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Carbon Dioxide Emissions from New Australian Vehicles 2010

Information PaperMay 2011

Carbon Dioxide Emissions from New Australian Vehicles 2010 Information Paper

National Transport Commission May 2011

ISBN: 978-1-921604-13-3

© National Transport Commission 2011

Page ii


ForewordThe National Transport Commission (NTC) is an independent body tasked by the Australian Transport Council to provide independent advice to transport ministers on transport regulatory and operational reforms. The NTC undertakes these reforms across road, rail and intermodal transport to improve safety, productivity and environmental outcomes.

In November 2009, NTC published an information paper that provided for the first time detailed data about the carbon dioxide emissions of new vehicles sold in Australia. This paper provides new information about the carbon dioxide emissions of new vehicles during 2010.

Cars and light commercial vehicles were responsible for nine per cent of Australia’s carbon emissions in 2009. To help reduce these emissions, the Australian government is introducing carbon dioxide standards for new light vehicles. We see this paper as informing the development of the target and of mechanisms to implement carbon dioxide standards for new vehicles.

The Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries provided the data that underpins this paper. I kindly thank the Chamber for providing this data.

I also acknowledge the work of NTC staff in developing this report, in particular Neil Wong and Jane Murray.

Ian Johnston Deputy Chairman

Page iii


Executive Summary This report provides detailed information on average emissions from new passenger and light commercial vehicles in Australia. The units for carbon dioxide emissions from vehicles are grams of carbon dioxide per kilometre (g/km).

The Australian government has announced that it will introduce mandatory carbon dioxide standards for new passenger and light commercial vehicles by 2015 (Australian Labor Party 2010). The government is currently assessing how these standards might be implemented. The data in this paper is presented as additional information that might inform this assessment.

The paper provides a benchmark for carbon dioxide emissions for new passenger and light commercial vehicles. It includes detailed emissions breakdown by make, vehicle segment and buyer type. New-vehicle emissions depend on many factors including consumer preference, the emissions performance of high volume selling vehicles, vehicle price and fuel price.

Fast facts

• In 2010, the national average carbon emissions from new passenger and light commercial vehicles was 212.6 g/km. This is a 2.7% reduction from 2009.

• If Australians had purchased new vehicles with best-in-class emissions during 2010, the national average would be 135 g/km (36% lower).

• In Australia during 2010, new private vehicles had the lowest average emissions (202 g/km), followed by new business vehicles (222 g/km) and then new government vehicles (225 g/km).

• In 2010, fifteen manufacturers sold 94% of new vehicles in Australia. Of these manufacturers, Volkswagen had the lowest average emissions (175 g/km) and Ford the highest average emissions (237 g/km).

• In 2010, the average emissions from Australian-made vehicles was 247 g/km. This is a 4.7% reduction from 2009.

• In 2009, Australia’s carbon emissions from new passenger vehicles were 44% higher than in the European Union (210 g/km compared to 146 g/km). This is due to factors such as fuel prices and consumer preferences.

• Using the Swedish government’s definition of “green” car (a vehicle that does not exceed 120g/km), 0.6% of total car sales in Australia were “green” cars during 2010. This proportion is slightly lower than the 0.7% recorded in 2009.

Page iv


Table of contentsForeword ii

Executive Summary iii

Table of contents iv

List of abbreviations v

1. Introduction 1

2. Methodology 1

3. Australian emmissions 3

Vehicle manufacturer 3

Australian-made vehicles 5

Segment type 8

Buyer type 10

Fuel type 15

4. Comparison of Australian and International data 16

Passenger vehicles: emissions by country 16

Passenger vehicles: proportion of “green” cars 17

Passenger vehicles: emissions by manufacturer 17

Discussion 18

References 20

Appendix A 21

Page v


List of abbreviations ACT Australian Capital Territory

ATC Australian Transport Council

AWD All All-wheel drive

CO2 Carbon dioxide

CYL Cylinder

EU European Union

FCAI Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries

GVM Gross vehicle mass

LPG Liquid petroleum gas

NSW New South Wales

NT Northern Territory

NTC National Transport Commission

QLD Queensland

SA South Australia

SUV Sports utility vehicle

TAS Tasmania

VIC Victoria

WA Western Australia

Page vi


1. IntroductionThis paper provides up-to-date information about the carbon dioxide emissions of new cars in Australia during 2010. It updates the information provided by NTC in 2009 (NTC 2009).

The next section describes the methodology used. The results of the analysis are presented in Section 3. Section 4 compares the Australian data with international data.

2. MethodologyThe data supplied by the Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries was entered into a database and analysed. The data contained the full records of annual sales for the years 2005 to 2010. In all, there were over 470,000 records. These records consisted of:

• vehicle attributes: make, model, vehicle generation, body style, engine capacity, number of cylinders, engine power, transmission type, gears, number of seats, gross vehicle mass, driven wheels, country of origin, fuel type, carbon dioxide emissions and fuel economy

• vehicle category: consistent with the classifications in Table 1 and

• sales data: sales by state and region, and by type of buyer: government, business or private.

The carbon dioxide emissions for vehicles are calculated using the method described in the Australian design rule “fuel consumption labelling for light vehicles” (also known as ADR 81/02) and expressed in grams of carbon dioxide per kilometre: g/km.

NTC calculated the sales-weighted average for vehicle emissions for different vehicle attributes, categories and buyer types. A weighted-average calculation is similar to an arithmetic average (the most common type of average), but instead of each data point contributing equally to the final average, some data points contribute more than others.1 In this case, the average was weighted to vehicle sales.

In the data provided, there were records with missing information (NTC 2009). These records were not included in the analysis. For 2009 and 2010, missing information made up 0.21% and 0.06% of yearly sales respectively.

The Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries classifies motor vehicles into four main classes: passenger motor vehicles, sports utility vehicles (SUV), light trucks and heavy trucks. These four classes are then broken down into sub-classes; for example, the sub-classes of sports utility vehicles are compact, medium, large and luxury. The motor vehicle classifications and definitions are presented in Table 1.

The following definitions are used in this report:

• “passenger vehicles” are passenger motor vehicles and sports utility vehicles and

• “light commercial vehicles” are light trucks.

1. This description is from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_mean.


Table 1. Motor vehicle classifications and definitions (Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries 2009)

Passenger Motor Vehicles Sports Utility Vehicles Light Trucks Heavy Trucks

Passenger vehicles are classified according to size, specification and average

retail pricing. Vehicle size is based on wheelbase x track

but it is not an exclusive criteria for determining

segmentation. Price banding of entrants is determined

by the FCAI based on price relativity.

Vehicles classified as Sport Utility Vehicles (SUV) meet the

FCAI criteria for classifying SUV vehicles based on a wagon body style, ground

clearance and design purpose.

Vehicles designed principally for commercial use but may include designs intended for

non-commercial use.

Vehicles designed for exclusive heavy commercial

application.

Light

Design: sedan, hatch, wagon Engine:3–4 cyl.

Seating:2/4/5 seats

Compact

Design: wagon Engine: 4–6 cyl.

Driven wheels: 2/4 & AWD

Vans

Blind and window vans.

Truck 3501–7500 kg GVM

Small

Design: sedan, hatch, wagon Engine: 4–6 cyl.

Seating: 2/4/5 seats

Medium



Pick-up / Chassis 4x2

Two-wheel drive, central control cab utility, cab chassis

and crew cab.

Truck 7501–15500 kg GVM

Medium

Design: sedan, hatch, wagon Engine: 4–12 cyl.


Large



Pick-up / Chassis 4x4

Two-wheel drive, central control cab utility, cab chassis

and crew cab

Truck 15 001 kg GVM & over

Large

Design: sedan, wagon Engine: 6–12 cyl.


Luxury



Light Buses

8+ seats, up to 3500 kg GVM

Buses 3501 kg GVM & over

Upper Large

Design: sedan Engine: 6–12 cyl. Seating: 4/5 seats

Trucks 2.5–3.5 Tonne

Forward control cab, 2500– 3500 kg GVM

People Movers

Design: wagon Engine: 4/6/8 cyl. Seating: 7 plus

Sports

Design: coupe, convertible, 2&4 door

Engine: 3–12 cyl. Seating: 2/4 seats

Notes: These parameters are indicative only. Exceptions do occur based on market focus and other subjective criteria. They are largely based on the specifications listed and are reflective of the volume-selling variant where cross-over occurs.


Consumers would be more familiar with vehicle fuel consumption figures than carbon dioxide emissions. Table 2 provides fuel consumption figures for petrol and diesel and the corresponding carbon dioxide emissions. Diesel vehicles are typically more fuel efficient than petrol vehicles.

Another way to relate carbon dioxide emissions to fuel is per litre of fuel consumed. One litre of petrol will produce 2289 grams of carbon dioxide. One litre of diesel will produce 2695 grams of carbon dioxide.

Table 2. Fuel consumption and corresponding carbon dioxide emissions (Department of Climate Change 2009)

Fuel consumption (litres per

100 kilometres)

CO2 emissions (g/km)

Petrol Diesel

3 68 80

4 91 107

5 114 134

6 137 160

7 160 187

8 182 214

9 205 240

10 228 267

11 251 294

12 274 321

13 297 347

14 319 374

15 342 401

16 365 427

17 388 454

18 411 481

19 433 508

20 456 534


3. Australian EmissionsThe national average carbon dioxide emissions for new passenger and light commercial vehicles for 2010 was 212.6 g/km (see Table 3). This was a 2.7 per cent improvement from 2009. The highest year-to-year improvement in national average emissions was 4.2 per cent between 2005 and 2006.

Table 3. National average CO2 emissions for passenger and light commercial vehicles

Year Average CO2 emissions (g/km) Annual change

2002a 252.4 n/a

2003a 249.5 –1.1%

2004a 246.5 –1.2%

2005 240.5 –2.4%

2006 230.3 –4.2%

2007 226.4 –1.7%

2008 222.4 –1.8%

2009 218.6 –1.7%

2010 212.6 –2.7%

a. Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries (2011).

Vehicle Manufacturer

In 2010, there were 45 makes of new vehicles available to Australian consumers. Fifteen makes made up about 94 per cent of all new-vehicle sales. The corporate average emissions of these market-leading makes dictates the national average emissions for new passenger and light commercial vehicles. Toyota is the highest volume selling make in Australia, selling one in five cars during 2010.

Figure 1 shows the corporate average carbon emissions for the top 15 makes 2010. Of these 15 makes, Volkswagen has the lowest corporate average emissions (175 g/km) and Ford has the highest (237 g/km).

Figure 2 shows the change in corporate average emissions between 2009 and 2010. BMW made the most progress with a 9.1% improvement. Honda made the least progress with a 0.2% increase in emissions.


Figure 1. Corporate average CO2 emissions for new passenger and light commercial vehicles for the top 15 makes by volume for 2010

Figure 2. Change in corporate average CO2 emissions between 2009 and 2010 for new passenger and light commercial vehicles for the top 15 makes by volume

Cor

por

ate

aver

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CO

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(g/k

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uki

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Maz

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Mer

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Sub

aru

Mits

ubis

hi

Toyo

ta

Hol

den

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san

Ford

175 177 182 182189 191

199 204 209215 215 217

229 230237

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-9.1

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0.1 0.2

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2


Australian-made vehicles

There are three Australian manufacturers of cars: Ford Australia, General Motors Holden and Toyota Australia.

The average emissions of all Australian-made vehicles was 247 g/km in 2010. This is a 4.7% improvement from 2009. Australian-made vehicles are currently all large vehicles with typically higher emissions than the national average. The exceptions are Toyota’s hybrid Camry, with emissions of 142 g/km, and Toyota’s Camry, with emissions of 208 g/km.

Figure 3 shows the average carbon dioxide emissions for the Australian-made vehicles by make in 2010. Toyota had the lowest (204 g/km) and Ford had the highest (263 g/km). Figure 4 shows that all makes of Australian-made vehicles improved average emissions from 2009, with Toyota having the greatest improvement (6.4%). This result is due to the availability of the Australian-made hybrid Camry in 2010 (with sales of over 6800 vehicles).

Figure 3. Average CO2 emissions for new Australian-made vehicles for 2010

Figure 4. Change in average CO2 emissions between 2009 and 2010 for new Australian-made vehicles

Ave

rage

CO

2 em

issi

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(g/k

m)

Toyota Holden Ford0

50

100

150

200

250

300

204

260 263

Per

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Toyota Holden Ford

-6.4

-5.3

-1.8

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0


The range and average emissions for new Australian-made vehicles by make are presented in Figure 5. The average emissions are represented by the horizontal lines and the ranges are represented by the vertical lines.This shows that Toyota’s Australian-made vehicles have lower emissions compared to Holden and Ford. In fact, Toyota’s maximum emissions value for its Australian-made vehicles is lower than the average emissions of both Holden and Ford.

Figure 5. Range and average CO2 emissions for new Australian-made vehicles for 2010

Figure 6 shows the average emissions from Australian-made models in 2010. All three of Toyota’s Australian-made models have lower average emissions than any other make, with the hybrid Camry having the lowest emissions. The Holden Caprice had the highest average emissions of all the Australian-made vehicles.

Figure 7 shows the change in average emissions for new Australian-made vehicle models between 2009 and 2010. NTC has used the petrol-fuelled Camry’s average emissions in 2009 as the baseline for the hybrid Camry. Toyota’s Hybrid Camry shows a 31.7% improvement from that baseleine. All four Holden models show the next best improvements from 2009, with the Statesman and Commodore improving 7.9% and 5.8% respectively.

Ave

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CO

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issi

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(g/k

m)

Toyota Holden Ford0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450


Figure 6. Average CO2 emissions for new Australian-made vehicles by model for 2010

Figure 7. Change in average CO2 emissions between 2009 and 2010 for new Australian-made vehicle models

Ave

rage

CO

2 em

issi

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(g/k

m)

Toyo

ta H

ybrid

Cam

ry

Toyo

ta C

amry

Toyo

ta A

urio

n

Ford

Fal

con

Hol

den

Com

mod

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Hol

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Ford

Fal

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Ford

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Util

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Hol

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Cap

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0

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142

208

233

250 252260

277285 290 295

Per

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Toyo

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ybrid

Cam

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Hol

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Hol

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Com

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Hol

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Cap

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Hol

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Util

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Ford

Ter

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Fal

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-40

-35

-30

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-20

-15

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-5

0


Segment type

Segment analysis was undertaken using the categories shown in Table 1.

Figure 8 shows the average emissions by segment during 2010. The lowest emitting segment was “light” (157 g/km) and the highest emitting segment was “SUV large” (293 g/km).

Figure 9 shows the change in segment emissions between 2009 and 2010. Three segments—“medium”, “sports” and “SUV luxury”—show emissions improvements of 5% or more. Two segments—“people movers” and “SUV large”—showed an increase in average emissions.

Figure 8. Average CO2 emissions for new passenger and light commercial vehicles by segment for 2010

Ave

rage

CO

2 em

issi

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(g/k

m)

Ligh

t

Sm

all

Med

ium

Spo

rts

SU

V C

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Vans

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SU

V L

arge

157

181

200 206222

231 232245 248 250 254 258 260

269278

293

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350


Figure 9. Change in average CO2 emissions between 2009 and 2010 for new passenger and light commercial vehicles segment

Figure 10 shows the average and the range in emissions for the segments during 2010. The lowest emitting vehicle in the “light” segment is Mitsubishi’s i-MiEV electric vehicle with 0 g/km. Although electric vehicles have zero tailpipe emissions, the electricity that fuels these vehicles produces emissions.

The “sports” segment shows the greatest range in emissions, but its average emissions is the fourth lowest of all segments at 206 g/km.

If Australian consumers had have purchased vehicles with best-in-class emissions in 2010 (not including the i-MiEV electric vehicle), the national average carbon dioxide emissions would have been reduced to 135 g/km (a reduction of 36%). This shows the potential emissions reduction with currently available vehicles and technology.

Per

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-1.9-1.6

-1.0 -0.8 -0.7 -0.4-0.4 -0.3

0.2

1.4


Figure 10. Range and average CO2 emissions by segment for 2010

Buyer type

Figure 11 shows the average emissions for new passenger and light commercial vehicles by buyer type. Private buyers’ vehicles had the lowest average emissions (202 g/km), followed by business buyers (222 g/km) and then government buyers (225 g/km).

Figure 12 shows the reduction in average emissions between 2009 and 2010. Business buyers showed the best improvement of the three buyer types.

Ave

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(g/k

m)

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600Li

ght

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Figure 11. Average CO2 emissions for new passenger and light commercial vehicles by buyer type for 2010

Figure 12. Change in average CO2 emissions for new passenger and light commercial vehicles by buyer type between 2009 and 2010

NTC has more information about buyer-type emissions than before. The three earlier categories of private, government and business can now be broken down further:

• Private; local delivery and overseas delivery

• Government; Australian, state and local

• Business; rental, not-for-profit organisation, company capitalisation, diplomatic, taxi, large fleet, fleet and dealer demonstrator.

The average emissions for these buyer types are shown in Figure 13. The change in average emissions from 2009 to 2010 is shown in Figure 14.

202

222 225

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-2.9

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Per

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PrivateBusiness Government

-3.0

-2.5

-2.0

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Figure 13. Average CO2 emissions for new passenger and light commercial vehicles by detailed buyer type for 2010

0

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200 202209 210 210 213 213 215

224 225 226 228 229


Figure 14. Change in average CO2 emissions between 2009 and 2010 for new passenger and light commercial vehicles by detailed buyer type

The average emissions for the detailed government buyers are shown in Figure 15. The ACT government shows the lowest average emissions (209 g/km) and the NT local governments have the highest average emissions (238 g/km). The change in average emissions from 2009 to 2010 is shown in Figure 16. The Australian government and the Victorian government showed the best improvement (5.5%). Government buyers accounted for 6.3% of new vehicle sales in 2010.

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-0.1

0.61.0

2.1


Figure 15. Average CO2 emissions for new passenger and light commercial vehicles by detailed government buyer type for 2010

Figure 16. Change in average CO2 emissions between 2009 and 2010 for new passenger and light commercial vehicles by detailed government buyer type

Ave

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AC

T go

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Fuel type

Figure 17 shows the average emissions by fuel type for new passenger and light commercial vehicles. Petrol vehicles had the lowest average emissions (209 g/km), followed by diesel vehicles (223 g/km) and then LPG vehicles (249 g/km). There were also 122 electric vehicles sold with emissions of 0 g/km.

Figure 18 shows that petrol vehicles showed the best improvement between 2009 and 2010 (3.1%), followed by diesel vehicles (2.1%). LPG vehicles showed a slight improvement of 0.2%.

Figure 17. Average CO2 emissions by fuel type for new passenger and light commercial vehicles for 2010

Figure 18. Change in average CO2 emissions between 2009 and 2010 by fuel type for new passenger and light commercial vehicles

0

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Ave

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Petrol Diesel LPG

209223

249

Per

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Petrol Diesel LPG

-3.1

-0.2

-3.5

-3.0

-2.5

-2.0

-1.5

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-0.5

0.0

-2.1


4. Comparison of Australian and International DataIn this section, Australian and international data are compared. However, this task is not straightforward because different methods are used worldwide to calculate vehicle emissions. The three main methods are:

• European method

• Japanese method and

• United States method.

Each method can give a different emissions result when applied to the same vehicle.

Australia uses the European method. Therefore, Australian vehicle emissions are directly comparable with European vehicle emissions. However, the published data from Europe refers either to passenger vehicles or to light commercial vehicles. The Australian data, as presented in Section 3, is combined data covering both passenger vehicles and light commercial vehicles. NTC analysed the Australia data further so that it could be directly compared with the European data.

To produce comparable data, the following vehicle segments were grouped:

• passenger vehicles: light, small, medium, large, upper large, sports, people movers, SUV compact, SUV medium, SUV large and SUV luxury and

• light commercial vehicles: pick-ups 4x2, pick-ups 4x4, trucks 2.5–3.5 tonnes and vans.

Table 4 gives emissions data for these two groups. The average emissions for passenger vehicles in Australia was 205 g/km in 2010. This was a 2.7 improvement from the previous year. The average emissions for light commercial vehicles in Australia was 250 g/km in 2010. This was a 1.1% improvement from the previous year.

Table 4. Average CO2 emissions for passenger vehicles and light commercial vehicle for 2009 and 2010

Vehicles

Average vehicle CO2 emissions (g/km)

Annual change2009 2010

Passenger 210 205 –2.7%

Light commercial 253 250 –1.1%

NTC has compared Australian and European data for light commercial vehicles for 2007 (NTC 2009). However, no post-2007 European data could be found. Therefore, a similar analysis could not be repeated in this paper.

The rest of this section compares Australian and European data for passenger vehicles. The latest European data for passenger vehicles is for 2009 and hence the analysis that follows focuses on 2009. The last section discusses reasons for the differences between the Australian and European data.

Passenger vehicles: emissions by country

In 2009, the European average emissions for new passenger vehicles was 146 g/km. Australia’s average emissions was 210 g/km: 44% higher than the European average. In 2009, European emissions ranged from 134 g/km in France to 165 g/km in Sweden (see Table 14 in Appendix A).

The reduction in average emissions between 2008 and 2009 for Europe was 5.1%. Australia’s average emissions fell by 2%. The European countries showed the highest annual reductions were Ireland (7.9%) and the Netherlands (7%) (see Table 15 in Appendix A).


Passenger vehicles: proportion of “green” cars

The Swedish Government defines a “green” car as a vehicle whose emissions of carbon dioxide do not exceed 120 g/km (Government Offices of Sweden 2007). In Australia, the proportion of “green” passenger cars sold in 2010 was 0.6% of total sales (compared to 0.7% in 2009).

There were 13 models of “green” cars available in Australia in 2010. This includes Mitsubishi’s i-MiEV electric vehicle with emissions of 0 g/km.

Passenger vehicles: emissions by manufacturer

The average emissions in 2009 for new vehicles by manufacturer for the European Union and Australia are shown in Figure 19. Vehicles have been grouped in a way that makes comparisons possible. (The groupings are shown in Table 16 in Appendix A.) The range of corporate average emissions in the European Union is from 131 g/km (for Fiat) to 167 g/km (for Daimler). The range of corporate average emissions in Australian is from 145 g/km (for Fiat) to 234 g/km (for General Motors Holden). Note that the range of emissions in the European Union is 36 g/km compared to 89 g/km in Australia.

Figure 19. Corporate average CO2 emissions for new passenger vehicles by manufacturer for the European Union and Australia - 2009 (Transport and Environment 2010)

Ave

rage

CO

2 em

issi

ons

(g/k

m)

Fiat

Toyo

ta

PS

A P

euge

ot-C

itroe

n

Ren

ault

Hyu

ndai

Suz

uki

Ford

Hon

da

Gen

eral

Mot

ors

(Hol

den)

Maz

da

BM

W

VW

Gro

up

Nis

san

Dai

mle

r

131 132 136 140 141 144142 147 148 149 151 153 154167

213217

188

205199

234

189

232

190183

211

173

211

145

0

50

100

150

200

250

European Union

Australia


Figure 20 shows the percentage higher corporate average emissions for Australian makes compared to the European makes. Fiat has the smallest difference (11%) in corporate average between Australia and the European Union. Ford has the largest difference (61%).

Figure 20. Percentage higher corporate average CO2 emissions in Australia compared to the European Union for new passenger vehicles by manufacturer for 2009

Source for European Union data: Transport and Environment (2010).

Discussion

There are a number of reasons why emissions from new vehicles in the European countries analysed are lower than in Australia. One is that there have been fewer measures in Australia to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The European measures are shown in Table 5. A summary of the European measures was published by the European Conference of Ministers of Transport (2007).

Per

cen

t

Fiat

VW

Gro

up

PS

A P

euge

ot-C

itroe

n

Dai

mle

r

Hon

da

Hyu

ndai

Suz

uki

Maz

da

BM

W

Nis

san

Ren

ault

Gen

eral

Mot

ors

(Hol

den)

Toyo

ta

Ford

11

23

29 30

34 3436

41

51

5860 61

28 28

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Table 5. European measures that have reduced CO2 emissions from motor vehicles

European measures Effect of measure

High fuel prices through higher fuel taxes Encourages consumers to purchase fuel-efficient vehicles to lower running costs. European consumers purchase more small vehicles compared to Australian consumers. European consumers also prefer manual transmission vehicles whereas Australian consumers prefer automatic transmissions.

Low diesel taxes compared to petrol taxes Encourages consumers to purchase diesel vehicles to reduce running costs

Regulating carbon dioxide emissions from motor vehicles. (Passenger vehicle standards are being phased in from 2012 with full implementation from 2015.)

Provides manufacturers with targets for emissions reductions

Vehicle excise duties Encourages consumers to purchase low carbon dioxide vehicles

Direct cash incentives for consumers to purchase low carbon dioxide vehicles

Encourages consumers to purchase low carbon dioxide vehicles as it lowers the purchase price of the vehicle

Consumer information on vehicles Provides information to consumers about relative carbon dioxide efficiency and annual running costs of new vehicles

Consumer information in printed advertisements Provides information to consumers about relative carbon dioxide efficiency and annual running costs of new vehicles


ReferencesAustralian Labor Party 2010, Emissions standards for cars http://www.alp.org.au/agenda/environment/emission-standards-for-cars, viewed on 9 March 2011.

Department of Climate Change 2009, National greenhouse accounts (NGA) factors, DCC, Canberra.

European Conference of Ministers of Transport 2007, Cutting Transport CO2 Emissions. What Progress? OECD, Paris.

Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries 2009, http://www.fcai.com.au/sales/segmentation-criteria, viewed on 29 July 2009.

Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries 2011, http://www.fcai.com.au/news/all/all/264/significant-improvement-in-vehicle-fuel-efficiency, viewed on 9 March 2011.

Government offices of Sweden 2007, The Swedish government introduces green car rebate, press release, Ministry of the Environment, 30 March. http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/8202/a/79866, viewed on 25 September 2009.

National Transport Commission 2009, Carbon emissions from new Australian vehicles information paper, Melbourne.

Transport and Environment 2010, How clean are Europe’s cars? An analysis of carmaker progress towards EU CO2 targets in 2009, Transport and Environment, Brussels.


Appendix AThis appendix provides annual sales and average vehicle emissions data used in this report.

Table 6. Corporate average CO2 emissions and annual sales by make for 2009 and 2010

Make

Corporate average CO2 emissions (g/km)Change from 2009 to 2010

Sales

2009 2010 2009 2010

Toyota 222 217 −2.1% 200 709 214 352

Holden 242 229 −5.2% 119 568 132 923

Ford 241 237 −1.6% 4 647 93 754

Mazda 205 204 −0.5% 77 739 84 777

Hyundai 182 182 0.1% 63 207 80 038

Nissan 232 230 −1.0% 52 901 62 676

Mitsubishi 224 215 −3.7% 56 998 62 384

Honda 189 189 0.2% 41 443 40 375

Subaru 222 215 −3.2% 36 506 40 025

Volkswagen 187 175 −6.4% 29 651 37 172

Suzuki 190 177 −6.5% 20 298 24 789

Kia 200 199 −0.8% 19 407 23 848

Mercedes-Benz 217 209 −3.5% 16 379 19 441

BMW 210 191 −9.1% 17 099 17 993

Audi 191 182 −4.7% 11 310 12 900

Great Wall 250 251 0.2% 1 907 6 690

Lexus 227 220 −3.0% 5 836 6 526

Jeep 266 266 0.0% 4 193 5 975

Peugeot 174 173 −0.7% 5 744 5 649

Isuzu Ute 223 224 0.3% 3 566 5 114

Volvo Car 238 230 −3.3% 4 668 4 945

Land Rover 278 260 −6.7% 3 813 4 789

MINI 157 152 −3.4% 2 030 2 267

Dodge 249 253 1.9% 2 420 1 917

Proton 159 156 −1.9% 1 635 1 898

Renault 204 208 2.1% 2 278 1 778

Skoda 173 174 0.5% 1 252 1 652

Citroen 174 168 −3.7% 1 602 1 603


Make

Corporate average CO2 emissions (g/km)Change from 2009 to 2010

Sales

2009 2010 2009 2010

Chrysler 260 275 5.6% 1 818 1 464

Porsche 264 237 −10.0% 1 025 1 266

Ssangyong 229 227 −0.6% 1 054 1 119

Alfa Romeo 187 197 5.8% 1 236 914

Jaguar 236 233 −1.4% 1 010 866

Fiat 156 162 4.3% 1 053 506

Smart 108 106 −2.2% 382 287

Maserati 345 349 1.1% 120 141

Ferrari 442 449 1.6% 104 126

Aston Martin 391 389 −0.6% 74 121

Bentley 404 396 −1.9% 37 58

Hummer 344 345 0.1% 429 55

Lotus 203 196 −3.3% 58 53

Lamborghini 400 400 0.0% 20 36

Rolls-Royce 385 331 −14.1% 9 25

Saab 216 230 6.1% 663 14

Morgan 0 276 n/a 0 4

Maybach 390 0 n/a 1 0

Total 907 899 1 005 305

Table 7. Average CO2 emissions and annual sales by buyer type for 2009 and 2010

Buyer type

Average CO2 emissions (g/km)Change from 2009 to 2010

Sales

2009 2010 2009 2010

Business 229 222 −2.9% 424 293 457 951

Government 231 225 −2.7% 59 892 63 281

Private 207 202 −2.2% 423 714 484 073

Total 907 899 1 005 305

Table 6. Corporate average CO2 emissions and annual sales by make for 2009 and 2010 (continued)


Table 8. Average CO2 emissions and annual sales by detailed buyer type for 2009 and 2010

Buyer type


Sales

2009 2010 2009 2010

Company Capitalisation 220 213 −3.1% 28 424 32 798

Dealer Demonstrator 213 213 −0.1% 57 784 74 310

Diplomatic 207 200 −3.5% 142 136

Australian Government 239 226 −5.5% 5 749 4 288

Fleet 237 228 −3.5% 231 472 208 678

Large Fleet 234 229 −2.3% 50 816 66 087

Local Government 223 224 0.6% 15 593 14 060

Not For Profit Organisation 220 215 −2.7% 16 538 17 508

Private - Local Delivery 207 202 −2.2% 423 623 484 007

Private - Overseas Delivery 206 210 2.1% 91 66

Rental 208 210 1.0% 38 670 57 885

State Government 233 225 −3.5% 38 550 44 933

Taxi 235 209 −10.9% 378 490

Total 907 830 1 005 246

Table 9. Average CO2 emissions and annual sales by detailed government buyer type for 2009 and 2010

Buyer type


Sales

2009 2010 2009 2010

Australian government 239 226 −5.5% 5 749 4 288

ACT government 208 209 0.5% 484 378

NSW government 230 225 −2.4% 13 178 15 821

NT government 238 232 −2.5% 1 213 1 435

QLD government 229 221 −3.5% 6 245 7 713

SA government 236 233 −1.3% 3 815 3 189

TAS government 229 219 −4.1% 1 366 1 933

VIC government 237 224 −5.5% 8 087 9 554

WA government 238 228 −4.5% 4 345 5 021

NSW local governments 221 222 0.3% 5 834 4 775

NT local governments 224 238 6.3% 165 167

QLD local governments 226 230 1.7% 3189 2 954

SA local governments 230 225 −2.3% 917 947

TAS local governments 217 229 5.3% 300 247

VIC local governments 225 221 −1.4% 2 844 2 920

WA local governments 220 224 1.9% 2 161 1 939


Table 10. Average CO2 emissions and annual sales by fuel type for 2009 and 2010

Fuel type


Sales

2009 2010 2009 2010

Diesel 228 223 −2.1% 211 392 253 196

LPG 249 249 −0.2% 10 473 7 954

Petrol 215 209 −3.1% 686 034 744 155

Total 907 899 1 005 305

Table 11. Average CO2 emissions and annual sales by make for Australian-made vehicles for 2009 and 2010

Make


Sales

2009 2010 2009 2010

Ford 268 263 −1.8% 54 087 50 173

Holden 275 260 −5.3% 58 526 59 360

Toyota 218 204 −6.4% 34 756 36 778

Australian-made 259 247 −4.7% 147 369 146 311

Table 12. Average CO2 emissions and annual sales by Australian-made vehicle models for 2009 and 2010

Make and model


Sales

2009 2010 2009 2010

Toyota Hybrid Camry 2081 142 −31.7% 0 6 833

Holden Statesman 282 260 −7.9% 584 284

Holden Commodore 267 252 −5.8% 44 387 45 956

Holden Caprice 306 295 −3.7% 1 455 1 715

Holden Utility 298 290 −2.9% 12 100 11 405

Ford Falcon 256 250 −2.2% 31 023 29 516

Ford Territory 289 285 −1.2% 10 884 11 558

Ford Falcon Utility 281 277 −1.1% 12 180 9 099

Toyota Aurion 233 233 −0.1% 13 910 11 764

Toyota Camry 208 208 0.0% 20 846 18 181

Total 147 369 146 311

1. Assumption made that the comparable model for the Toyota hybrid Camry for 2009 is the Toyota Camry


Table 13. Average CO2 emissions and annual sales by segment for 2009 and 2010

Segment


Sales

2009 2010 2009 2010

Light 158 157 –1.0% 116 460 137 804

Small 182 181 –0.8% 213 988 239 191

Medium 210 200 –5.2% 76 624 82 622

Large 254 245 –3.6% 101 701 98 583

Upper Large 284 278 –1.9% 3 592 3 753

Sports 219 206 –5.9% 17 145 17 393

People movers 246 250 1.4% 11 032 12 655

SUV Compact 225 222 –1.2% 84 002 114 761

SUV Medium 263 254 –3.6% 72 210 83 811

SUV Large 292 293 0.2% 11 013 12 256

SUV Luxury 249 231 – 7.2% 20 928 24 457

Light buses 269 269 –0.3% 2 115 2 335

Pick-up 4x2 264 260 –1.6% 67 389 59 052

Pick-up 4x4 249 248 –0.4% 85 813 93 956

Trucks 2.5-3.5 tonne 268 258 –3.7% 610 676

Vans 233 231 –0.7% 23 277 22 000


Table 14. Average CO2 emissions and annual registrations by country for 2009

Country

Average CO2 emissions (g/km)

Change from 2008 Registrations2009

Ireland 144 −7.9% 56 254

Netherlands 147 −7.0% 383 868

Germany 154 −6.5% 3 765 358

Italy 136 −5.8% 2 159 065

Sweden 165 −5.4% 208 990

United KIngdom 150 −5.3% 1 949 342

EU-27 146 −5.1% 13 782 681

Denmark 139 −5.0% 109 417

Austria 150 −5.0% 319 278

France 134 −4.7% 2 258 955

Spain 142 −4.0% 828 286

Belgium 142 −3.9% 475 126

Finland 157 −3.6% 88 740

Portugal 134 −3.3% 158 955

Slovenia 152 −2.5% 59 019

Slovakia 147 −2.3% 69 568

Australia 210 −2.0% 827 2951

Greece 157 −2.0% 220 916

Poland 152 −1.0% 219 434

Hungary 153 0% 65 841

Romania 157 0.6% 115 386

Czech Republic 156 0.8% 158 909

1. Countries of the EU-27 that had less than 50,000 new registrations have been excluded. The Australian figure under registrations is new car sales.


Table 15. Corporate average CO2 emissions for passenger vehicle by manufacturer for the European Union and Australia for 2009

Make European Union AustraliaPercentage difference

Fiat 131 145 11%

Toyota 132 211 60%

PSA Peugeot-Citroen 136 173 28%

Renault 140 211 51%

Hyundai 141 183 30%

Suzuki 142 190 34%

Ford 144 232 61%

Honda 147 189 29%

General Motors (Holden) 148 234 58%

Mazda 149 199 34%

BMW 151 205 36%

VW Group 153 188 23%

Nissan 154 217 41%

Daimler 167 213 28%

Table 16. Equivalent manufacturers in European Union and Australia

Manufacturer in European Union Combined makes in Australia

BMW BMW and Mini

Daimler Mercedes-Benz and Smart

General Motors General Motors Holden

Hyundai Hyundai and Kia

PSA Peugeot-Citroen Peugeot and Citroen

VW Group Volkswagen, Audi, Skoda, Porsche

Toyota Toyota, Lexus

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