Information Ethics Hiroshi Toyoizumi [email protected] [email protected].

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Information Ethics Hiroshi Toyoizumi toyo @u-aizu.ac. jp toyo @ aoni . waseda .ac. jp

Transcript of Information Ethics Hiroshi Toyoizumi [email protected] [email protected].

Page 1: Information Ethics Hiroshi Toyoizumi toyo@u-aizu.ac.jp toyo@aoni.waseda.ac.jp.

Information Ethics

Hiroshi [email protected]

[email protected]

Page 2: Information Ethics Hiroshi Toyoizumi toyo@u-aizu.ac.jp toyo@aoni.waseda.ac.jp.

Contents

• Product and responsibility• Copyright• Code of ethics• Data management: Privacy and

Public interest• Moral

Page 3: Information Ethics Hiroshi Toyoizumi toyo@u-aizu.ac.jp toyo@aoni.waseda.ac.jp.

Product and responsibility

• Difference between Car, Book and Software.

Page 4: Information Ethics Hiroshi Toyoizumi toyo@u-aizu.ac.jp toyo@aoni.waseda.ac.jp.

Car

You might get sued if you made a car harmful to users. Mitsubishi Motors?

Page 5: Information Ethics Hiroshi Toyoizumi toyo@u-aizu.ac.jp toyo@aoni.waseda.ac.jp.

Book

You can write anything. You don’t have to liable to the damage of your

reader by displaying defected information. Nostredame’s prediction in a book

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Software

• Never read it before using it but…

QuickTime˛ Ç∆TIFFÅiLZWÅj êLí£ÉvÉçÉOÉâÉÄ

ǙDZÇÃÉsÉNÉ`ÉÉÇ å©ÇÈÇΩÇflÇ…ÇÕïKóvÇ≈Ç∑ÅB

Page 7: Information Ethics Hiroshi Toyoizumi toyo@u-aizu.ac.jp toyo@aoni.waseda.ac.jp.

Shrunk rap contracts

QuickTime˛ Ç∆TIFFÅiLZWÅj êLí£ÉvÉçÉOÉâÉÄ

ǙDZÇÃÉsÉNÉ`ÉÉÇ å©ÇÈÇΩÇflÇ…ÇÕïKóvÇ≈Ç∑ÅB

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Aladdin Software License Agreement

• Under no circumstances shall Aladdin Systems be liable for any incidental, special, or consequential damages that result from the use or inablility to use the Software or related documentation, even if Aladdin Systems has been advised of the possibility of such damages. In no event shall Aladdin Systems' liability exceed the license fee paid, if any.

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iTunes

• 7 .責任の制限 法が禁じない範囲において、アップルは、アップルソフトウェアの使用もしくは使用不可に起因するかもしくは関連する、逸失利益、データの消失、仕事の中断またはその他の商業的損害または損失等を含む、人体損傷または付随的、特別の、間接的または二次的損害等について、責任論(契約、不法行為等)に関係なく、いかように発生し、アップルが当該損害の可能性を示唆していた場合においても、一切の責任を負いません。人体損傷、付随的または間接損害に対する責任の制限を法的に認めない地域において、本制限は、お客様に適用されない場合があります。いかなる場合も(人体障害を含む場合に適用法が求める場合を除いて)、すべての損害に関するお客様に対するアップルの賠

償責任総額は、 50 米ドルを上限とします。上記の救済が本質的目的を達成できない場合でも、 前述の制限が適用になります。

Page 10: Information Ethics Hiroshi Toyoizumi toyo@u-aizu.ac.jp toyo@aoni.waseda.ac.jp.

Microsoft explorer license agreement

• 損害に関する免責法律上の請求の原因の種類を問わず、マイクロソフトおよびその供給者は、本ソフトウェアの使用若しくは使用不能またはサポートサービスの提供若しくは提供不能から生じる、または本契約書の規定に関して生じる一切の損害 (逸失利益、機密情報若しくはその他の情報の喪失、事業の中断、人身障害、プライバシーの喪失、誠実または合理的な注意義務を含めた義務の不履行、過失、またはその他の金銭的損失を含みますがこれらに限定されません ) に関して一切責任を負いません。

中略• 本契約書に基づくマイクロソフトの責任は、本ソフトウェアにつ

いてお客様が実際に支払った金額または 700 円のいずれか高い額を上限とします。

Page 11: Information Ethics Hiroshi Toyoizumi toyo@u-aizu.ac.jp toyo@aoni.waseda.ac.jp.

Copy right

• What is copy?• When copying is not acceptable?• When copying is acceptable?

Page 12: Information Ethics Hiroshi Toyoizumi toyo@u-aizu.ac.jp toyo@aoni.waseda.ac.jp.

What is copy?

• Copy on the display Checking database on the monitor. Is it

copy? Legal in Japan, but illegal in EU.

• Morph the image Changing the color of original image. Is

it copy or secondary production? “West side story” is copy of “Romeo and

Juliet”?

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Copying

• Users can copy the original for private use.

• Is it reasonable to handle the artistic product and commercial product in the same way?

• Can a computer become an author?• Who can decide the copy right?

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P2P is legal?

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Why Software Should Not Have Owners.

1. Exaggeration. Owners say that they suffer ``harm'' or ``economic loss'' when users copy

programs themselves.

  But the copying has no direct effect on the owner, and it harms no one.

2. The law. Owners often describe the current state of the law.

  It's elementary that laws don't decide right and wrong. Every American should know that, forty years ago, it was against the law in

many states for a black person to sit in the front of a bus; but only racists would say sitting there was wrong.

3. Natural rights. Authors often claim a special connection with programs they have written,

  their desires and interests concerning the program simply outweigh those of anyone else---or even those of the whole rest of the world.

Page 16: Information Ethics Hiroshi Toyoizumi toyo@u-aizu.ac.jp toyo@aoni.waseda.ac.jp.

GNU

• http://www.gnu.org/• The name GNU was chosen following a hac

ker tradition, as a recursive acronym for "GNU's Not Unix."

• Copy Left• GNU GPL( General Public License)

Page 17: Information Ethics Hiroshi Toyoizumi toyo@u-aizu.ac.jp toyo@aoni.waseda.ac.jp.

The concept of Copyleft

• The goal of GNU was to give users freedom, not just to be popular. So we needed to use distribution terms that would prevent GNU software from being turned into proprietary software. The method we use is called "copyleft".(1)

• Copyleft uses copyright law, but flips it over to serve the opposite of its usual purpose: instead of a means of privatizing software, it becomes a means of keeping software free.

• The central idea of copyleft is that we give everyone permission to run the program, copy the program, modify the program, and distribute modified versions

--but NOT permission to add restrictions of their own.

Page 18: Information Ethics Hiroshi Toyoizumi toyo@u-aizu.ac.jp toyo@aoni.waseda.ac.jp.

GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE

The specific implementation of copyleft that we use for most GNU software is the GNU General Public License.

Example.Version 2, June 1991Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA

Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

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Dilbert

QuickTime˛ Ç∆TIFFÅiLZWÅj êLí£ÉvÉçÉOÉâÉÄ

ǙDZÇÃÉsÉNÉ`ÉÉÇ å©ÇÈÇΩÇflÇ…ÇÕïKóvÇ≈Ç∑ÅB

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Hack and crack

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Anonymous

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Privacy

Page 23: Information Ethics Hiroshi Toyoizumi toyo@u-aizu.ac.jp toyo@aoni.waseda.ac.jp.

ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct

Adopted by ACM Council 10/16/92.

Contents & Guidelines1. General Moral Imperatives. 2. More Specific Professional Responsibilities. 3. Organizational Leadership Imperatives. 4. Compliance with the Code. 5. Acknowledgments.

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GENERAL MORAL IMPERATIVES.

As an ACM member I will ....

1.1 Contribute to society and human well-being.

1.2 Avoid harm to others.

1.3 Be honest and trustworthy.

1.4 Be fair and take action not to discriminate.

1.5 Honor property rights including copyrights and patent.

1.6 Give proper credit for intellectual property.

1.7 Respect the privacy of others. 1.8 Honor confidentiality.

Page 25: Information Ethics Hiroshi Toyoizumi toyo@u-aizu.ac.jp toyo@aoni.waseda.ac.jp.

MORE SPECIFIC PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES.

• As an ACM computing professional I will .... 2.1 Strive to achieve the highest quality, effectiveness and dignity

in both the process and products of professional work. 2.2 Acquire and maintain professional competence. 2.3 Know and respect existing laws pertaining to professional

work. 2.4 Accept and provide appropriate professional review. 2.5 Give comprehensive and thorough evaluations of computer

systems and their impacts, including analysis of possible risks. 2.6 Honor contracts, agreements, and assigned responsibilities. 2.7 Improve public understanding of computing and its

consequences. 2.8 Access computing and communication resources only when

authorized to do so.

Page 26: Information Ethics Hiroshi Toyoizumi toyo@u-aizu.ac.jp toyo@aoni.waseda.ac.jp.

ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP IMPERATIVES

As an ACM member and an organizational leader, I will .... 3.1 Articulate social responsibilities of members of an organizational unit and e

ncourage full acceptance of those responsibilities. 3.2 Manage personnel and resources to design and build information systems t

hat enhance the quality of working life. 3.3 Acknowledge and support proper and authorized uses of an organization's c

omputing and communication resources. 3.4 Ensure that users and those who will be affected by a system have their ne

eds clearly articulated during the assessment and design of requirements; later the system must be validated to meet requirements.

3.5 Articulate and support policies that protect the dignity of users and others affected by a computing system.

3.6 Create opportunities for members of the organization to learn the principles and limitations of computer systems.

Page 27: Information Ethics Hiroshi Toyoizumi toyo@u-aizu.ac.jp toyo@aoni.waseda.ac.jp.

COMPLIANCE WITH THE CODE.

• As an ACM member I will ....

4.1 Uphold and promote the principles of this Code.

4.2 Treat violations of this code as inconsistent with membership in the ACM.

Page 28: Information Ethics Hiroshi Toyoizumi toyo@u-aizu.ac.jp toyo@aoni.waseda.ac.jp.

Waseda-net Code

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Quiz

Are these OK?1. Use a copy machine in university office to make

fliers to sell your used CDs.2. Use your homepage in waseda.jp to display you

r used CDs for sale.3. Ask your friend to buy your used CD by sending

an email from waseda.jp email account.4. Place your used CDs on Yahoo auction from a c

omputer in Waseda.jp.

Page 30: Information Ethics Hiroshi Toyoizumi toyo@u-aizu.ac.jp toyo@aoni.waseda.ac.jp.

Data management

• You can be responsible to managing data.

1. Easy to collect: through the internet2. Easy to open: by the internet.

• Responsibility of data manager:1. Privacy2. Open3. Security4. Accuracy

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Harmful information

There are many harmful information distributing on the internet. How can we avoid the exposure to them.

• Filtering?• Rating?• Voluntary restriction?• Cyber Angel?

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Who owns records?Example of medical service

• In American hospitals, The paper describing the medical

information is the hospital property. The information is the patient property.

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Freedom of information lawand Privacy

• 1999   Freedom of information law• Disclosure of medical records

What should be disclosed? written records, nurse records, medical prescription, inspection records, X-ray images…

To who? Patients Family

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Administrative agency andinformation

Infectious disease• Prevention• Privacy

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Quiz

Suppose you are a hospital employee. Waseda university hospital asks you to provide

the information of patients, such as age, gender and symptom for their research work. How are you going to deal with their request?

The hospital director ask you to adjust the records related to the mistakes in the medical care. How are you going to deal with their request?

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Moral

• Suppose you can win a CD by cheating in a game with your friend.

• What are you going to do?

• Why?

Page 37: Information Ethics Hiroshi Toyoizumi toyo@u-aizu.ac.jp toyo@aoni.waseda.ac.jp.

Answers?

• Lying is illegal?• Cheating leads to losing friend?• Just to be a fair?

Some school girl answered like this:“The memory of cheating lasts

forever.”

Page 38: Information Ethics Hiroshi Toyoizumi toyo@u-aizu.ac.jp toyo@aoni.waseda.ac.jp.

Samples of topics

1. Copy right differences by country2. Views from authors, industry and users.3. iTunes4. Arrest of the author of Winny5. DeCSS6. Journalist coverage of Princess Masako7. Yahoo leak of customer information8. If you were the teacher or a friend of Sasebo inciden

t.9. 2channel (2 ちゃんねる)10. Anonymity: good or bad?