvclts, q h d dsd l v hst l v.e l ctldd, clts cm ls q s ddcl cl, p jmpl, sl pdc t, l my

d ls vcs mpsbl d pc (pq s dpsm cldd) q dpst ls cptvsdstdds dl st dl pcs. P q lclt cp tmb l ctl d td lcd d pcp ? ah sd l slc sspblms y ls d l scdd. Tmb s m d spd ls xcs d cldd d m cct d csmds dsss d cs pdcts tmds (d vl dd)c l sb d l t, y d lv l ts d lcmptc d ls pdcts mzds.

ABCD Presse: S lbt d lss mcblc d ls sls s c Fc. Cd mt dstc dcl p clt, q sl q c?

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Lydia Bourguignon: M st mch l tm dstc, pq s ct q s s pd cmpc mdcs d l T. Y p l clt, smps cl scch q s sl st ml std, qs t st pctcmt mt. Y, cm cc ls ms, c y, s d ds tps d cc.P ld st l q s qd ttlmt btdy hc d, c l cpt y s lvd dl st.P l hy ts q tm cts l st,q s ls csjs q s scl l l d1, 2, 3 s. Pq cd sl st mt, smpsbl ptd pl d v mch ; s s psbl sts lttds. D hch, p l clt s lb l plz. P ss cpz d t pc d pcc, l vd vlv.adms, ls csjs q l dms s my cstss. Pcdms qcmts d cmpst d cll, q s pdcts cs. al clt lsl ls cts, y l clt tmb Ls

clts qs sms dsd hc s tsls cd vz ms vvs; ls ctvdds blcs sh cpd, h mtd ls cpcdds dtcmb t l sl y l plt y l ct sq l clt st stsch. as q d vdd hyspz. Tmb c q l ctldd s lsmjs Ls mjs vlv. ns dms ct l lbt y l dmd cct d ls clts. Cd stms c l clt y l clt

jts, l my d ls vcs s l mj q pdq s pcd lss, q s mdq l md st s sl. Y c q ls mjs clt

s st mch ms ssblzds l tm dl td ss hjs. Vlv l spt p l T.

I.2.2. El medio planetario


L s d ls sls s pblm pcpt.e 6000 s d clt, l hmb h pvcd2.000 mlls d hcts d dst, 1.000 mlls d lls sl l Sl XX. e l ctldd, ltsdd d l s mt 1 tld phct y .

el sltd s l pdcc d 10 mlls d hcts d dst l . Dstms 17 mlls dhcts d bsq l , sb td ls zstpcls y ctls. el sld s d ms d 7 mlls d hcts d vs ts d lb l . Lpblc mt 90 mlls l . es dc q sp cltv 700 m2 d t p cd v hbtt. S l dc d l Fao, s l spcd l hmb. actlmt, cltvms 1.700 mlls d hcts p 6.000 mlls d hbtts,s dc ms d 3.000 m2 p hbtt. P lspss dsllds csm ms: Fc 6000 m2p hbtt, estds uds 8000 m2 p hbtt. a cscc d ll, ms d 1.000 mlls dhbtts st sblmtds. est scdl pd d tmt.

Hay que aprender a cultivar la tierra sin erosionar-la. Jams se ha conseguido hasta ahora. Ese es el

gran desao del Tercer Milenio.

I.2.3. Hacia una nueva revolucin verde


Introduccion

L pm vlc vd, c ls vdds mjds, ls pstcds sttcs y ls bs, h pvcd v dt d ls sls td lmd. e vst dl pd ccmt d l pbl

c mdl, dsll v vlcvd. st db s lbl ts ls 4 plsd l m: l tbj dl sl, l tc, lspstcds, ls bs.

est vlc vd q 2 cmbs pdsp pt d ls clts y d ls ts d lclt:

cmb d pctcs s

cmb d mtldd

Algunas ciras sobre la erosin de los suelos

Pas Ao En Tn/Ha de Superfcie Agraria til al ao

Francia 1980 20 toneladas

Francia 1990 30 toneladas

Francia 2000 unas 40 toneladas

Espaa 2000 60 toneladas

Norte de rica 2000 100 toneladas

Pases tropicales 2000 500 toneladas

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Un cambio agrario global

L clt t q cmb ls 4 pls d lm:

I. La gentica

II. Los pesticidas

III. La labor del suelo

IV. Los abonos

I. La gentica

L dst v mch (mtc, bts, tc.)

L clt s csvd y s cltvd lsmsms plts y cd ls msms mls q

tmps d sts tpsds.

Hb q tdc vs plts y vs mls l clt p st l bdvsdd.

exst mll d spcs mls; sl 100 dlls st dmstcds.

exst 250.000 spcs vtls; sl s cltv250 d lls.

Hy q mj tcmt ls vs spcs

d plts p:

Sc pvch d ls sls pbs;

Pt ls sls ct l s (cltvs dptcc, d cbt );

apt vs slcs d ssttc dl d;

rccl ls bs p lch ct l ctmc d ls s sbts;

Hy q slcc y mj vs spcsd plts d cbt dptds ls dvsszs s;

es cs mj tcmt vs spcsmls p:

Sc pvch d ls zs dstcs c spcs d tlps q bb;

Sc pvch d ls zs tpcls hmdsd c c yd dl bl c y d ls

tlps cs sstts ls mdds, tc.

II. Los pesticidas

Ts tt bs d sts pdcts, hy q tlzls 3 mtds d t:

Lch zd

Vlms dcds

rdcc d ls dss

n s tt d xtm ls psts l 100%, sd lmt s pblc vl cmcmtvbl.

Ls hbcds s pd tlz cm dltsttls, s cm mlcls q pmt stplts d cbt pmts. etcs s cvt ld d ls tccs d smb dct.

u vz qlbds ls sls, s pd dcls dss d cds sctcds.

es cs dsll bpstcds pdcds dctmt p ls clts.

P jmpl:

isctcds: m, plt

Hbcds: plts d cbt c tpd llptc

nmtds: ccs, ct, tc.

III. Los abonos

Hst h l dst h vdd bs slbls q s dcds p ls cdcsclmtcs d ls tpcs. Ls mpss t qdsll bs pc slbls y txcs pls plts, c l d q s pd plc l mmt d l smb, ctct c l smll. es cs dsll bpstcds pdcds dctmt p ls clts. C l tcc

d smb dct c cbt, s cmt lctd d hms dl sl y p d l cpcdd d tcmb cc. etcs s pdh ls bs pstvs (cts) K+, C2+, M2+,n+.

C l smb dct, s cmt l ctvdd mcb d ls sls. ah b, ls mcbs pdc bs tvs (s): no

3, So

42, Po

43.

etcs s pd dc l ctdd d b, yp jmpl bj 1 k d t p pdc

100 k d cls.

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L tlzc d plts bmb pmt hc d v ls bs stds l pddd:

l ls cc mj c (p l ms)

l s (p l clc, l pts)

IV. El trabajo del suelo: la siembra directa

Dsd ls cmzs d l clt, l hmb htbjd l t p cmbt ls mls hbs,pst q t bs, hbcds.

L clt c s h pltd l pt:

P q xst ls mls hbs?

Pq l sl dsd st xpst l s, y

l vlc h dslld sstm d cbtpmt dl sl.

ah q tms bs p t sts plts, y hbcds p mt y ls dvdzs, pdms dsll clt c cbt.

El agricultor de maana ya no ser el que ganelos concursos de laboreo, sino el que sea capaz desembrar sus cultivos con una cobertura temporalo permanente.

P dt l s, hy q sps ls mdls d vtc slvst, (clmx) ps sts sps.

P dsll s tcc d smb dctA.c cbt, hy q spt ts ls:

llv cb vstccc p,1.c y ls ts d ls clts (. Sy,1997)

Ls pcls db d sltds ct pl2.

z:

Fcldd d jcc d l smb dct.

ah d tmp d tbj y d sms.

as sltds l plz:3.

Pdd dl sstm (sys d ldc).

icmt y mtmt d l tldd

dl sl.

Mj d l cldd d ls pdccs.

ests pcls d dmstc db s4.l smb dct c cbt mt y ccbt vv s cm ss tccs.

P mplt st tcc d smb dct,B.hy q s l ptcl st:

Dstc dl sl1.

S l sl st cmpctd (dt sc),hy q tv mccmt: sc pddd d 15 25 cm, plc ltcc Z stl my pdmt lplt d cbt.

S l sl st qmcmt td, hyq spc b c (cmpst) ml (czs, bs qmcs) sb lplt d cbt.

S l sl st dtd blcmt,hy q l lms d cbtp d l ctvdd blc l spc, y m d cbt p d l ctvdd blc pddd.

implt tcc d smb dct2.dptd:

l clm lcl;

ls cltvs ls ps;

l psc l sc d d.

Fc dl bl l smb dct c cC.bt

el bl s mpscdbl ls sstms s dmtmt d l tldd d ls sls. el bldsmp 5 cs dmtls:

el qp d Lt y Hmlt (isttt d1.Zl d oxd) h dmstd q t

ds ls bls slv l clpt y ls sss ppc l llv mdt l ms dmcbs q sttz dmtlsld qvc l clscc d ls ts d d ls bs.

Ls bls pt ls sls ct l 2.s hdc y lc. a tl ct, hy q dsp sts:

l l d ls s p csv s lmpz.

l l d ls cts p q bb l bsbd p l lqt l pst.

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ls pts d cvc d ls pdts (Thlw).

Ls sts d bls dsmp 2 c3.s:

l st dsv p pt l pclct l d.

l st tlt: l, tls, md db, j p ls mls.

el bl dl Shl4.

2 spcs, cm l acc albd, t hjs l stc sc y ppc j ls mls y smb l sl. e l stc hmd,pd ss hjs y pmt cltv plts cmstbls s p.

I.2.4. Conclusin

Esta revolucin verde, por el cambio de mentalidadque representa, requiere un esuerzo general porparte de la sociedad humana para desarrollarse.

En esta nueva revolucin verde se deben implicartodos los colectivos: polticos, investigadores, do-centes, divulgadores y labradores.

Slo as podremos responder al desao del nuevo

milenio: la reconciliacin del hombre con su plane-ta Tierra.

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I.3. ENTREVISTAClaude Bourguignon,

microbilogo de los suelos


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En su calidad de especialista de la vida de los sue-los, puede usted estimar qu porcentaje de sue-los de Francia estn aectados por la contamina-cin (y en qu proporcin)?

Claude Bourguignon: 10% d ls sls st ctmd p mtls psds. u 60% s s.

el 90% t ctvdd blc dmsd dcd, y spcl ts d hs dmsd scs. L msm c td l md. adms, l htclt y l cltv d l mlch s djl m d t d ls sls (dsmc dls dmts).

Para usted, qu es un suelo?

Claude Bourguignon: el sl s mt vvcmplj, ms cmplj q l l tms, q s mds ltvmt sclls. e

ldd, l sl s md mt stplt: pmd, sl hy 30 ctmts d sps. es l c md pcdt d l s tl md ml d ls cs md y l md c d l spc ls hms. Td q s pc tcc p xplcsl...

e ss 30 ctmts d sps, l sl lb l80% d l bms vv dl plt. Y s sl tdld hy mchs ms ss vvs q l std l d l spc d l t. P s s v. es md mcb l q s h pstd tc pst q cst d... Y sb

l mcb ps m tb. est my ml vst st scdd. S l vs d Pst, s lpcpl cs d mt. Y s mb ls mcbs s dmtls p l vd. S ss tmds, ls plts s pd lmt. e scmt, l dst hm s lmt cp l mcb. el pblm s l tmd q cst hcl. Ls bcts d ls sls jl t dl p m tts. Y l hcts! e cmb, l s hm tlz 10 tldsd ptl p j tld d t. Ql vd. Y c. olvdd dc q ls ml

cls qmcs bc sl. es l cltq bc s sl c ss ms. etcs,cl st, l dst h td ts sstt lmdl tdcl d l clt cs. Y c

d dsll m mtd d mdc d l ctvddblc d ls sls, m pct d l ldd. Lsclts blcs bdmcs t slsmch ms ctvs q ls q tbj d mcvcl. T sls vvs.

Fue entonces cuando comenzaron sus diculta-

des con el INRA?

Claude Bourguignon: exctmt. el inra h chzd tlmt l clt blc, bdmc, s hbl stdd jms! a l lz d ldtl ctc, s lt psl vp pt d st isttt. Y s h dd h pdds lbtd. Y s lmt sttt sttl: s sttt l svc d ls ds mpss pvds d bs. Ms d l mtd d ls pddsd tss l inra pcd d ss cmps. Cts q s s l cs xclsv dl inra: l l

tds ls sttts mdls s h djd dmp ls mcds. L cl sc q ls vstds dl inra st ctds c l stc.D hch, vs d lls l llv my ml. e l ctldd, l inra s st sstd pq l md, t ts, mpz pdl cts. ay,ls vstcs vbls l md mbt sct dmc. Hy s q l s, pqhy ptds pspsts d l Cee y mcds pcqst. C q dt d 10 s, l inra s q smp h std v d l cltblc. D q 30 s, cd q smpdd l bdmc. Tt mj. es dmst

q p hbms csd tbj jts pslv l vdd pblm: l ctmc dlplt.

Cul ue su planteamiento al comienzo de sus in-vestigaciones?

Claude Bourguignon: itt cmpd p qls sls stb ms vvs q ts. es lq v c d ls mds d cltv lds. Tdclmt, s tlzb l sl c hms, cll y s hc b c m tlzd

lt, md clc. S mzclb td llc cmpst, y s spc sb l sl. Ls bs vds, p s pt, vc ls mcbs mlzds. Ls mcbs tmds vvs

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enTreViSTa. Cld B, mcbl d ls sls

pxmdd d ls cs d ls plts, s tlzbmdt l tc d ls spcs vtls cltvds. P ltm, ls mcbs vvs q s ctcc d ls cs mds cb l stml d lscs mchcds. Hy, s h bdd ss tccs. S pctc l mcltv Y s pctcl tlzc. est md d pdcc l vdmcb. Y hy, l pdcc s stc, cd dsmy. Ms ms d ctvdd blc dc q ls sls cltvds c bs qmcsm pc pc.

Cul es su visin de la relacin entre el hombre yla tierra, y la agricultura?

Claude Bourguignon: L clt s t td lhst tc d 15.000 s d hmb. e sstmps d clct, l hmb sptb l T, l csdb s md tc. Ms dlt

c l clt. P mpz lmt lshmbs hst l Sl XViii. el mp m cy l dspc, ss sls qd dstds.Cc sls ms td, ep s c bj Clm, y tcs tc s ms stl, q hbpmcd ms ms tct hst tcs,dsd gl hst Pl. e pc tmp dspc l 70% d ls bsqs... Mts d mscts d cmzs dl sl XiV dscb tmtstds pcdts dl m, pvcds p ldspc d ls bsqs q hc d mtd clmtc. e l sl XVii, ep sl d s

psdll clc tvs d l pctc dl lby l pst. S sstty l bbch p l cltvd lmss q j l t, q tcs s s b. L vc ppcj bdc p lmt l d. Pl d hy q vll p q dj d vp ls ts d lbz. Y s s cm s vtls sts. D hch, s c l bsq mlld. Lssts dsmp ppl t l stc dl qlb clmtc. Pq l scsvs cp ls xcmts d ss mls mvlzds ls pds, y, mzcldls c lpj d ls cls, s bt stcl. el stcl

s cmpst y l s spc sb ls ts. esl q s llm bd p qcmt d lssls. Y tcs l t dj d m d hmb ep.

P l msm mmt q s slv l pblm clc c l tdcc dl ml l sstm , ll l dst y l ch td pd. e l ctldd, pdms pmd d10 tlds d sl p hct y . Ls cmpss css tlzb 120 mlls d tldsd stcl p 30 mlls d hcts. 4 tl

ds d stcl p hct 2 tlds dhms. L c d lz s s c cll.Ls sls st qlbds y s mjd cl ps d ls s.

el sl s mt vv. e l ctldd, pdms pmd d 10 tlds d sl p hct y . S chms cts, sbms q dq 3 sls st s l dst dl Sh. Hy qcc h. L tlz cc c mchz. n mpt. n s l dl md. Y c ls apclpss. Ls cvlzcs c, lczs p y dspc. ots tm l lv. Cq tl cm st stctd st cvlzc, scpz d hc t s my pblm, q sl pblm dl md mbt y d l T. ats, l pblm l d ls pcs pltcs, l shm, l xstc d clss scls. P st pblm ctl s c. es l T. Y l cvlzc cmb, t s mt pxm.

S d st hch s cdc dchsl dsst. L clt clc scl mdls l t d lc jst t l s h

m y s t, d lmtc s y d tbc jst dl tbj d cd cl. Y lcltv bdmc sc slv ls pss dl

Tc Md d l hmb, s, slvls! Pctlmt l dstcc v dmsd dps.u Mst dl md mbt pd hcd t cmp cm rhPlcq ptd vd ss mlcls sttcs. Hyq mtzls. e vstc, st my cl.

T p p ctts. im q vy rhPlc y ls d: m st q cstds pyct d vstc q t,

dmst q ss pdcts dsty l vd dls sls... S pt d s! P s ccl vdd cst d ss ccjds, cb lsdd y cpt mdtmt...

Otro problema que se plantea es la capacidad derecuperacin del nitrgeno industrial por la acti-vidad microbiana el suelo...

Claude Bourguignon: el pblm d l cclcd lmt l sl st lcd c scctc. S l cctc d lmts my dcd, p jmpl s y hy t

ls sls, l mvldd dl lmt s sbtd mvldd blc, s dc q l vds blz sb l pq s scs. Dsd l l vd l dj scp mchsm ms.e cmb, s lmt s vlv my bdt, td mvldd sc dmt, s dcq pd s c l , scllmt. Cm l vd l sb, s v tt cpl td! D md q l dj ps d l, y lsltd s l ctmc mbtl. L vtjdl mcb s q tbj l tm d ls csdds d l plt, pst q tbj l msm

tmp q l plt. Cd l sl st sc, lsmcbs dt s ctvdd y ls plts djd bmb l sl. Cd hc dmsd ,ls mcbs tbj, p ls plts tmpc

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cc. Cm s sstm vv, y ls bcts tmb s plts, c pct smbss. elhmb d l clt qmc, cmb, pts t clq stc; dc dlmcb, l cc, y p l tt ctm.L cl hc q, csmt, l my dls ms sp cs d mcbl d ls sls. Pq hy sz. Dsdl dspc d l scc d mcbl dls sls dl isttt Pst, Fc xst ctd cl d mcbl. el inra hdjd s scc ms d ps q stsb sb td p l mcbl dstl,q st my d md. D h l c d lmy pt d ls ms mt d cclsmcbs. P lls, s bs qmcs, snPK, l sl st mt! es ms, p lls l sl s ms q spt t sb l cl bst c spc slcs qmcs mcs! Ps

q l dd d l clt qmc, Jsts VLb, jms dj tl cs. S h mltptd sdscs. L dst qmc h tvsd cmpltmt ss plbs.

Lb dmst d q ms ls plts bsbls lmts; dmst q l plt sl pd bsb l t m d tts, bcdsp ls mcbs. Jms dj q hb q pttts ls sls. Dmst q l plt sp q ls mcbs hy bcd tts pbsbls. Dmst q l plt spb q

dpt l m d st, d slt. Ls pltssp smp ms lcttvs, p pblms d stt d bsc. el pblm dl plt s q, dc d sts, s t d spt d ml dd dm dmtlmt l slc (56% d ls cs md), l h y l lm. L plt, p s pt, s my pb h, slc y lm. e cmb l plt s c t, s y slt, lmts scss l t. P l tt, l plt s v bld dsll stt d bsc my s, lbsc ctv. n s pd dj b p lslys d l qmc, s ls cls td sstc

td ls sds lds d mmbvv. S l plt s bd s ly, td lmsm cctc q l sl. Y s s bslt.

etcs, q hc? utlz sstm d tlc llmtv, sstm tlzd d hch ptd m d vd ct xst pblms dlzc d tcmbs lctcs. L pms d ls lmts d l tbl d Mdl cly ls llmds cts mtmcs. S ttd tms ptds d c pstv. ess

lmts c s cstttvs d l mt vv,c xcpc dl hd, q s st d ltbl d Mdl pq t cmptmt my spcl.

Hace usted un poco de trampa! Se trata del n-mero 1! El hidrgeno!

Claude Bourguignon: Cl q s l m 1. Ycl q c d m dstt. P s tmms l lt, l pts, l bd, l cs, vms qtds lls s pctmt qvlts y pmt q l plt s c pstvmt. P ltt, l plt t bmbs q csm cmld ctdd mdt l tstss.gst s c pstvmt ls cllsd ls cs d cts mtmcs q bc mlcl vv. n xst mlcl vv q ct pts, q ct sd lt. e cmb, ss lmts pt my clmt tvs d ls mmbs. D hch, t ls scssms tms q ls ss hmspdms std p s ps p l mc. L msm c c l pltm clm

d l tbl d Mdl, l d ls s mtmcs (cl, , d). Pdms ps tds ss lmts. Pdms cm nCl sl y lbsbms my b. Pdms tm cl dpts, y l msm. S ls cs ms q pd bsb tds ls ss vvs.

D md q l plt s c pstvmt, p vz q s h cvtd l ms, q hc?u vz cvtd pl pstv, sp qls mcbs bq l ms. st pd tq ls cctcs s bjs l xt,

pq p bsbl v c ct lctc t t, q t tv qs my scs l xt; y s s cm s lmt ls plts.

Ls mcbs t 2 tccs p bc lmts tvs. T l tcc d l xdc. oxd l t cvtdl tt, l s st, l z slt, l sl slt,l clc xd d clc, tc. P hy lmtsxdds q s slbls, cm l xd d h.Cm h slt l vd s pblm? Mdt sstm my s. L qlc dl lm

t p l mcb! Tm l lmt y l j mlcl c. Y q mlcl c tlz?u cd c q s c qmc dtp Coo, s dc c tv q pdpt l plt. es spc d pz p sdcl, q v st l lmt l t d lplt, q l cpt lctcmt. es s l q sllm qlc.

Nos contentamos con copiar a la Naturaleza. Conindustria y nanzas por aadidura. Y sin embargo,Justus Van Liebig record que la lata de conservas

de Nicolas Appert era un alimento militar, paratiempos de guerra, de pruebas, transitoria peroen modo alguno preerible a un alimento resco.

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Claude Bourguignon: S, d mc. D hchs cmpd pctmt q s hy xtdct clt dt l sd mdl,pq hb ct p ls css, s pctmt cmpsbl. P q l dst lclhy mtd l pcdmt d xtcc clt cd stb phbd ts d l ,s s scdls. C s st d d xpss d l t, cd y spd bslt pblm d spvvc. S h cvtd pblm d ds ctdds dd.

es xctmt l q l q ps l tm lpm mdl. P q s h vld lsclts c ls tts? Ps s db l hchd q ls tts ls hb bcd Hb 1913.Hb ct l l tcc q pmt tmt dl y bc tts. F s dsc

bmt l q pmt alm dscd ptc d cbl: ls tts sttcspmt bc bmbs ssttyd l slt. Cll alm td t bdc, tdl q qs. el t cstty l 79% d ltms. L vd mcb dl sl y cts plts cpt l t dl , y l hc ts. Ldst, cmb, csty bcs q cst t. Y s s cm occdt s p bc tts mdt ss tccs, y l s dst mdl. al tm s , hbq cvt ss bcs q h cstd t c

s. n s pd c s cm s! Hy q mtzls! Y cm Jsts V Lb hb dmstdq ls plts s lmt d t md tts, sd s stblc l cx. alpcp l cs zbl, cm l my pt d ls tvcs hms. Dt l pdd ts, s cmd dss d t 20y 30 kls d t p hct. n s vl lssls. Ls dmts mt d m spctcl. Y l, stds p l ly dl cmc, sps 50, y dsps 100, y h y vms 248 klsd t p hct actlmt, s dl.Y c q cmpt ls pscs d ls d

ss ms dcls d l clt blc. M pc ml q, p s tlc, l s hmcmpd ls mcsms vvs y ls pcc.P cd s ll l xtm d pt 248 k dt p hct d t, s dl. es dlmctl. S stp l md mbt y l sld dl t. C s pd st d cd. Y cmctc, m p s pctc. a sl hyq pdl l q s cpz d pdc c ds tldd tl. e Fc td l md qsc 100 qtls p hct. es t ps cbz! n s ccl 240 km/h c ssc

ts! C ls sls ps l msm. L pm q tms q hc s v cm s sts sls ytbj c d s ptcl d ptd.

Ah es donde interviene usted. Cmo evala laertilidad de un suelo?

Claude Bourguignon: H dslld st tcc pt d d my scll: l sl s sstmdmc cy pddd s d s 30 ctmtsls ms pds, l cl s mch. e css,lzms sls q sl dctmt d l cmd, q tcs l sd l sl. e cmb, tssls s t pds q s pd ll lc md, cm l d rssy, dd s h cbtd hm y lqt 33 mts d pdddd lms tls.

B. S std st B, l Ct do, yq cc l std d sl, ll hst lc md. Tm msts dl sl dtspddds y dvss pts. Ll hst lc y tm msts d ls dstts cps. P m,

ls dts cps dl sl s pc cm lsstts d slv ctl, c ss dvss pssclcs y ss mcbs vds. S d mltplsstcs blcs.

a ctc pd std l vlc d lsclls, s cldd, s spc t dsd l cmd hst l spc. Ls cmp c l pttbjd p l clt. Cmp l tbj lzd p l ntlz y l tbj dl s hm.Cmp l cldd d ls clls. Mdt lssqmcs, cmp pmts clscs (d d c

dz pH, pHo, pHKCL). Cmp l cpcdd d lscs ctcs. estd l ctvdd blc d lssls, y s vlc l pddd dl sl.

al d d hy czc mchs sls tds lsctts dl plt. L ccls l s lst: ls sls c b qlb t ctvdd blc q dsmy c l pddd hst s 30 ctmts, y l s mt pll l c md. exst 2 ds psmcbs: l spc st ls d l mtc. estms psc d l tms. aqs ct ls ps ms ctvs, s dd s

dspl l s d l vv. Dsps, l sd cp, l d ls pddds, dsmbc sstt pmt ml dd llms hstls sms dvds d pds, ls qmltts.

C l cjt d st q sc, qmc y blc d l q hc l clt, d l q h ptd l sl, pd dtm l dmsm tdl sl. P jmpl, s v bs clls l d p sl ct clls pbs l spc, s sc q l sl s st dtd. Ls

hms s d ml cldd. L ctvdd blc s my l spc q l pt ml?es s q l sl s st mlzd hst l spc. es sl st mt.

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al hc ss stdstcs y cmptvs, bsv ls hchs mptts. Td l md csttq st dsmyd l mt c lssls. P d s h pcpd p l cldd ds mt c. H stdd l cpcdd dc ctc d ls clts cvcls. es2 3 vcs my. P dsc, st spct clttv st pc stdd, ps vvms scdd d l ctttv q tdv s cmpd q ls sls st md occdt.Cd s lls ls q s lmt, l lvdms. as q s tms sl dsqlbd, y s ptdl lmts nPK cm cmsls css. L plt tm dl sl s 28 lmts.n s ptdl 3 cm stms s sld.etcs l plt m. el nPK hc d lplt mdt ls lmts d l tscc. Dhch, s s l z p l q s h ld ss3 lmts. P s scts p l plt.

L tlz s mplcbl. e ct cs s cc, ls psts s blz sb llp lml. n t q d pt,t q dspc. as q ls hc m. Ycm spd ls clts? Tt. Y tl y cmtt, mchc l pc mc y mc qqd l sl. C ll s dz l ccd ls plts. el clt cmp ms pstcds. Y cl, s ls msms mpss ls q bcls bs, ls pstcds, y dsps ls mcs.D md q p l t q s lmt d ssplts ccds, l cs v cb h m

chsm ms. Tt ms p ct ls vddsd bs t ms cd vz ms dcdssb ls bs, y dd d vdd t m,c l q lmt d s c ls pstcds y ls pdcts sts: c ss s c lsq d. as q t d q s cb s m. rqlb sts sls, qlb sts plts sc smsmct ls cs d sdd scl ls scdds ccdtls. Cs q d q psc!Pq st j td l dst mctc.absd.

Cul es la perspectiva si no se hace nada?

Claude Bourguignon: n hc lt s pt pdvl. Td l q ls clsts ss vcd dsd hc 30 s s st cmpldhy. e sts mmts s stms jd l t d st cvlzc. estms lbd l btll dcsv d occdt. Q ps s hcmsd? occdt s dmb pq y hy ctcs, hy cstmts. Mms cm tds ls cvlzcs, p l dstcc d ls sls.Cm l mp m, l mp my...

Hms, s l plb hmdd. Y sts msmssms ls tcs d st pp dsc. L pls s st cvlzc, ps llv s mt

ll. S st tdstyd l vz q pclm svct. L cc pd mts, pq l ml st s vl. Tms ml bblc y tcl dl Sl XXi. Ls ctcs s h cvtd ls vs scdts, cd l slXii mjs! Ls pss d p t ccs l clt ctc, tcc dstl, q sqd ms d spclsts dstcds. Y sd mch md. M l plt d vc q d s bmb p ls hc ss bjtvs! Lb lmp. L pb l tms q sl vl sltd d s st l ptll d s tlvs!L cc ccdtl md dstc dclmtls css. Hc d td.

Y por lo que se reere a la alimentacin en Occi-dente?

Claude Bourguignon: el dstcmt st cl

l pl lmt. L t y q sbq s st cmd l mt d ml. Pcst, s l c spc d c ctd, cld, vsd bdj d plstc. Y l pscd? Y v mpd. ns pstls mtds cm s hcs. e lls, lsmls y s y hy l m std mtz. D md q l ps pd cmc cm s p. n t l ssc dptcp cm. Hc lt mch mc p lc hmbs c l cd ml. D s m, l s hm s lb

ttlmt d l ssc d clp, pt d l clpd cpt q s c ls mls tl cm shc hy d: cmps d cctc bsltmt mstss. Csd q tds ls lms d bchllt db p l ms vz v cm s tt ls cds, ls plls, ls ts,tc. l dst tsv. Y l td q vst mtd. es my mpst v mlsq ll vvs y q, ms d 15 mts, yst ttlmt dsds. L vlcdd d tsmc dl ml vv. es xtdmtmpctt!

aq ptd pst l psd cm ldd d , d s mb q s h pdd lc d st. at, l mt d ml ctcmt ct y stv. el ml cmp y s mt s vv, cptb, tscd, tsmb p ct l q tv lvd y l mt. L t d l sd. el ml cmplc d l vd dl s hm, tmp q st mt c l tlz lcd m spts. ah l c s h cvtd pdct ttlmt tvl, y p pd dc d m tvl td l md, tds ls ds

d l sm, s mt cds tcs. Cd dls yct mcs ls mls. S ycttqlzts ls cds, m d tql cz, tc. L q s ll hc d

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dstl s cm p vmt. P s cpt ctd mpdd, s ms, c l bdc d l cc, l h, l tcl. M, y ps q scdd q tt l vd d s md s pdtt b s msm. nst scdd lb slmps. es cm l clt q c ss tsc s pdct mtl z d 400 ms phct. Dsps t cmp sptc. Y cc sl mpl t l t. n mlhb. Lmp. rcl. P l lmp! L mt t bllz...

Y qu soluciones hay?

Claude Bourguignon: Cm b dc Kt, cs s ml cd s lzbl l cjtd l hmdd. nst clt dstl slzbl. S bst l t dstl ppt tds ls ts cltvds l ctdd d

t q Fc, td l t mdl bst p tspt ss ctdds d t. es mpsbl. n s lzbl. as q hyq cmb d clt. Pq ls tdds sd my mch d dc ls css q cst sstm lmt, ls pss cs hclt hct d t cltvd p ps pcm. Mts q sl qd 2600 m2 d tsd lb p hbtt. etcs? Sc q ssts csmms hct, s q hy sshms q cm. es tmtc scll,p ct. Psms. e st mmt, l pl

t T qd 3 hcts p hbtt, td ct tds ls ts, dsd l dst dlSh hst ls pls. D ss 3 hcts hy qsc c q vsts, csts cs, cch,tc. as q d ss ts qd 2600 m2 cltvdsp cm. e l ctldd, l s hc dspc cd l qvlt l spc d Fc. Ls dmts s stc ep. S hbld t d ls sls. ats hb pblm, sd bs slbls y s mtb l pdcc 3 qtls p hct y . Td l mdctb vct. a pcps d ls s 80, l inray cb 150 qtls p hct. Hy, s s

st cstd smt. Vms cm ls clts cstmbds ss 100 qtls hsl sc 40 qtls. P t d ls sls... nbstt, s cmpms l ctd d lmtsd ls sls mdt lss cvcl, vms q md ls sls d clt blct ms lmts slds q ls sls cltvds d md cvcl, p l tt, s lscts plcds p l clt cvcl, sms tls. e cmb, csdds cm md,ls sls cltvds c clt cvcl st dsqlbds. Dch st, l clt b

lc hy t q tbj my ml. als s hlmtd sstt ls bs qmcs p bscs. P l clt s s. L cltvv s l q qc ss sls. eqc? rs

tt. P l clt, s l qvlt dl mtmt dl mtl pdctv p dstl:l sl s l q pdc, d md q hy qmtl. L tlzc ( qcmt ps)cmpd 3 spcts. Tdclmt, s bcb hms cmpstd. P ls clls, s bbc m: s ptb clls clzs y s mzclb c lt, clc l my pt d ls vcs.S mzclb td ll c l cmpst y s spcsb l sl. D s md cd s mt lmtl d pdcc. Y s mjb.

Sd ct dl qcmt: l tlzc dls mcbs. Ls mcbs v lmt ls plts, d md q hy q tlzls. S tlz ls2 ds ps: l p d l mt c, y ld l qmc ltt. el p d l mt cs dvd 3:

) l p d l hmdcc, q s tlz mdt l cmpst;

b) l p d l mlzc, q s tlz cbs vds;

c) l p d l zs (ls mcbs q vvjt ls cs d ls plts y q ls lmt)s mt mdt l tc d cltvs. Pqcd spc d plts stml ct mc. Pltm, st l p d ls qmltts, s dc ld l c md. S ls lmt mdt cs tt

ds. S s tt d t clz, s tt ty s qlb l q l l h dstbd ml. Yqd l ltm spct: l tlzc d ls plts.Csst pt l q s h xptd p mpbc l sl ls lmts ttvs dsts. Q scs 50 k d t? rsttys 50 kd t. P h, c l clt dstl,ls 2 pms spcts h dspcd. S pctcl mcltv. Y sl s td l tlzc d lsplts. Y ct s t sstm lzbl q s lz, s l mt sd myct plz, p clq p hm. el lssd ls sls l d 30 s st cvlzc.

Cd vs c, s p vlvs lc! Pss cmetp y Sd h tld l 95% d s spcstl dsd 1960! Lqdds 30 s! Y hhy m hm d mts d hmb. Lmc dsctld s l pblm doccdt. n s pd hc t ll, sb tds sl s c l md, l chz y l z. M id, s psdll! Y s hc c q ltcc slv l pblm. Sl q l pblm s tcc. el pblm s mch ms stl. Pq l T s my stl. n s scll lmt

ls hmbs.

S cy q vdd bs qmcs ls hds tdcd vdds d lt dmt

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s slc l pblm. Dsd ls s 70, id s h sd mlls d hcts c lstccs d l llmd rvlc Vd. Ls sltds d s rvlc Vd, q l vl pmnbl s pmt, nbt Bl, pc hyc td cldd: mlls d vds xtmds ps rvlc Vd. Tds ls pss dl t dc ms ms tscts hst 1945.Hy, mpt l 85% d s lmtc. Y s q stt c ll l dst bj plstc. Ps my b! e ab Sd s cltv t l dst, y sl 45 vcs ms c q l pcmdl. u pc cm M att, q scb ls vjs d ps. ipt. id dl hmb y dl mj. L c q pd slv l hmddd ls ds ctsts s l clt blc ybdmc. el am. u v at d l Cc. elStd Cm.

Qu soluciones adaptadas preconiza usted?

Claude Bourguignon: hy q:

Vlv plt sts c mlld d 20 hc.ts.

rst ls zs ssbls.b.

gst l mt c d ls cdds,c.pt d l bs dstl, p pd vlv mt l ts d mt c d ls

sls.

Y la agricultura biodinmica?

Claude Bourguignon: C q sts lts, pl Tc Md l c slc s l cltbdmc. L clt bdmc cstd. S hc bs d ppds mls slmt. S pd qc c ls ccmtslcls. es d scllz xtd. adms, lclt bdmc cj pctmt cl mtldd d ls pss dl Tc Md, q t dcltd tbj c cs d zs

csmcs.

M pt d vst ctc sb l clt bdmc s q, vdtmt, s l spcl.

Ls ppds bdmcs hc ps ms lbs d m mdvls c cts d bjq cc ppmt dch. Y s mb, hstdd ls ppds y ls d lls mh djd bqbt. e spcl l ppdd ls bs d cs.

Cd l ms l mcscp, slt lctl ctdd d vd mcb q pd lmtl b d cs! nmlmt, l b dvc hy cs. P St s hc t c d bc p S Ml, y dstl p S J. Ds q s bj mdvl. o ccmts ccs, d ls ts ccs d ltlz. P l l lct s l sltd.

Q s l q ps? n t d. n s q tpd s mvlz c l bdmc, p cmctc m d my mch d tmml

s. Sl d q t xplcc. Ms pts d mdc v d, t ccs l cc d ls s ctvds p l bdmc.L c q v, s q ss sls s ms ctvs.P jmpl, ls cmpsts vlc 3 sms ts cd s tt c ls ppds bdmcsd rdl St. Y ctvmt, hy ppdsq t ctvdds blcs sbslts. ess l c q pd dc. P pd md lsctvdds d l bdmc. S d isttt,h xpmts p v q hy dts d s.C vs ctc. es s l q s ptd

c l cc d vs ctds d bdmc dvss vsdds mcs, y tmb lms. L vs d l clt blc dsmbc l cmt d vdds vsdds clcs ls y bs.

L ct d td st hst cltl qscd st m s l lc c l T,c l Mj. L T cst spt. L T ch lt bzs q l cltv c l cdd q q, p p dsc ls hmbs y qtbjl, pq s clt s h vlt ddt. L dstcc d ls sls cls s l p

blm ms mptt q t l hmdddt l sl q v. Hy q dt l sd ls sls cltvds. Y s t, pq st

j l vd d ls sls.

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29 I.4.1. Introduccin

29 I.4.2. Las deniciones del termino terroir

29 I.4.3. La asociacion suelo - clima- planta

30 I.4.4. La aproximacion planta completa -baya

30 I.4.5. Los elementos del mtodo33 I.4.6. Objetivos y perspectivas

33 I.4.7. Agradecimientos

I.4. Respuestas de la viaal terroir

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el ccpt d terror vtcl s cctz p l

scc clma suelo planta, l cl s smls ccs lcs y l Hmb, dspsblsp lb v d cldd. L cmps dcls s ls cts q tv l clddd l csch mplc l ccmt d ls lcs planta completa baas. P ll s pplmts mtdlcs clmt tlzbls cmp y l lbt q pmt l std dsts lcs, tds c lc ls vs.

el ccmt dl cmptmt hdc d lv y l vlc bqmc d l by dt s

ccmt, pt dl std hbc, s spcts mptts p l cmps dl l dl terrorvtcl l cldd d l vdm y l tpcdd dls vs.

I.4.1. Introduccin

Ls terror vtcls s bjt, dsd hc mchss, d mss vstcs (c. Clq itcl sb Terrors Vtcls, as Fc1996). S b sts stds s ltvmt cts, l ccpt d terrorpd lmt s dsct, y q c cs my cs, lds l

cldd y l tpcdd d cts pdcts cls,cm ls vs y ls qss t ts. P s q l ccpt d terrors bs sb lddsq s dsctbls, db s csdd bjl l d ls vstcs tcc ctcs,ms ll d msjs pstvs q pd vcll csmd c pdct.

I.4.2. Las deniciones del termino terroir

Ls dts dcs dl tm terrors myb dscpts p Vd (2001). el tm terror

pv dl lt ppl terratorum, dmcd ttm. es tl cd ls sts tms dctmt lds l ll vtvcl (Mlt,1989; Lvll 1993; Cb, 2001):

UTB: Unidad de Terroirde Base = msclm x s

l/ sb sl sb s d s l scl dpcl d p d pcls.

UTV: Unidad de Terroir Vitcola = uTB x vdd xtcl v v.

el vtclt ct sb ls cmpts tscsd l uTB cm l mcclm dtv, tmc hdc d l vtc y d ls cms, yd ssb l cldd d l mt pm, y sccc l l, sb l tpcdd dl v.

L hc hstc y l dms sc cltldl terror s dtmts y z s cctc (D, 1977; Lchv, 1988; g, 1998; Cb, 2001)

I.4.3. La asociacion suelo - clima- planta

Ls bjtvs d std t dvss qs,q s ct lmt sb l sl, l clmy l smt ltc y ssl d ls vs, c lc t l plt y l v tvs dl smt d l mdc d ls vs (Mlt, 1978;nbl, 1979; S, 1983; Jcqt 1989; Lb

1993 ; Ddlc, 1995; Mt, 1995; Bmd, 1996;Cb, 1996; Mlt, 1996; Sts, 1996; Sltt,1997; Ft, 2001 ; Vd, 2001 y b; Mt, 2002).ests ts h lzd stds mptts ycss. S mb, p cmpd ctm d stcs vtcls, s dspsbl ms ljs l ccmt d l lc plantacompleta - baa. es st std q s pp, l mc d std d terrorvtcl, pdz l ccmt d st lc. el ccpt dterrors py ls sts cmpts: clm,sl, vdd y l Hmb, ct my d ls terror.

S v d m my smd ls dts cmpts, sstd sb l plt, bjt d stpstc. n s bd l ct hm, l qs mpst l ccpt d terror y q s

A. DELOIRE

A. CARBONNEAU

Agro - Montpellier

Francia

M. FERRER

Facultad de AgronomaMontevideo - Uruguay

Artculo ceddo por www.nowne.com

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rspsts d l v l terror. elmts p dtm mtd d std

bdd p vs qps d tbj (inao, 1984;Dpy, 1989; Ltbl y ncl 1994).

El clima: Ls 3 scls clmtcs (mcclm p l, msclm p l pcl y mcclm p lplt) vldds p Cb (2001). Lsdcs clmtcs psts pt p cmpdl spst dl cltv d l vd dts pmts clmtcs, s ctlmt ccds y pcls. S pd ct: dc d Hl; dc dFsc d ls chs (iF) y l Blc Hdc dl Sl(r, 1994; r, 1997; Ttt, 1999). e l mc dls std clmtcs, s cs dtc cl sl ct lmtt. nmlmt, c q xst m dcd d stcs mtlcs lz, l q lmt ls stds scl pcl d p d pcls.

El suelo: P cmpd ls lcs sl v

s dspsbls stds pdlcs qpmt l lbc d cts pdlcs, pls hdc dl sl y dl ccmt dcl dl plt (Tmbz y Vltz, 1996; Ht, 1998). Smb, sts stds l d l ccs dlsl p s sls, pmt dscb y cmpd l cmt d l plt y l vlc bqmc d l by d l cl dpd l cldd d lvdm. S h dslld vs sstms d std q t ct ttmts d msstltls y tlz Sstms d imc gc (Sig). ests sstms st dsllds y dpt

ds l mdlzc spcl l zc d lsterrorvtcls, p tmd d l cctzc dls sls vtcls l s d dds pdpsjs.ests mtds s sscptbls d t mltplsmcs, lcd l cbt pdlc lclm l plt. L dqsc y l ttmt dsts mcs s mst dspsbls pcmpd l cmt d l plt, p dpd d l dspbldd d mc s 3tps d stc:

ls mcs sb l sl y l clm s t.mds vl d l pcl y/ d p d

pcls

ls mcs s d dcl btc y qb.ls mds s lmtts, ptcl p l sc d stcs mtlcs p l btc d mc clmtc

l mc q s dsp sb sl y clc.m s pcl, y pll ls stds sbl plt.

La planta: Dsd hc vs s s llv dlt

mss stds sb l vd y s cmt, mchs d ls cls s ct vl dl sl mlcl (rblks alks, 2001).a ttl d jmpl s pd ct ls tb

js (My et al., 1976; Cb et al., 1978; Schltz, 1993; Ktj et al., 1994; Smt, 1995; Cb,1996b; n et al., 1997; D, 1998; Ht, 1998;Zy et al., 2000). el ts d stds scl dplt t y l ptc d pxmcs mltdscpls qd d mst vs d stsvstcs.

I.4.4. La aproximacion planta completa - baya

apyds sts tcdts tccs ctcs s pp lb, l ctxt dl ccmt d ls terrors vtcls, pxmcdl ccmt d l plt cmplt by qs clmt pst pctc ( l t lbt) y q pt mc cbl sbl cmptmt d l vd y l bqmc d lby. est mtdl, s ctmt jstbl l mdd q s st pss l vst

c. S mb, l msm pd s my tlp stblc pm pxmc l cmptmt d l plt lc c s mbt. est mtdl s jstc tmb p ls stcs dd l mc sl y/ clm sdclmt ccsbls l scl d pcl pd pcls. Ls mcs s btds sbl plt t y l by, tds l ctxt dlmd, st lc stch c l cldd dl vdm y l cldd d ls vs. L mclvd s , dmtlmt, l vlc dl std hdc d l plt y l mcclm

d ls cms, lc c l bqmc d lby pt dl std hbc d s ccmt.L dcltd sd stblc ls clcsptts.

I.4.5. Los elementos del mtodo

Ls stds s ctds sb l plt dbt ct ls sts pts lc ss stds lcs:

a) La planta

l std hdc..

l ccmt d ls smt y d ls mls.b.

l spc l ttl (SFt) l spc lc.xpst ptcl (SFep) p m2 p hct(Cb, 1995; Ms, 1996).

l lc SFe/P (spc l xpst / psd.d csch, p m2. est lc dpd dl v d l plt (Cb, 1999).

l v (ps d smt)..

l xps vttv (ps dl cjt d ls.smts d plt p m2).

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l cpcdd d plt (0,5 x ps d pd +.0,2 x ps d csch).

b) Las bayas

l ccmt d ls bys..

ls cctstcs mccs d ls bys (mz)b.(abbl y Plt, 1991).

l ps d 200 bys y l ps d 1 by.c.

l ps d csch /plt md. 2.

l vlc d ls mtblts pms (zc.s, cds) y scds (ls, ms clmtlzbls l t q ls ms).

ests lmts cstty s d mdds

d cmp y lbt ccsbls d vl dccsbldd zbl. e c d ls ptslzds y d ls mds dspbls, s psbl lbdj dts vls.

P ls d sts mdds s tst lzls clcs:

Precisin sobre ciertos elementos del mtodo

el std hdc d l plt: l mc st ddp l mdd dl ptcl hdc l cs l

tcc d l cm d ps (Schld, 1965;ojd et al., 2001). el mtd d c q stlz ctlmt s l mdd dl ptcl hdcl d bs (PHFb) q s md ts dl mc,cd ls stms d ls hjs st cds y s hstblcd l qlb hdc lc l dl sl. Hy b lc t l std hdc d l plt mdd p l PHFb y l sv tld dl sl. e st std ls vls mblsdl PHFb h sd ppsts p Cb (1998)y pmt pc l d d sts hdc sdp l plt. Ls mbls pxmtvs s d vt d s d bsvcs mchs

vds y sb vs vdds:

0 Mp> P > 0.2 Mp sc d sts hdc

0,2Mp> P > 0,4Mp sts hdc l md

0,4Mp> P > 0.6 Mp sts hdc md t

0,6Mp> P sts hdc t

S pd lz ls pcss:

Tds ls tccs d vlc dl std hdc. d l v, dts l PHFb, db s ds st. es l cs dl ptcl hdc dl pmp(Ch, 2001) y d l mdd dl ptcl hdc

l dl zt. ests 2 ltms mtds md dm dct l tspc lbl dl lljy s dpdts d ls cdcs mtlcs (cl bld, hmdd dl , tc.).

el PHFb s dpdt d l llv y s csb.t ct st spct l smtd l ctc hdc. el mtd pmt stls spsts d l plt ct plz (lshs), lc mdcc dl sttshdc dl sl.

e ls stcs dd l stmc d l sc.v tl dl sl, lc c s pddd,s dclmt mdbls, l PHFb s l mtdcmdd p pc l std d l svhdc d sl y s vlc, v l plt. Lscs ll dd lmt ls sds dts pd hcl .

Ls mdds d PHFb s lz ptmd.t ctc d c mdc, s dv mdc. L vlc dl std hdc d l plt, l cs dl ccl vttv,s l q mj s l mpct dl sbl ccmt d l plt y sb l bqmcd l by. S s lz ls mdds lssts pds: c (100% d sbts), cd dl cm, v (50% d bys vds), mtd d mdc y d mdc l csch.

ests mdds lzds scl d l plt.cmplt pmt cctz l hmdd htdd d pcl p dpcls, tm d s cmptmt hdc, y pmt l plcc d ttmtstdstc d ls dts.

el blc PHFb d pcl pd pmt.vl l ts d lz ss pdlcs(clcts) p cmpd l vtl htdd dl cmptmt bsvd, qst ld, dmtlmt, l cpcdd

d zmt d l plt lc c lpddd dl sl s tlz.

el i ctl dl l v cc tt l.sl (t) cm l bsc d l dc lc c l qtct d l plt (dmd) (Cb, 2000).

El crecimiento vegetativo: l smt d l ctc dl lmt d ls smts pcpls pd s l dmc dl ccmt d lplt (Bsss y ecvt, 1974; Fx, 2001). el c

cmt d ls smts y d ls mls st lc stch c l std hdc d l plt(Hd y Mt, 2000; Lbm, 2001), y c l tlzc td (Cd, 1980). Ls mdds d

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rspsts d l v l terror. elmts p dtm mtd d std

v y d xps vttv slt tstsp cmp stcs dts. S pd ttd pcls c cmptmt hdc y/ tcdt smplmt p cmp msmstc d v, ls sstms d cdcc ts (Ktj et al., 1994; Cb et al., 2001; M etal. , 2001). Ls mdds d ccmt db s ls stds lcs y st std s csjbl l tlzc d l scl d ech y Lz(1995). el blc dl cb pt mcsb s pt t ls dts s (Cd, 1980). es cs sst sb l hch q lstd hdc d l plt s xplc c dlpt d (sl) p tmb c d ldmd (qtct d l vtc). es s ql ccpt d spc l ttl y spc lxpst tm scc. (Cb, 1976;Cb, 1995; Mbx y Cb, 1996; Ms, 1996). e st std s cs cd q

l lc SFe/P s xplc c dl v d lplt (Cb, 1999). L lc SFe/P s mslt l mdd q ls ss cmptc cls cms s ms mss, (l mptc d lsss d ls smts pms y scds, svl p l mdc dl v y d l xps vttv). Ls tbjs d vstc mst ql sstm d cdcc l v, s lmtmptt q dtm l cldd d l csch yl tpcdd d ls vs (c. Dts cts d ls Clqs dl geSCo).

el ccmt d l by: ls mtds d slccd bys c dl dmt d s ctd zcs, dsllds p l D. rm (inra Mtpll, uMr Sccs p lol, cm.ps.), pmt vslz ls tps dl ccmtd l by. a tvs d sts mtds, s h pddcm l sc d lc sstmtc t ltm d l by y s ctd zcs. L pcc vsl dl ccmt d ls bys s lt,y l mtd d slcc h mstd q p mss vdds y mchs stcs, hy htdd csdbl dl tm y dl pst ls bys d msm cm, t cms d

msm plt y t cms d dts plts. S h std lmt vlc ddl dmt d l by lc c l std hdc d l v (gsp et al., 1994). el m dclss d bys y s cc dpd, t tscts, dl std hdc d l plt. es tst, p cts stds (dscc d zcs, dcds, d mtblts scds, stds d ccmt, tc), tbj p cls d bys (ojd, 1999;ojd et al., 2001). S l pt mld pd s cs std ls cctstcs mccsd l by, q j s tc lc c l

vdd y l terror(rb et al., 1997).

Tbjs cts h ptd sltds lsdcd q sts hdc plcd l v d

c v, mdc l mltplcc cll s l dmt d ls clls, y s s ltsdd dl sts l ct pd s vsbl(ojd et al., 1998, 1999, 2001). Cd l stcd sts s pdc dl v mdc pd t cct vsbl, dbd l plstcddcll (l bldmt d l by q cctz lcmz dl v) . el m d cctc dlc s dctmt dpdt dl std hdc d l plt, l q s vz st lc cl sv clmt tlzbl dl sl y l ptd bj m d llv. P l by lm y tm d ls clls s lmts mptts q ptcp l cldd d l vdm,d l m q l lc spc plcl /plp (Cb et al, 1998). es p st z q ls sltds d ls lss bqmcs d lsmtblts pms y scds s cs dst ls q s d l cctc, l

mt xpsds m/, d qlls q sd l bstss, xpsds m/by.

La evolucin de los enoles: Ls stds mpdds sb l vlc d ls ls d l by cmmcds d spst d l v h pmtdlz vs bsvcs (Dl t l., 2001; ojd et al., 2002):

Dstc l mptc d csd l v.lc d cts mtblts dsd l shbc dl ccmt d l by (cjd

v). e st std s tst t ct l c d ls ts cltlslzds sb l vd dsd st pd,p cmpd tpt l ccmt yl bqmc d l by lc c l cldd d l vdm

Dsc, p tpt stcs dts,b.ls sltds q xps l cctc, dqlls q xps ls vts d bstss

rlc ls lcs std hdc d lc.

plt bqmc d l by csdd, p sts hdc dd, l pd q sbv, s dc y s tsdd. es s q lsvdds syh y ch, pt d ctvl d sts hdc, cc d l msmm, tms d bstss d tcs d vs (Dl et al, 2001).

als d ls cmpsts lcs stdds, t i l bds d ls bys. Ls lcs t l std hdc d l plt y s cpcddd dds ct b ss s p l tt

cmpt dl terror; lc c l mcclm d ls cms y l qtct d l vtc.(Dl et al.,.1998; Dl et al., 2000; Dl et al.,2001).

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Las relaciones bayas - vino: est tm s smmt cmplj y s stdd p vs qps:(Flzy, 1998; Bssd et al., 1999; c. acts ClqsgeSCo). S h dmstd q l sts hdc mdc l d d plmzc d ls ts (Dl et al., 2001; ojd et al., 2001), mc q lssmts d mdc clscs pmtdtct. L cst s dtm l mpct qst tp d bsvcs t sb l cldd dls vs lc dct c l pcs d vcc. e st std l lss ssl d ls s (rss t Dltl, 2000) s vslz cm tcc tst dsd vs pts d vst pdtm l mdz d l by, p ll db scmpltd c dl vl d l cmps yl cmt dl sstm terror va - baa pmd d lss ms pcss.

es cs stblc dsps, ls lcs pt

cls t ls spsts bqmcs d l by y lcldd y l tpcdd d ls vs cspdts.e st std py d mvccs (0,5 1 HL) y d lss ssl pd s tls pcmp, t s, cts stcs. el dslld tccs d lss pmts (tccs tlzd ls dsccs p j, p jmpl)pmt y, p cts mtblts pms y ldb hc l t p ls mtblts scds, l lzc d lss pds, bls yd cpcdd d slc, vl d ls vs yd ls bys. Ls clcs t l bqmc d

l by, l terrory l tpcdd d ls vs s mscls d stblc.

I.4.6. Objetivos y perspectivas

Ls stds ts ls spsts d l v te-rrortlz ls mtdls pltds st tcl. S b st ppst s xhstv, pmtspd m d pts lzds pl ps. es psbl dc vs vls dstd p lz l cmptmt d l v terror:

ls stds ptls (d ccl) q pm.t pm zc d l v sb pcl p d pcls (j. l zchdc p PHFb, c smt d l mdc)

ls stds d md dc (mm 3b.s) q pmt t l ct

ls stds d l dc q t p bjc.tv cctz z vtcl s cjt.

e c d l pt pltd y d ls mdsdspbls, s cs stblc cmpmst l dc dl std y d ls mtdls tlz. P jmpl, l smpl mdd dl PHFb pmt ccl d dsll d l v bt pm zcc dl cmptmt hdc dl plt sb ls pcls stdds. P spd l pt d l stbldd dl terror, s cscmpd l ts d pt sts mdds vss (l ms 3). u lss ccl ctdvs s sb mc ltv ls bys dch t d rh mdl (mtbltspms y ps d 200 s) h mstd q ls d 7 s (1992 1998) s cc l s d 17s (19821998), p q s d 3 s mlld (1995 1997) pc psttv dl p

d mxm csdd (Vd, 2001). e ststd, ls stds q s pp d ctc dl vlc bqmc d ls bys lc cl smt hdc d l v, db pmtcc ms pdmt l ct p vdd terror. es s q s d 3 5 sd stds d ls lcs va - baa -vno pdpmt tpt pdmt l ct terror:

Los objetivos posibles de estos estudios son prin-cipalmente:

P ld pt mcs sb ls l. cs v terror v, c s d cc yd cmcc t (t scs d cptv p jmpl, p jstc l ts d lslcc pcl y/ l lcc d ls chs dvdm) xt p pd dd l ccpt d terror l lz d mts cbls.

P t pt, p ls cmdcs d lsb.ts cltls y sb l vcc, lc l tp d pdct dsd.

I.4.7. Agradecimientosadcms clsmt l D. emmllVd (ina Ps g) p ls cmtsptts q h ptd st tcl. adcms lmt l S. Mchl gb (Dct dlSvc vtclt Cm d aclt dl gd) yl Ps J .C. Fx (uvsdd d B,Lbt d Ccs d l V) p ss vlssptlzcs.

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I.5. Actividad biolgicade los suelos: intereses y

mtodos de evaluacin

35 I.5.1. Papel de la actividad biolgica

35 I.5.2. Los mtodos de evaluacin

36 I.5.3. Variabilidad de la biomasamicrobiana en uncin del suelo

36 I.5.4. Variabilidad en uncin del clima

37 I.5.5. Utilizacin de los indicadoresmicrobiolgicos

38 I.5.6. Utilizacin del recuento depoblacin: los microartrpodos.


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I.5.1. Papel de la actividad biolgica

L mc d ls sls (pdss) y l tcd ls plts st cdcds p ccs d bqmc. S dsll s ct psc d ss vvs. el ccmt d l ctvddblc d sl pmt, p l tt, ccs l dmc d vlc dl sl y ls cpcd

ds d tcmb t l sl y l plt.

Ls sls lb mss ss vvs (mc, mc y ms), cy ctvdd s vclms ms dct c s cmt. Cls s ls mdds blcs y bqmcs pcls, s dc vddmt tlzbls, p

jz ls cts d ls pctcs cls sb lcldd d ls sls y dl mbt?. aq pstms ls pcpls mtds ltcs cpcs dpt mc sb l ctvdd blc dlsl. es cs spcc q sts mtds

s sstty p l bsvc d cmp (s pdlc clct). S cmplmt.

P l mmt, xst t bl d lsdcds d ctvdd blc dl sl. ests hmts pmt dstc l cldd dlsl l mmt d l mdc. S tlzc pd s csdd cmt l mcd smt tmpl d pcl. ests hmts m, tcs, cc d l vlcdl std blc dl sl.

I.5.2. Los mtodos de evaluacin Biomasa microbiana

L c d bms mcb bc l cjtd ls mcsms dl sl (bcts, hs,tc.). Cspd l mdc dl cb ctd ls ss vvs dl sl. e cscc, lbms mcb s mdc lbl q pst ctdd d cb vv l sl. estmtd pst l vtj d s plcbl tds lstps d sls, d st pctcmt mlzd yltvmt d cl lzc.

Pool de materias orgnicas del suelo

exst 2 ms dtcds d mts cs: l

mt c my stbl l hms y l cc vv l bms mcb.

et sts 2 ms, xst cc c tmd. est cc pd dscs p dtsmtds: l xtcc c clt, l ccmt lmtc, l mdc d l cc

hmd d l mt c (mtd Hdy). elccmt d st mt c lbl msb l stct d l mt c dl sl. es dcd d vlc pd (dl d d 3 5s).

Mineralizacin del carbono y del nitrgeno

S tt d md ptcl d mlzc. el mtd csst md l mlzc dl cb ydl t, cdcs ctlds, ccs lptm blc (28 ds 28C).

est ctdd d cb lcd c l tmd l bms mcb, pmt ccd l ts dvc dl cb vv.

Actividades enzimticas del suelo

L ddc d l mt c p ls ssvs s ctd, pcplmt, p zms. Pl tt, s psbl ccs l c d ctvddblc mdd ls cs zmtcs dlsl.

ests mtds s pc pctcs y q l mdcs my spcc y, p l tt, dcl d pxms c d cmt dl sl.

Mediciones macrobiolgicas

L vlc d ls pblcs d lmbcs, csst dtm l m, l ms y l dvsdd d lsss d t, psts l sl. Ls mtdsd mst s pcss pmt s t. S mb, s pd csd pxmcssmplcd ls mtds.

Ls lmbcs s sms vvs q stct lsl (tl l, mzcl d l mt c).S vlc bd mc cc d l stc

Eric CHANTELOT

ITV Nmes-Rodilhan

Artculo ceddo por www.nowne.com

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actvdd blc d ls sls: tss y mtds d vlc

t dl sl y s ptcl d vlc. S pdlz tmb, l ct d ts sms dlsl. as, s ct tpds mctpds. ests cts pmt vl l ct d pctc ( cmpc c tst) sb l pblc blc. ests mtds s bls, s s lz ccmt pcs d cd spc. S ls

dcds tlzbls l mc d l vstc.

Cmo interpretar los resultados del anlisisbiolgico?

el vl d bms mcb dpd d mss cts. a d lz mj tptcd ls lss ts, hms bscd pc st vbldd c dl sl y dl clm.

I.5.3. Variabilidad de la biomasa microbiana enuncin del suelo

P bd l vbldd vcld l sl, hmslzd std 3 dts tps d sl. Lssls mclcs (pd spcl) s cctz p pH bsc (> 8,5), ctd dcll d 30 % y ctd clc ttl lvd,sp 40 %. e ct ls sls sltcs, scctz p pH ms bscs (6,5 7), ctd d cll dl d dl 15 % y sc clc.L pm csttc vl, tds ls sls, bj vl d bms mcb (dl d d 80 mc/k) ( 1) y vbldd c dls msts.

e sd l, s psbl d vl d c p tp d sl. e ct, l dc t ls sls mclcs spcls y m

clcs pds s t mptt cm t lssls sltcs y ls sls mclcs spcls.

I.5.4. Variabilidad en uncin del clima

L vd d ls mcsms dl sl dpd dl y d l tmpt dl sl. Hms ttd,p l tt, spcc l vbldd d l bmsmcb, l l dl , clm mdt(s 2 y 3).

Csttms q l vl d bms mcbpd v d smpl l dbl, c d l ch d tm d mst.

2 pds pc cm ls ms vbls p lvd d ls mcsms: l t y l pmv

. el v pd s csdd cm l pdms dsvbl p l vd dl sl. P t ld,csttms q st tdc s dpdtdl vl d bms mcb dl sl ( 3).

D st std, tdms q s mptt, l mc d smt tmpl d l bms mcb, ct ls tms d msts lsmsms pds d l t. P t ld, lvl d bms mcb pc my ssbl lct d sqdd.

acsjms, p l tt, md mdt,

ct ls msts t, pd dd lm hdc pmt tz mj bhmdd dl sl. L dqsc d ms d c d l bms mcb pc dlcd d

Figura 1Nivel de biomasa microbiana en los dierentes tipos de suelos

Figura 2Evolucin del nivel de biomasa microbiana

Figura 3Evolucin de la biomasa microbiana sobre los 2 dierentes

tipos de suelo

Figura 4Evaluacin del rendimiento microbiano

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lb. Sl l cc d bs d dts csct pd pmt ll cs cd cctstcs d sl y clm.

Cctmt, sts lss pd csds slmt l pcl l mc d smt tmpl.

I.5.5. Utilizacin de los indicadores microbiolgicos

a d pst cm pd s tlzds ls dcds mcblcs, tmms l jmpl d pcl xpmtl, cmpd cbt vd c dsmlzd c hbcds.

e st mc, s ctl 3 dcds: l dmt mcb (BM/C), l spc spcc(Cm/BM) y l pl d mts cs.

el dmt mcb pmt vl l pt dcb d mcb ctd l cb c ttl, q s bj. e st st d std, csttms q l lzc d cbtvd, pmt mt 0,5 % l pt d cbvv ( 4).

L spc spcc cspd l vlcddd vc dl cb d mcb. est jmpl, cmpbms q l lzc dl smb c hbs (cbt vd) h cld l vc dl cb vv ( 5).

C sts 2 dcds, vcms, p l tt, ql pt d cb vv h mtd c l cbt vd. P l ct, l ctvdd d st cb mdcd.

Flmt, l std d l ptc t cblb (cc mlzbl) y cb cmbd(cc stbl) ttlmt mdcd ( 6).C l smb c hbs, l pt dl cb lbps d 20 % 50 %. est pb cm ls bsvcs pcdts, q l lzc d l smbc hbs pmt cml cc mlzbl(t d lmt p ls mcsms), p

h mtd l ctvdd d mlzc (ctvdd d ls mcsms).

e l t, l smt d st pcl dbpmt bsv s l ctvdd d ls mcs

Figura 5Evaluacin de la respiracin especca

Figura 6Parte de carbono libre y de carbono combinado en la raccin

de carbono orgnico total

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actvdd blc d ls sls: tss y mtds d vlc

ms s dsll psvmt. u sc ddsll s s d ml cmt: lsl cml mt c sc p s

cpz d dl d stblzl y d z lstct dl sl.

I.5.6. Utilizacin del recuento de poblacin: losmicroartrpodos.

Dt 3 s, hms dd std p cc l mpct d cmb d ls pctcs sb lspblcs d mctpds.

S cmp 4 vbls tccs: l dsmlzdtl (hbcds d p y pst mc),

cbt vd ctld (c hbcds d pst

mc), cbt vd tl y l tbjdl sl.

e stss, csttms q l cbt vd y l e.n.M.,pst bdc ttl sp ( 7).

P l ct, sl l cbt vd tl, pst qz spcc sp l dsmlzdtl (dc sctv) ( 8).

P l tt, l dcd dl ct d mctpds s ssbl cmbs d pctcs d mtmt dl sl. P d mst l ctpstv (bdc y dvsdd) d l cbtvd tl y m mdd, d l cbt

vd ctld.

Figura 7Abundancia total de microartrpodos

Figura 8Riqueza especca global de microartrpodos

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La planta y su cultivo


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Captulo II

42 II.1. Inuencia de la gestin del viedo en la calidad de la uva.St Poni

52 II.2. Eectos de la poda en verde en la otosntesis del sarmiento,componentes de la cosecha y composicin de la uva.St Poni, Lz CaSaLini, Fb BerniZZoni,Slv CiVarDi y Cs inTrieri

66 II.3. Valoracin de la eciencia de la masa vegetal de la vid.St Poni

78 II.4. Prcticas ambientales y de gestin que aectan a la composicinde la uva y a la calidad del vino.D. i. JaCKSon y P. B. LoMBarD

108 II.5. Estimacin y control de la calidad de la uva en el viedo.F. MarTneZ De ToDa

116 II.6. Estimacin de la calidad de la uva en el viedo empleando unnuevo ndice vitcola.F. MarTneZ De ToDa, J. TarDguiLa y J. C. SanCHa

124 II.7. Estimacin de la calidad de la uva tempranillo en el viedomediante la cha VITUR.J. TarDaguiLa y F. MarTneZ De ToDa

132 II.8. Determinacin y control del estado hdrico de la vid, eectosmorolgicos y siolgicos de la restriccin hdrica en la vid.

H oJeDa, al DeLoire, Zph Wang y al CarBonneau

144 II.9. Riego cualitativo de precisin en la vid.H oJeDa

154 II.10. El control del riego en la calidad del vino.Js rm LiSSarrague

164 II.11.La gestin hdrica del viedo.St Poni

184 II.12.Estrategias de gestin del riego en viedos de vinicacin.Js rm LiSSarrague, Pl BaeZa,Ptc SnCHeZ-De-MigueL y J girona

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43 II.1.1. El concepto de eciencia de lacanopia

46 II.1.2. Las caractersticas de la canopiay la poda invernal: la cuestin de la

longitud de la poda

47II.1.3. Gestin de la canopia y poda

estival

49 II.1.4. Conclusiones

51 II.1.5. Reerencias bibliogrcas

II.1. Inuencia de lagestin del viedo en la

calidad de la uva


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II.1.1. El concepto de eciencia de la canopia

L cc d l cp vtc d l vd stctmt d p l sstm d cdcc,q l cc pd lczs dtsms d vd (P et al., 2007). Dtm s

cp s ct y cd l s sp tmd t, y q st cctstc s t d cmplj tcc t l t, l cmbcdl tp y dl vtl, y l st dl vd. as, s s cctms l dc sl cml ct mbtl ms yt y ptms d mplzmt c dspbldd dtmdd dc, l cp d l plt slt ctcd l qlb t l tcptc dl lz ms ts, dstbc dcd d l lzdt d l cp y dcd ptc d lmt sc ls cms y ls pmps. u vz

q l cc d l cp h qdd dd ls ls, cv lz ls 3 stspts d ct ms tcc.

Figura 1Modelos de crecimiento de brotes

y bayas en Vitis viniera L.

II.1.1.1. Modulacin del vigor de la vid

L btc y l ccmt d ls bys s 2 pcss dmtls l dsll d l vd, y ld l q s slp dt l tmpd y

l dc d st slpmt dms dpddl v d l vd. e l cs q c l 1,mbs pcss tv dt d l pm sd ccmt d ls bys (s hbc) p l

q pbblmt s d cdcs p vdsbstt qlbds c ccmt vttvbj (d h l cmptc hc ls cms) dl v dlt.

Ls cts q y l v d l vd s m

chs y t lls st l tp d sl, s st, lptjts, l spcd t vds, l m dds ts l pd d v, l sstm d cdcc, l pd d v, ls tts y l dspbldd d . e ctxt d cmb clmtclbl c plt scs d ls tmpts ls dcds vds (Js et al., 2005), l s dlsstm d c p dct ctld(rDC) s st cvtd ct ccl lh d l l ccmt d l vd y, p tt,s v.

Pdms ct jmpl dl l 2q c sy d rDC svs (P etal., 2007): l dc 50% l smst d ls vds, s l btc dt l v.

Figura 2Eectos del estrs hdrico (EH) en el crecimiento de brotes de

cepas de sangiovese comparados con un riego abundante.Extrado de Poni et al., 2007.

et ls cts lds dl v d l vd qs h mcd ts, l tspcd d ls vds l hl j ppl my mptt. evtclt sl dpts cm l l q

Steano PONI

Istituto di Frutti-Viticoltura,

Universit Cattolica del Sacro Cuore

Piacenza, Italia.

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ic d l st dl vd l cldd d l v

dcc l spc t cps dscd cmptc d ls cs q ctl ltm d l vd. Y st pd s ctvmt ct cd l spcd s my pq y l tp dsl lmt l dsll ltl y pddd dls cs. P l ct, s s tts d sl c tts y d txt , l dc l tspcd d ls cps hl pd ds l ctct: ps q cb sp lmtc dlv d ls plts p l my cmptc tls cs, l dstc dcc dl m d ymsp vd pd ctst l ct. a m tspcd, l cjt d bts q m l cptm ccd ms pd y c my ltd;d h q mplq my cmptc hcls cms y q, my pbblmt, ms tvcs l pd d v.

u b jmpl d l t s mst l

3 (Slvst y Plltt, 2005). u pmt lmt cptd p xps l v d l vd sl ps d l md d pd cd ts l pdvl; p s slt ccl lz q dd s sc p xps l v d l vd. Cmmst l 3, p vds c dts vdds y c tspcd vbl ls hls,s l ps d md d pd s clcl p dd dvd, s td lc d ppc dct cl spcd (j. my ltd d cd, myctdd d md d pd cd p ); ps ls msms dts s xps p mt d h

l, pmtd p tt cmpc hm t vds, l sltd s xctmtl pst, c vds ms vss mdd q sdj l dstc t cps.

Figura 3Peso de madera de poda por vid y metro de cordn recogido en

dierentes espalderas y ubicaciones. El interespaciado de lasvides dentro de la hilera queda detallado en los histogramas.

Para ms detalles ver Silvestroni y Palliotti, 2005

II.1.1.2. Relacin hoja- baya

Mchs d ls dts pblcds sb l vd stblc lc c t l cldd d l v yl qlb d l vd, y mlmt s j l

lc t t (j. spc ttl l) ysmd (j. vlm d csch) (Klw y Dkzl, 2005). Hst l mbl d 11.2m2/k, st lc mst tbl mt d l cldd, msll d s c s st mts sctvs l cldd lld cls dscd pts hjby (HF) ms lts ( 4). L z pl q l cldd s vlv psvmt ssbll cmt d l lc HF s q clqspld, l dsdd dl llj lcz s d dptmzc dtmd v (j. mdd ts cps d hjs) y my cmlc dhjs ctby d m sstcl l tstss. Cd mpz ds t dsqlbp xcs d spc l, l cldd d l vpd dcs dbd dts mcsms: )u cmptc dmsd cmpttv d ls bts y l cmlc d slts l by b)u smbd xcsv d ls cms ls hc ms

sscptbls pds; C) u my ts d spc ct q cd l dspbldd d cbhdts p l mdc.

Figura 4Hipottica relacin entre la relacin hoja-baya (m2/kg)

y la calidad de la uva

el scd slc ht l 4 s ql cldd d l cmpsc d l v dpd msdl qlb t hjs y c d csch q dlvl bslt d l c d csch d cp.

D h q slt my tst l cs q sdscb l 5 (Chpm et al., 2004) q c ls tbts ssls d ls vs cbtbtds d cps d c lt y bj. e pm mmt slt spdt q ls pltsd c bj s ls q pdzc ls vs cms vtls y d pmt vd, mts qls vds d c lt d cm sltd vs mstds. a s, l c bj, st cs, s lmtd bscmt l svdd d l pds dj my pcs ds l vd y ps q,bjtvmt, l vl d l c bj, l cldd

s v ctd p cmptc xcsv d lvtc y smbd xcsv. D h, q s pdt sm q c bj s ct sct p s my cldd.

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II.1.1.3. Microclima de los racimos

aq l cltmt lbl q s v bsvd dsd hc 50 s, ls ls, pc hb ddd pstvmt l cldd dlv mdl, l pstc d t cltmt scl lbl, cttl y l td cts bcss p tmb pjdcls sb lv: s b vs s d vtclt y mt l vbldd, p tmb pd q cltv lv dcdmt y pdc v d cldd sp ttc t (Js et al., 2005). e lsls, p tm y mtd, l pvsbl cmbclmtc q s vc td ms d mpctsb l dst dl v: spd ps dd sb ls y scss css hdcs; lt ms l ccl lc d l vd; y dsts ct l cmpsc qlbd y l sb dls vs y l v. P dms pd lt ls v

dds spccs d cd ; mdc, cscsmt, ls stls ls d ls vs; yspd cmbs spcls ls s dds vbl l cltv d l vd.

est pvsbl tdc hc cltmtlbl tmb td mpct l mcclmdl cm d p cmpsc ptm d lv. S h cd smp q smbd tpd ypld d ls cms t cts tvs sb l cldd d l v y dl v. e std myct y my cmplt llvd cb c shz

(rstc et al., 2007), s cms pvs l c cds cjs. al cmpls c cms q hb pmcd xpsts l lz sl,qd vdc q l smb dc l tmd ls bys, mt l ps d ls ppts, l pH y

l aT. Ls bys d smb t ctd dtcs sml, ms tcs dxds, msts ls ppts y ms ts ls hlljs.Ls vs pdcds c ts d smb t m dsdd d cl, ms tcs, msts y ms ms (dmsc y TDn). Lslss ssls h vld tmb dcs msbjs d stc, m sb td y mpsstc dl sb.

P l ct, hy cd vz my vdc d qls lts tmpts (y l xpsc lz ts) pvc scs dcd clc vdds cm l mlt (Spyd et al., 2002),ch cbt sv (Bvst et al., 2001)q s cltv mbts clds. Ms spccmt, l cs dl mlt (Spyd et al., 2002),qd dmstd q s s bjb l tmptd l c ccdtl d hl c tc

Snt s lb cmt l pmtc d ls bys q, s vz, dsm s s sbl tmpt d l c est d l hl. u stdmy ct d M et al. (2007) h cmd qs ls bys d cbt sv s mt 35C, l d l tmpt md d 25 C, dsps dl v s dc mdd l cctc d tcs l t. P dms, ststd h mld vs vds hptsssb ls zs q pvc s spst. Msdtlldmt:

Se produceun cambio en la composicin detcs ls hlljs d ls bys q cc tmpts lts. S dc l ctddd tds ls cmpts slv d l mlvd y ss dvds. Cb sp q st mdcc tv ct l t dl vsltt;

La acumulacinde mRNA de genesbiosinttics d tcs y l ctvdd zmtc dl uFgT s hb c ls lts tmpts, l q sc q l cpcdd bsttzd d ls tcs ct c ls lts

tmpts. e ts tps (j. ak Q, cltv tt) ls lts tmpts pm l xps d ls s bsttcs d lstcs (Ym et al., 2006);

LosantocianosC13quefueronsintetizadosants d s xpsts ls lts tmptsdsmy d m tbl dsps dlttmt c lts tmpts. S psp q l ccl d tcs cly vspcss: ddc qmc, ddc zmtc y plmzc c

ptcd. Ls ts s q lslts tmpts d ts xdtv lsbys, pd pvc pxdss, y p tt,dd ls tcs dl hllj.

Bajo rendimientoAlto rendimiento

Frutosrojos y negros

Astringente

Vegetalen boca Amargo

Pimienta negra en boca

Pimiento

Vegetal

Pimientanegra

cido

Arutado en boca

Figura 5Resultado del anlisis sensorial de vinos cabernet sauvignonobtenidos de plantas con alta y baja produccin. Extrado de

Chapman et al., 2004.

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D sts sltds s bsv x c l mc cl y l st dl vd, y s xbstt bv: dt l v, mbtcld, ls bys js s b xpsts pd lcz tmpts clmt t 8 y 10Cp cm d l tmpt mbt p l q dm td s c l s d q s pdzc ddc d ls tcs dms d ltc d l cmpsc d ls tcs dvdls. estctmt hbld, s my pbbl ql mbt dl p vs cltvds mbtsclds s pc l q c l t 1, dd lscms st mlmt xpsts lz ds. a s, ls ts st bstt vtlds, l ctct t cms s my lmtd y ls ys d slpt l cp dsd dstts dccs.est tp d mcclm s cs ms clmtc spld d cd lb q ptc lllj vtcl.

II.1.2. Las caractersticas de la canopia y la podainvernal: la cuestin de la longitud de la poda

aq l st d l cp st ms lcd c ls pcs d l pd stvl, ls dcss q s tm dt l pd d v(m d ds, ltd d l pd, l pscd ls pls y ls vs, tc.) pd t c dtmt l ccmt d l cp, l pdcc y l cmpsc l d lv. e st std, d ls tms ms dbtds,

y p slv, s l lcc t pd ct (pl) l. Mchs vtclts st ttdsp cvt ls sstms d cdcc gyt splds c cd spld y q l std l c d sts, hy d, pd ls clmt c 4050 hs/h t ls 90110 hs/h css p st sstm d vsssttds lmt. a s, hy dds sb lcpcdd d dptc pdctv d ls vdssmtds pd ct y l mpct q tsb l cldd d l v. objtvmt lt vstc q cmp vds cdcds gytc vds cd spld bj s msms

cdcs cltls (j. msm lt d l cpy msm tspcd dt d l hl). L tbl1 c dts tdv dts pcsmt sbst cmpc. el sy s llv cb dt

pd d 3 s l z d Cll Pct itl c l cv. bb. es tst cmpbq c l pd pl s bt btcmch ms ms d pmps, p l sstmgyt tz my tldd d ls yms ycms ms ds c l q l stc s qlb, y l sltd l s pdcc p vd mypcd t ls 2 splds. Cm cscc,

s cvt bsv q tmpc d ct cmpsc d l v, slds slbls dlmst y cctc d tcs. e ls ls, st cmpc cl l blz vd cvs d pd l pd pl,y q l spld pdd pl, l lcpdcc/cldd bscmt s mt ltd p mplc sctv h d m db.

P l q spct l vbldd d pd ct t pd l, cvd pt q l ltmst csdd cm tp d pd cl y p

l tt st my xtdd; p s l cs d lpd ct q p l cm tdv ssct md pvc dcc dstc d l pdccp slcc sct d ds tls m

Foto 1Canopia vertical de vides de cabernet sauvignon guiadas en

espaldera de cordn simple.

Tabla 1Resultado del anlisis sensorial de vinos c abernet sauvignon obtenidos de plantas con alta y baja produccin.

Extrado de Chapman et al., 2004.

Racimo/cepa

Racimo/sarmiento

Racimo/cepa

Peso delracimo (g)

Peso de labaya (g)

Rendimiento/cepa (kg)

BrixAntocianos

(mg/g)

VSP 45.6 a 0.55 b 26.2 a 187 b 2.08 6.1 22.8 1.55

Guyot 14.0 b 1.34 a 21.3 b 253 a 2.06 6.5 22.0 1.52

t-test ** ** * ** ns ns ns ns

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d q s d pdd psv d pdctvdd dl cd l l dl tmp. nmlmts s 2 pltmts p st l cd(t 2); l pm pc csst slccpls d l v pcl cstyd c ltmp mc d md vj q mt lpl (b). est stt s pbblmt mscl d llv cb y ctmt, md y lplz, pl l csdd d lm ls smts ychps mlmt. a s, xst lt sd q ls scts dl cd s qd vcs(y pd c ll s pdctvdd) pq, p z clq, ctdd dcd d md v s ct dd pl. a l vs(t 2, bj), pd pts p pd my ct(cls d p pl ls vdds mscts) st, q h clmt vtbl lpst clcc ml d ls smts y md vj, tz mj mtmt dl c

d y q l vc d pls sl ds vs d bts bsls. P l q s pd ddcq ccmt vttv m dl cjtd bts q cmp l cp tmb mdc ms qlbd.

II.1.3. Gestin de la canopia y poda estival

Td pc d pd stvl pd vd tl ptcl d mdc, dts ss, l sl d l cp y, cm cscc, l cmp

sc d l v. e st dcmt, s cctms l clcc y td d ls smts, ldspt y l dshjd tmp.

II.1.3.1. Colocacin de los sarmientos

est pc s lz d m t lscps c pscmt vtcl d bts(VSP) c l bjtv d z ls bts vtcly vt q s dscl sb ls clls. adms, clcc cct y pt d ls smtsclt y mj ls sltds d clq dsptpst. L clcc d ls smts s l md c l yd d pjs d lmbs mvls q tp ls smts vz q sts slvds hst l lt d l cp. L q pcms csjbl s clc l ltm p d lmbs mvls cs l xtm sp dl pst,p mxmz l d cp tsttc. L

clcc d ls smts pd s mczd,y ms d 2 hs/h ls mqs pd lvt ls smts clts, y clc cd ldd l spld bds d plstc q cl vtc t lls dstcs pstblcdstlzd bzds d mtl plstc.

S b hy dscs sb l csdd d clcls smts (spclmt css d xcs dv), s sb my pc sb ls cts slcsq t sb l sl d l cp. L 6c ls cvs d tdc d spst lmc

d hj dvdl y d 2 cps c sstmd cdcc dt (VSP t ccmt lb). aq spd cmpb q l tstss mt c l cmt d lz d mms dl l cs d ls cps cmplts, sq cv slt q l cp zd t ls2 lmbs d sjc t ts d tstsspxmdmt 26% ms bj q l cpq cc lbmt (P it, 2001). est dc my pbblmt s db q ll ms lz l t d l cp l spld VSP.

Foto 3Un sarmiento despuntado donde se aprecia el uerte

recrecimiento de los brotes laterales.

Foto 22 ormas dierentes de gestin de la poda invernal en cordnespolonado. Pulgares sostenidos sobre un marco de maderavieja (arriba) o pulgares renovados a partir de yemas basales

muy prximas al cordn.

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II.1.3.2. Despunte

el dspt s pbblmt l pc d pdstvl q s d c ms cc vd.S h dslld mdls d dspt mczd my bls (mtd ls tcts bsd ct cchlls ts) q h pmtd pltmt mczd my ct y pd(12 hs/h), y l cldd l dl sltd d bslt d l pd ml. L csdd dldspt db lmts dtmds stcs: lmtc spcl dl ccmt d l cp,mj cjd d l t y ccmt vtcl dls bts, my cc l csch m

l y mczd.

Td dspt t mpct l sl

d l cp y q s lt dmcmt ttl l ttl cm s dm. obsvd l t 3 s pd ccl q l sps dlpc d ls pmps y d m vbl dhjs jvs dc (q dstcmt) l l y, p tt, tmb l tcptc dl lz, q l dd md d ls bts mtd pt. as q, dpdd d l ltd dlccmt ltl y d l pd q s pdzc, l cp jvc y l l ttl s cp. el mmt y l svdd c q s llv cb l dspt s dcss ccls, q ls sstms VSP l vtclt ls ctl sl d

m pcl p

Informe Técnico: Control del Viñedo en los Vinos de Calidad

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