Information Systems Analysis and Design

**Chapter ContentsSection A: Information SystemsSection B: Systems AnalysisSection C: System DesignSection D: Implementation and Maintenance

**Section A: Information SystemsInformation Systems in OrganizationsTransaction Processing SystemsManagement Information SystemsDecision Support SystemsExpert Systems and Neural Networks

**Information Systems in OrganizationsAn information system collects, stores, and processes data to provide useful, accurate, and timely informationAn organization is a group of people working together to accomplish a goalBusinessNonprofit organizationMissionMission statement

**Information Systems in OrganizationsOrganizational charts depict the hierarchy of employees in an organization

**Information Systems in OrganizationsInformation systems can:Automate routine tasksSolve problemsStructured problemSemi-structured problemUnstructured problemCollect and store internal or external information

**Transaction Processing SystemsProvides a way to collect, process, store, display, modify, or cancel transactionsPoint-of-sale systemsGeneral accounting systemsPayroll systemsOrder-entry / invoice systemsBatch processing vs. online processingOLTP systemDetail reports

**Transaction Processing SystemsA transaction processing system (TPS) is characterized byits ability to: Collect, display, and modify transactions Store transactions List transactions CLICK TO START

**Management Information SystemsA management informationsystem is characterized by its ability to: Produce routine and on-demand reports Provide useful information for managerial activities Increase managerial efficiency Provide information used for structured, routine decisions CLICK TO START

**Management Information Systems

**Decision Support SystemsHelps people make decisions by directly manipulating data, analyzing data from external sources, generating statistical projections, and creating data models of various scenariosExecutive information systemDSSs design decision models and make decision queries

**Decision Support SystemsCLICK TO START

**Expert Systems and Neural NetworksExpert systems are designed to analyze data and produce a recommendation, diagnosis, or decision based on a set of facts and rulesKnowledge baseInference engineKnowledge engineeringExpert system shellFuzzy logicA neural network uses computer circuitry to simulate the way a brain might process information, learn, and remember

**Expert Systems and Neural NetworksAn expert system is characterized by its ability to: Replicate the reasoning of a human expert Work with internal or external data Produce a recommendation or decision CLICK TO START

**Section B: Systems AnalysisSystem Development Life CyclePlanning PhaseProject JustificationAnalysis PhaseSystem Requirements

**System Development Life CycleWaterfall SDLC

**System Development Life CycleModified waterfall SDLCIterative SDLC

**Planning PhaseCreate a Project Development PlanProject management softwareJoint application design (JAD)

**Project JustificationUsually emerges from a serious problem with the current systemMichael Porters Five Forces model illustrates the factorsthat affect competition amongbusiness rivals.

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**Project JustificationAn organization must be able to:Make improvementsChange the industryCreate new productsThe PIECES framework helps classify problems in an information system

**Project JustificationDevelopment methodologiesStructured methodologyInformation engineering methodologyObject-oriented methodologyRapid application development

**Analysis PhaseProduce a list of requirements for a new or revised information systemAnalysis phase activitiesStudy the current systemDetermine system requirementsWrite requirements report

**Analysis Phase

**System RequirementsCriteria for successfully solving problems identified in an information systemSuccess factorsA CASE tool can:Document system requirementsDiagram current and proposed information systemsSchedule development tasksDevelop computer programs

**System RequirementsCASE tools help projectteam members manageall the details of systemdocumentation. In thisexample, the projectteam is defining fields forthe Inventory objectdepicted on the diagram. CLICK TO START

**System RequirementsA System Requirements Report describes the objects for an information system

**Section C: System DesignDesign PhaseEvaluation and SelectionApplication Specifications

**Design PhaseThe project team must figure out how the new system will fulfill the requirements in the specified in the System Requirements Report

**Design PhaseConsider the following when evaluating hardware alternativesLevel of automation and computerizationProcessing methodologyCentralized processingDistributed processingNetwork technology

**Design PhaseSoftware alternativesProgramming languageApplication development toolCommercial softwareTurnkey system

**Evaluation and SelectionDecision support worksheet

**Evaluation and SelectionA request for proposal (RFP) describes the information system problem and the requirements for the solution

**Evaluation and SelectionA request for quotation (RFQ) is a request for a formal price quotation on a list of hardware and software

**Application SpecificationsDescribe the way the information systems software should interact with users, store data, process data, and format reportsFeature creep refers to the failure to constrain changeChanges should be managed formally, including written change requests

**Section D: Implementation and MaintenanceImplementation PhaseDevelopment and TestingDocumentation and TrainingConversion and CutoverMaintenance Phase

**Implementation PhaseProject team supervises the tasks necessary to construct the new information system

**Development and TestingSoftware customization is the process of modifying a commercial application to reflect an organizations needsApplication testing is performed in three ways:Unit testingIntegration testingTest areaSystem testing

**Development and Testing

**Documentation and TrainingSystem documentationDescribes a systems features, hardware architecture, and programmingUser documentationDescribes how to interact with the system to accomplish specific tasksProcedure handbookContains step-by-step instructions for performing specific tasks

**Conversion and CutoverSystem conversionDeactivating an old information system and activating a new oneSeveral conversion strategies:Direct conversionParallel conversionPhased conversionPilot conversionAcceptance testing is designed to verify that the new information system works as required

**Maintenance PhaseInvolves day-to-day operation of the system, making modifications to improve performance, and correcting problemsSecurity is a top priority as well as an ongoing activity

**Maintenance PhaseThe system operator is responsible for operating the computer on a day-to-day basisThe systems programmer installs new versus of the operating system and modifies settings to maximize performanceThe help desk is staffed by technical support specialists who are familiar with the information system and record problems and solutions

**Maintenance PhaseMaintenance phase costs