DISSERTATION Influence of Le Corbusier in modern architecture

Author:Jose Angel Monteagudo Consultant: Erik Toft May 2013 7th Semester Architectural Technology and Construction Management

Le Corbusier

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TITLE PAGE

DISSERTATION TITLE: Influence of Le Corbusier in modern architecture CONSULTANT: Erik Toft AUTHOR: Jose Angel Monteagudo DATE/SIGNATURE: 12th May 2013 STUDENT IDENTITY NUMBER: 184284 NUMBER OF COPIES: 2 NUMBER OF PAGES: 60 All rights reserved – no part of this publication may be reproduced

without the prior permission of the author. NOTE: This dissertation was completed as part of a Bachelor of Architectural Technology and Construction Management degree course – no responsibility is taken for any advice, instruction or conclusion given

within!

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PREFACE You could say that not only built work which affects and influences us, but one that was incomplete, a tender for a project, or a simple idea. About Le Corbusier, there are few works that have been built. For these reason, not only those projects we will count on to be built, but with those that were developed without limitations or obstacles. For these ideas, it was given a utopia, that would be necessary for later. To take this big step in architectural and urbanism terms, or simply, evolve. A newly repertoire of ideas. Painting even. He was so prolific man like him, who investigated, and was criticized by some architects of the world. Interest on the no limits. Probably I missed on the curiosity of details, masters, people who listened, learned and criticized, but it has been an endless source of knowledge. My greetings, my thanks to Erik Toft by teach me the way to find a point of view to watch all the works of this extraordinary man. Best Regards

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ABSTRACT

The thesis is structured around five questions on -and 'from'- how Le Corbusier

developed, set and influenced with his knowledge and ideas in a modern society (1887-1965).

Among the possible subjects to discuss, the thesis develops those influences and knowledge that he acquired, from a historical and learning context, features of Le Corbusier's work, emphasizing the influence of his masters, his travels to India and South Europe, his artistical side, his gather with ancient Greece and Rome or organical influence even.

Understanding how he handled the knowledge acquired and which would be

developed to understand the features that absorbed by the vast majority of architects in who he influenced.

Through a modernization of solutions, use of new materials such as cast iron,

glass, cement and decades later, funcionalism trend, the Swiss architect ,throughout its 400 urban projects-a large majority of which would never be made -being only 75 buildings which he managed to build in a dozen countries, even after his death, set the bases of a new architecture.

Architecture focus on the human being, his needs and laying the architecture at the service of him. Using these new materials and tools but without renounce to shapes, funcionalism or colours and mainly, the light.

Not only from a position of architect, Le Corbusier development projects, but

also from the point of view artistical, urbanistic, technical and historical. It derives this a prolific number of buildings, designs, models and treaties that

were developed even after his death. Trends as to International Style, Brutalism, or Postmodern Deconstruction movement.

As well as, the Five Architect group, James Stirling, Louis Isadore Kahn or Philip

Johnson among others.

“Modern life demands, and is waiting for, a new kind of plan, both for the house and

the city”

Vers une architecture (1923)

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INTRODUCTION _____________________________________５５５５

PROBLEM STATEMENT ________________________________６６６６

What was the main ideas in the architectural society when Le

Corbusier start his education?________________________________６６６６ Chronology ______________________________________________________ ６６６６

What was the main ideas he was influenced on? ______________１６１６１６１６

How did he use these ideas and developed? __________________２３２３２３２３ Citroan Evolution _______________________________________________ ２３２３２３２３ “Vers une architecture”__________________________________________ ２４２４２４２４ Four houses form _______________________________________________ ２４２４２４２４ Ville Contemporaine ____________________________________________ ２９２９２９２９ CONGRES AND EXPOSITIONS _____________________________________ ３０３０３０３０ Unité d’Habitation in Marseilles ___________________________________ ３２３２３２３２ NOTRE DAME DU RONCHAMP ____________________________________ ３２３２３２３２ Chandigarh, the city planned _____________________________________ ３５３５３５３５

What were the main ideas from Le Corbusier? ________________３８３８３８３８ DOM-INO SYSTEM ______________________________________________ ３８３８３８３８ Curutchet House _______________________________________________ ４０４０４０４０ MODULOR ____________________________________________________ ４１４１４１４１

Where can we find these ideas and developments nowadays? ___４４４４４４４４ Oscar Niemeyer ________________________________________________ ４４４４４４４４ FIVE ARCHITECTS _______________________________________________ ４５４５４５４５ Louis Isadore Kahn______________________________________________ ４７４７４７４７ Walden 7 / Ricardo Bofill_________________________________________ ５０５０５０５０

CONCLUSION______________________________________５１５１５１５１

REFERENCES ______________________________________５３５３５３５３

Text References _________________________________________５３５３５３５３

Image References________________________________________５４５４５４５４

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INTRODUCTION

Le Corbusier became, in the 1920s, one of the prophets of the new architecture.

In 1922, he designed the plan of a contemporary city, a city of 3 million people,

with a central cruciform skyscrapers, surrounding buildings and vast green spaces, providing an interesting zoning by activities.

In the Villa Savoye, 1929, sums up his 5 points for a new architecture: supports on piles at a regular distance, flat roofs that can be used as a garden, continuous windows along the facade that provide lighting inside, free structure of the facade, open floor eliminating support walls.

The pure, elegant geometry of Le Corbusier's International Style would give way in the years after World War II to a new, more organic vocabulary, which did not prevent, continuing the brilliant career of Le Corbusier.

In the housing unit in 1945, achieved his dream was materialized. Build a

collective housing as a compact building. It is a large rectangular prism, which separates from the ground thanks to huge

pillars of reinforced concrete, the architect favorite material from these moments, leaving the exposed concrete and timber formwork showing.

Thanks to the concrete could let your fertile imagination and work as a

sculpture, as seen in the chapel of Notre-Dame-du-Haut at Ronchamp, built between 1950 and 1955.

It is an irregular floor building, which stands on a hill. Presents three protrusions at the corners, as if it were towers. The roof resembles the keel of a boat, including a canvas lifted.

The color white dominates the set, illuminating the interior through attractive colored glass windows.

The synthesis of his career has been in the city of Chandigarh, the capital of the

Indian state of Punjab. This is a new town, which highlights the parliament, a spectacular building which is preceded by a concrete porch that is finished with a structure in the form of a truncated cone, thus replacing the traditional dome of classical architecture .

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PROBLEM STATEMENT

What was the main ideas in the architectural society when Le Corbusier

start his education?

At start, It is displayed the historical, artistic and architectural context in that Le Corbusier moved around during his education and he would find later. We will refer directly this context to develop the following answers, but before all, I show on a chronology to ubicate this tumultuous and eventful period of the history.

Chronology

1840s

Karl Marx publishes the Communist Manifest 1848 John Ruskin publishes The Seven Lamps of Architecture 1849 1850s Joseph Paxton builds the Crystal Palace 1851 Charles Darwin publishes Origin of Species 1859 Beginning of the Arts and Crafts Movement 1859 1860s First architectural school in the U.S. established at M.I.T 1861 Eugene-Emanuel Viollet –le-Duc publishes Entretiens sur l’architecture 1863 – 72 1870s Great Fire of Chicago 1871 The light bulb is invented 1875 Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone. 1876 Louis Sullivan joins Dankmar Adler's firm in Chicago. 1879 St. Petersburg has its first significant strike by industrial workers 1879 1880s Beginning of Art Noveau ca.1880 Invention of the fireproof metal frame for tall buildings 1880s John D. Rockefeller’s empire controls 95 percent

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of U.S. oil refining. 1880 Tsar Alexander II is assassinated 1881 First electrical power plant and grid in Godalming, Britain 1881 In Appleton, Wisconsin, a hydroelectric power plant begins operation. 1882 Mark Twain publishes The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. 1882 Gaudí is given the commission for the Sagrada Família 1884 The Berlin Conference. European nations agree to ban trade in slaves. 1884 – 85 Le Baron Jenney builds the first metal-frame skyscraper, the Home Insurance Building 1885 Gustav Eiffel builds the Eiffel Tower 1889 Aspirin patented 1889 1890s Frank Lloyd Wright develops the Prairie House 1890s Vincent Van Gogh commits suicide 1890 Death of Queen Victoria 1891 Sigmund Freud formulates his theory and method of psychoanalysis 1892 – 95 World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago 1893 Louis Sullivan publishes The Tall

Building Artistically Considererd 1896 Olympic Games revived in Athens. 1896 Henri Becquerel discovers radioactivity 1896 J. J. Thomson identifies the electron 1896 Formation of the Viennese Secession 1898 H. G. Wells publishes The War of the Worlds 1898 1900s Death of Queen Victoria 1901 In Russia the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks0 form from the breakup of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party 1903 Ford Motor Company 1903 Entente cordiale signed between Britain and France 1904 Albert Einstein publishes Gerenal and

Special Theories of Relativity 1905 Earthquakes in San Francisco, California 1906 First commercial radio transmissions. 1908 AEG Turbine Factory of Peter Behrens 1908–09 The Ford Motor Company invents the assembly line 1908 Pablo Picasso and George Braque create Cubismo 1908 – 12

Filippo Marinetti publishes the Futurist Manifiesto 1909 Louis Bleriot becomes the first person to cross

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the English Channel by airplane. 1909 Frank Lloyd Wright completes the Robie House 1909 1910 - 1914 George V becomes King of the United Kingdom 1910 Roald Amundsen first reaches the South Pole. 1911 Ernest Rutherford identifies the atomic nucleus 1911 Niels Bohr formulates the first cohesive model of the atomic nucleus, and way to quantum mechanics 1913 Ford Motor Company develops the Ford Model T 1913 Beginning of federal income tax in the United States 1913 – 16 The Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassined in Sarajevo triggering World War I 1914 Panama Canal opens 1914 Henry Ford fully mechanizes mass production of automobile 1914 1915 - 1919 Dada art movement ca. 1915 Rolshevik Revolution ends the Russian Empire 1917

Beginning of Russian Civil War 1917 Theo van Doesburg begins the journal De Stijl 1917 End of World War I; German Revolution begins 1918

Murder of Tsar Nicholas II and his family 1918 Treaty of Versailles redraws European borders 1919 Mussolini founds the Fascist Party in Italy 1919 Walter Gropius founds the Bauhaus in Weimar 1919 1920s Women granted the right to vote in the United States 1920 Le Corbusier publishes Vers une architecture (Toward an Architecture), a summary of his ideas 1923 Bauhaus at Dessau designed by Walter Gropius 1925 Le Corbuiser articulates his “Five points of architecture” 1926 Joseph Stalin assumes power in the Soviet Union 1926 New York Stock Market crashes, Beginning the Great Depression 1929 Barcelona Pavilion designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe 1929 1930s Adolf Loos develop the Raumplan 1930 The Empire State Building, designed by Shreve, Lamb and Harmon 1931 Invention of air conditioning 1932 The Intenation Style: Architecture Since 1922 exhibition opens at New York City’s Museum of Modern Art 1932 Second World War 1939 – 45 1940s

Le Corbusier offers his services to the Vichy regime 1941 Vichy rejects Le Corbusier's Obus E plan for Algiers. 1942

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Frank Lloyd Wright designs Johnson Wax Headquarters 1944 Le Corbusier draws up plans for La Rochelle-La Pallice 1946 Alvar Aalto builds the Baker House at the Massachusett 1947 1950s

Mies van der Rohe's Lake Shore Drive Apartments completed in Chicago 1951 Le Corbusier completes Unité d'Habitation in Marseilles 1952 Completion of Le Corbusier's Notre Dame du Haut 1955 The Interbau 57 exposition in Berlin features structures by Alvar Aalto, Walter Gropius and his The Architects' Collaborative (TAC), and an unité by Le Corbusier. 1957 The Seagram Building in New York designed by Mies van der Rohe and Philip Johnson is completed. 1958 Frank Lloyd Wright's Guggenheim Museum in New York is finished after 16 years of work on the project. 1959 Independence gradual European colonies in America, Asia and Oceania, some encouraged by the United States, a nation ever more powerful and with a rapid evolution and growth. Nationalist sentiment ever more great in nations. They establish anthems, flags and symbols to reinforce a bond between people. This causes an unification. Unification in large states or nations in Europe. The Unification of Germany, a process that took place in the second half of the nineteenth century and culminated in the creation of the German Empire on January 18, 1871. Before the formation of a unified national state, the territory of Germany was politically divided into a mosaic composed of Austria and Prussia, as most important.

Unification of the small states that then will form Germany

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Moreover, in Italy, his unification, "Il Risorgimento" in Italian, also along throughout the nineteenth century led to the union of the various states in which the Italian peninsula was divided, largely linked to dynasties considered "non-Italian "as the Habsburgs or Bourbons.

Unification of Italy between 1860 and 1870. It should be understood in the cultural context of Romanticism and the application of nationalist ideology, as the identification of nation and state, both these nations, and Europe. Supporting for the nationalism and reunification of the main nations of Europe, Germany, England, France or Italy; flourished a Neoclassicism. One way to consolidate power through serious architecture and recovering the old classical forms. Architects as a Karl Friedrich Schinckel in germany Neo – Classicism

England: VICTORIAN SYTLE: Victorian styles include Gothic Revival, Italianate, Stick, Eastlake, Queen Anne, Romanesque and Second Empire. 1840 to 1900 It is known as one of building styles that emerged in the mid-nineteenth century, during part of the reign of Victoria I of England and gained momentum and spread mainly in the United Kingdom, its colonies and the United States .

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This style is characterized by designs take English Gothic architecture and other architectures used in his time. Lack of renovation

France: The Gotich Revival Beaux Arts Architecture

1895 to 1925 .Also known as Beaux Arts Classicism, Academic Classicism, or Classical Revival, Beaux Arts architecture is characterized by order, symmetry, formal design, grandiosity, and elaborate ornamentation. Lack of renovation

Viollet-Le-Duc

From French rationalist school, which rejected the teaching of the School of Fine Arts, replacing it with practice and travel through France and Italy. More important is its theoretical contribution, in which he defended the use of a rational methodology in the study of the styles of the past, as opposed to romantic historicism. Arts and Crafts Movement

In this way, in Europe, especially in the second half of, it is established and developed Arts and Crafts Movement, an international movement of that flourished in the period between 1860 and 1910, and its influence continuing until the 1930s. The artist and writer William Morris led during the 1860s, and was inspired by the writings of John Ruskin and Augustus Pugin. At first, It developed and with more intesity in the British Isles, but then, extend to Europe and North America. It was mainly a reaction against the denigrated state of the decorative arts at the time in the manner as they were produced and created. It was a delayed reaction against the forces of industrialization, the demand for traditional craftsmanship with simple shapes and styles often applied to medieval, romantic or folk of decoration. It argued for economic and social reform and, as has been said, essentially anti-industrial.

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Red House, surrounding of London, designed by Philip Webb in 1859, as a home for William Morris ( founder of the movement) Red-tiled roof, based on medieval models, and its emphasis on natural materials, the house became a major influence in Britain and abroad.

Viennese Secession/ Art Noveau

Derivated of Arts and Crafts Movement, the Vienna Secession (also known as the Union of Austrian Artists) The architects of this era were in charge of both the minimum housing and the big city or metropolis, from the shape of the architecture to its commitment to the art and is more, there are architects who also devoted to the production of other arts as painting, sculpture or even, lithography, all inherited the spirit of Art Nouveau proclaiming the birth of a complete artist. Known as the New Style, Art Nouveau was first expressed in fabrics and graphic design. The style spread to architecture and furniture in the 1890s. Art Nouveau buildings often have asymmetrical shapes, arches and decorative surfaces with curved, plant-like designs. its main feature is the sinuous line characteristic plant type any object: ornaments, glasses and even the outer profiles of the houses. Another feature is the use of cast iron and ceramic. Also the structure of the building was identified with the decor. As an artist total This enlarged from The Industrial Revolution initiated in the eighteenth century in England is spreading to Europe and the United States of America. Industrialization created the need to build a new type buildings (factories, railway stations, housing, etc..)

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Demand that they should be cheap and fast to build, at the same time provides technical solutions to new needs. For this reason, since the nineteenth century, architecture and urbanism are inextricably linked to industrialization However, we can not speak of uniform styles and architectural and urban solutions, just like some constants or similar relationships.

Industrial Revolution, iniciated in Great Britain, final of XIX century, and arrived still Assembly Line, developed by Henry Ford in 1913 in assamble of automobiles

Modernization of solutions, use of new materials such as cast iron, glass, cement-it-century later and funcionalism trend. Beside these data that reflect the push of "modernity", we must remember that the new reality is not accept for everyone and, compared to the triumph of mechanization and technology, rise the voices calling for a return to order above. In architecture these claims will be specified in the style revival Chicago School. The style is also known as Commercial style.In the history of architecture, the Chicago School was a school of architects active in Chicago at the turn of the 20th century. They were among the first to promote the new technologies of steel-frame construction in commercial buildings, and developed a spatial aesthetic which co-evolved with, and then came to influence, parallel developments in European Modernism. William Le Baron Jenney (1832 - 1907), The father of the Chicago School Home Insurance Company Building designed in 1884 is considered the first building constructed with steel skeleton

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The idea that a steel structure fire protection allowed speculators to build solar optimal height, "the elevator doubled the height of the buildings and steel structure doubled again"

Home Insurance Company Building, Chicago, 1884

Louis Henry Sullivan (1856 - 1924) fue un arquitecto estadounidense de la Escuela de Chicago (1870-1893). Formó sociedad con Dankmar Adler y comenzó una corriente que será base de la arquitectura moderna Avant – Gardes

The architects, and authors and artists in general, this period took several ways, and many of them participated in several architectural trends in short space of time, they would come to criticize the authors, works, and trends that they had participated , that of known and we quickly reflects that these movements appeared and expired. In this part so extremely varied artists noteworthy that these authors because they were very wealthy influences of each of the movements, adapting to their work they considered the different features of interest and applying them in the way they thought best for their goals. The Deutscher Werkbund (DWB) was a mixed association of architects, artists and industrialists, founded in 1907 in Munich, by Hermann Muthesius. It was an important organization in the history of modern architecture, modern design and a precursor to the Bauhaus. The Werkbund more than an art movement was an action funded by the state to integrate traditional crafts with the techniques of mass production industry to put Germany in a competitive position with other powers such as Britain or the United States.

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was looking for a new artistic expression in the age of the machine, with a major component of theory, like all movements of the early twentieth century. Funcionalism

Modernist movement was lead in architecture which was an attempt to create a nonhistorical architecture of Functionalism in which a new sense of space would be created with the help of modern materials.It is an adoption of the machine aesthetic whereas a rejection of ornament which means a simplification of form and elimination of "unnecessary detail". Thus,about 1920, some architects developed in simple cubical forms. (Before Frist World War) Peter Behrens en Alemania, Adolf Loos y Josef Hoffmann en Austria o Auguste Perret en Francia The search for large areas of geometric design, the use of reinforced concrete, the flight of the decorative elements or the tendency to simplification of the forms are characteristic of this group of architects who never worked as such. De Stijl , in Dutch "The Style", also known as neoplasticism

Neo Dutch artistic movement started in 1917 by Piet Mondrian. It has also been called constructivism Dutch, by its parallelism with Soviet Constructivism. It is linked to the birth of abstract art and other avant-garde (especially cubism and futurism). He had a major impact, and Pure forms Elementary, primary colors, black and white, interrelationship between interior and exterior space. His most prominent work was the villa of Rietverdl Schröder, smooth walls, flat volumes, asymmetrical articulation, use of color as an element that highlights some of the construction ... was one of the key sources of modern architecture.

Rietveld Schröder House, 1924 A clear example of architecture is Schröder House neoplasticista Dutch architect Gerrit Rietveld in collaboration with Mrs. Truus Schröder-Schrader, who commissioned the project to what was his home, and their three children, until his death in 1985. The principal requirement was preferably designed without walls. In this work we can see at a glance the aesthetic elements that characterize this art.

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What was the main ideas he was influenced on?

His artistc talent was recognized early by his teachers, who encouraged him to take advantage of it and consider more ambotious goals than a employment in the industry of watches. École des Beaux-Arts He received a Beaux-Arts influenced architectural education in his city , where he acquired the concept of served and servant spaces, that would affect nearly all his early buidlings. As well as Villa Savoye and Villa Stein, for example, have two clearly differentiated areas between owners and servant or attendants. Even a diferents paths to access to these independent rooms or halls His architectural education came from experience created in the office of Auguste Perret during two years and Peter Behrens one year more, sandwiched between them, several trips troughtout the Mediterranean, where we should include the Greek islands. He return to La Chaux-de-Fonds in 1912, where he taught in the art school, and deisgned a few of his early houses. In 1918,Le Corbusier met the painter Amédée Ozenfant, and within a year they formulated and published a book— Après le Cubisme (1918; “After Cubism”). Developing a variant of Cubism, which they considered a decorative trend with a creation of arbitrary and fantastic forms. In this essay, they returned to get clear, ordered, precise forms, expressive of the modern machine civilization. It was a aesthetic approach they called Purism. Emphasizing the principles of order, rationality, and funcionalism. During the second decade of the twentieth century, Le Corbusier was forging his idea housing in series, idea that begins to mold in 1914 when developed with the assistance of Max Dubois, the standardized structural system dom-ino, states in his subsequent trip to Germany, where it contacts the activity of large industries, and is promoted when in 1919, already installed in Paris, André Citroën rides his factory to produce cars in series. Since then, imagine a home produced as a car, which alludes in the name of the house in a clever play on words The Organic and animal side will come, but after two War Mundial.

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Revived an interest in handicrafts and A search with a spiritual connection with the SURROUNDING environment, natural and artificial Nature, the natural shapes of animals, plants or mushrooms (remain art noveau), derived in his latest buinding and designs.

Organic shapes. that develop another way to observe, opposite to basic forms: right angle, circle, square and rectangle. Using aleatory forms of nature to play with the plain and grey concrete pilars. School of Chicago

Produce structures and radical simplifications, animated by a love of detail, Sullivan reached the goal of inherent architectural beauty. William Le Baron Jenney. Home Insurance Building, Chicago, 1885. The reconstruction of the city after the fire of 1871 design freely allowed buildings like this: a 42 meter high structure through the use of steel, is the precedent of skyscrapers, although he was only ten floors. The increase in the size of office buildings or homes have been completely useless without simultaneous innovations of the age of electricity that enabled rapid mass movements that characterize contemporary urban life: vertical (lift) and horizontal (metro, tram and other public transport).

Beginnings of functionalism Loos said the art architecture differs because it has practical purposes. Perret is the aim of quality construction. Granier about bringing the urban architecture. Behrens is implementing industrial building.

Both of these below architects were teachers of Le Corbusier in his youth, for a short period of time, which was enough to buy the new values in Europe. Auguste Perret 1908 – 09

In 1913, Auguste Perret designed Théâtre des Champs-Elysées that scandalized the Parisian society - this beautifully proportioned building was a clear manifest against ornamentation and other attributes of Art Nouveau.

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The production did not see and the beauty of isolated examples, but is presented as an act that takes into account other things. By matching with the spread of reinforced concrete, uses the possibilities of the materials for its simplification program and maximum economy. Peter Behrens, 1910 german architect, twenty years older than Le Corbusier, was also a designer. He was a important part for the modernist movement, influencing to the movement's leading names, between them, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier and Walter Gropius in earlier period of their careers. AEG Turbine FACTORY

Simplicity of the approach and the effectiveness of their diseño.Construida in cast concrete, steel and large windows seen flat glass Behrens thought not only to the industrial needs of the company. Also tried to cater to the comfort of those who have to work in their facilities. This explains the use of the glazing of the side walls, facilitating also the aeration inside. Even to bring more light there, the entire roof is resolved based on large steel trusses, arches as a diaphragm, which discharge directly to the outside and hold a wide glass and iron overburden. Only in the corners of the building the architect turned to the use of reinforced concrete, with no decoration but the lines that mark the courses of the formwork, material also used in the upper gables to compose a kind of singular pediment which contains the logo company. On one side is the office space. And there is nothing more, and nothing less: the warehouse model in its perfect state. For the same German company also built the homes of factory workers. And not content with this, he designed several pieces of furniture, from watches to coffee machines, lamps or ashtrays. Quite a comprehensive conception of the corporate image. Marks an evolution in the contemporary architecture of this sector typological and represents the paradigm of all industrial buildings rationalist period that begins with the Faguswerk of Walter Gropius. Only in the corners of the building the architect turned to the use of reinforced concrete, with no decoration but the lines that mark the courses of the formwork, material also used in the upper gables to compose a kind of singular pediment which contains the logo company. On one side is the office space. And there is nothing more, and nothing less: the warehouse model in its perfect state. For the same German company also built the homes of factory workers. And not content with this, he designed several pieces of furniture, from watches to coffee machines, lamps or ashtrays. Quite a comprehensive conception of the corporate image.

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Temple of Hera (also called of Neptune), Paestum, Sicilia. mid-sixth century, BC

Marks an evolution in the contemporary architecture of this sector typological and represents the paradigm of all industrial buildings rationalist period that begins with the Faguswerk of Walter Gropius.

AEG Turbine Factory, 1908–1909. Peter Behrens.

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Walter Gropius & Adolph Meyer - Fagus Factory at Aifred-an-der-Leine, 1910-1925

Tony Garnier forerunner of 20th century French architecture. was, together with Auguste Perret, the architect most representative and innovative new French classicism which appeared in Paris in the early twentieth century.

Une Cité Industrielle design of an utopian city

Joseph Paxton CRYSTAL PALACE

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The structure (greenhouse design builder Joseph Paxton) 92,000 square meters, 33 meters in height and 564 meters in length, built by five thousand skilled workers to house the Great Exhibition in London in 1851. It is the first building of such dimensions that uses new materials that the Industrial Revolution provides an effective way: steel (previously used in bridges and other engineering works) and glass (covering an area of 84,000 m² openings).

voyage d´Orient

Youth Travels INDIA. Primitive and ancient cultures. Ancient Greece

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Russian Construcctivism Great unknown for a long time, today , there are some buildings of this type even in the United States. It was the desire to do something useful, all the Russian avant-garde had to do with architecture, there is an identification between art and politics, planning and housing. Vladimir Tatlin.1885-1953. Besides constructivist, was a painter and sculptor, doomed in many facets of the branches of art, was the founder movement being the main bastion, put new materials and new symbology., He made a model of the monument of the third international force project conducted in early 1920. The monument of 400 feet-high in iron and steel spiral inclined from the axis, contain glass structure inside. Model of the monument of the third international force. (1920) Vladimir Tatlin

Some of these trends / vanguards

had many features in common,

others were totally divergent unlike,

for that matter, and in the case of

architecture can not deduce a

movement capable of being

formulated with the term of style,

there would be only one language that could encompass all these trends and is the

"International Style" broad term that covers a wide typology of architectural creations,

techniques and authors, who personally conducted his works

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How did he use these ideas and developed?

Le Corbusier said: “I am only known as an architect, people will not recognize me as a painter, and yet it is by way of painting that I came to architecture” He figured out his ideas by painting and sculpture. Jean-Louis Cohen, one of the best knowers of him, said: "Le Corbusier, educated as a plastic artist, visited his studio every morning to work on his canvases, before before heading to his studio every afternoon to study how to apply them in the architectural compositions, on architectural manner”, manner that I will show and compare after of this

Citroan Evolution

After this travels to Italy and India, and the knowledge that he learned in Germany by Perret and His compendium of influences is implemented from the first prototype of the house Citrohan developed in 1920, where first applies a resource design that will become a constant in virtually all housing projects

Sketch of Citrohan house project André Citroën rides his factory to produce cars in series. Since then, imagine a home produced as a car, which alludes in the name of the house in a clever play on words.

Intended to be built in any country, the prototype Citrohan is a review of the concepts of the Dom-Ino homes subsequent to the experiences in his pictorial activity with Ozenfant and the engineer assistance of Max Dubois. In this project germinal, Le Corbusier puts into effect a catalog of ideas based on the influences collected during his formative years: - The adoption of simple shapes that do survive aesthetic values over time.

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- The concepts expressed in the manifesto of purism in favor of precision and mathematical order. - The adoption of unadorned forms promulgated years earlier by Adolf Loos. - The housing cubic forms of the Mediterranean coast. - The flat roofs of the “Cite Industrielle” of Tony Garnier. - The large glass buildings of the early century Parisians. - The idea of the model cell in the Ema Monastery visited in 1907, carrying Le Corbusier to say, “I apply admirably to the workers houses”

“Vers une architecture”

Es famoso el dicho de Corbusier “la casa es la máquina en qué vivir” en su libro Vers

une architecture publicado en 1923. Este libro fue, y todavía lo es, muy influyente, y los primeros trabajos que hizo, como la “Villa Savoye” en Poissy, Francia son tenidos como prototipos de funcionalismo.”Arquitectura o Revolución”, vino de su creencia que la arquitectura eficiente e industrializada era el único modo de terminar con la revolución de clases. Sus argumentos se consolidarían en su libro. In it, he praised the beauty of the ocean liner, the trubine engine, the airplane, the automobile and even the bridge construction - all design of the engineer, whose products had to reflect function and could not be adorned with unessential decoration. Ideas directly gather with Futurism as an Avant-garde. In this essay, they were explained the Five point of the architecture that Le Corbusier will develop along of his first part of career. These Five points of the architecture was joined with this essay of 1923, which the next villas will follow.The villas were set in isolated space and surrounded by gardens. These villas are characterized by open spaces formed through the various levels and terraces. Among them, corridors, not as simple aisles, but simbological paths.

Four houses form

The walk through these villages, plays an important role in linking these two programs into one, and their hierarchy is a theme inspired by Le Corbusier's visit to the Acropolis. The Villa was imagined as a "spatial experience" and consists of a specifically deliberate path which guides the inhabitant and reveals the artwork as an itinerary through history, as well as the area delimited live amoning inhabitants or hosts and servants. Mechanized procession culminating in an entry point located at the opposite end of the building has affinities with, Processional Path, which he had observed in the Acropolis almost twenty years earlier, a continuous walk, With gentle curves and sightly.

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Cubical shapes against oval ones, inspired by the chimneys of the big transatlantic ships (futurism and modernity). Patterns of the facade were directly relationed with proportions of Palladio. (Renaissance, classic ancient ideas) Villa Roche

1923

Sketches of "Four houses form" of Oeuvre Complete, 1935

Villa Stein - de Monzie

1926-1928

Villa Stein-de Monzie, facade above, 3D model below. 1926-1928

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Villa Foscari is a patrician villa in Mira, near Venice, northern Italy, designed Andrea Palladio (1558-60) The majestic twin ramps imposed a kind of ceremonial route to arriving guests visiting.

Monumental buildings conceivably due to Palladio’s simplified use of geometry in plan, the ‘nine-square grid’

From fundamental mathematical principles, writings such as Colin Rowe’s The Mathematics of the Ideal Villa, published in 1947 unveiled hidden similarities that existed between Le Corbusier’s work (i.e. Villa Stein) and that of Palladio’s (i.e. Villa Foscari) in the use of proportion, mathematics and geometry.

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Symmetry between Renaissance villas of Palladio and Modern Villas of Le Corbusier

The symmetry proportional in Palladio’s Villa Foscari is replaced with fragmentation in Le Corbusier’s Villa Stein hiding the use of proportions in the formation of the object. Villa Savoye

1929

Sketches of "Four houses form" of Oeuvre Complete, 1935

On one hand, Villa Savoye is a clearly Le Corbusier's reinterpretation of the

basic idea of the Greek temple, but in terms of the age of the machine, including a chimney of a transatlantic ship on the roof, but, on the other hand, the main idea about the building could find it on a painting made of the Swiss architect, eleven years before.

One more time, the idea was developed by a painting. Artistically before than architecturally.

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Le cheminée, Le Corbusier 1918. One of his first paintings. He figured out the idea through canvas and brushes before architectual drawings. Artist way as well as architectual and constructor to design.

Villa Savoye, 1929, Paris. In Franch lenguage “machine à habiter”

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Temple of Hera (also called of Neptune), Paestum, Sicilia. mid-sixth century, BC

Le Corbusier, like other arquitects from his moment, had few major commissions during the 1920s, due the First World War but he continually advanced his ideas and his reputation through his writings and through his visionary urban-planning projects. These large-scale housing projects, a response to the growing urban populations and housing shortages of postwar France, were never actually built.

Ville Contemporaine

In 1922 he drew up a plan for a contemporary city of three million inhabitants ( “Ville Contemporaine”) Contemporary City. It was an unrealised project, designed with ordered rows of gleaming glass skyscrapers placed on stilts to allow for pedestrian passage. They were connected by vast highways and set in the midst of parks.

Ville Radieuse (Radiant City) was an unrealised project designed by the French-Swiss architect Le Corbusier in 1924. It tried to explain and developed a basic points - Provide effective means for communications. - Provide a lot of green. - Provide better access to the sun. - Reduce traffic.

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Plan Voison.

In his 1925, Le Corbusier conceived an enormous urban-renewal project that would have replaced the historic buildings north of the Seine with a complex of high-rise buildings. Like the Vile Contemporaine, this radiant modern city was the architect's antidote against the traffic-congested streets of ancient and modern Paris and slums filled of dirtiness of the nineteenth-century city.

Plan Voisin, Paris, France, 1925. Replacing the edification of the right bank of the Seine.

CONGRES AND EXPOSITIONS

The Stuttgart Weissenhofsiedlung was an exhibition of modern architecture commissioned by the Deutscher Werkbund, which under the direction of Mies van der Rohe, promoted the creation of unique performances thirty (basically houses, but also blocks and semi-detached houses or row ) in an area of the then outskirts of Stuttgart in 1927. The estate was built for the Deutscher Werkbund exhibition of 1927, The Weissenhof Estate (or Weissenhof Settlement; in German Weißenhofsiedlung) is a housing estate built for exhibition in Stuttgart in 1927. It was an international showcase of what later became known as the International style of modern architecture Double House in Weissenhofsiedlung

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Sketches of "Four houses form" of Oeuvre Complete, 1935

El Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne (Also known as CIAM or International Congress of Modern Architecture), founded in 1928 and dissolved in 1959, was the store of ideas of modernism (or International Style) in architecture. It consisted of an organization and a series of conferences and meetings

Sarraz Castle in Switzerland, by a group of 28 European architects organized by Le Corbusier, Hélène de Mandrot (owner of the castle), and Sigfried Giedion (the first general secretary).

In the twentieth century manifestos abound in which the term "architecture as a social art" is repeated. Among the many issues to our attention are the concepts and buildings associated with CIAM architects, founded in June 1928. ATHENS CHARTER

1933, a document whose great rhetoric and idealism praised the virtues of cities and residential areas with giant towers, given a long shadow on urban planning in the years after World War II. The principles of the Ville Radieuse were also incorporated into his later publication

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His utopian ideal formed the basis of a number of urban plans during the 1930s and 1940s culminating in the design and construction of the first Unité d’Habitation in

Marseilles in 1952.

Unité d’Habitation in Marseilles in 1952

The "housing unit" is a good example of this, with architectural details such as handrails and balustrades ergonomic , benches strategically placed to rest, or integrated furniture in the apartments with planned functions such as supporting a glass while watching the view of the valley. On the top floor, Le Corbusier placed a school to facilitate the lives of the inhabitants, while in the roof sits a theater under the stars and a pool suitable for children. Food shop, bakehouse, post office. These elements, all of them designed to place man at the center of the architecture, a progressive vision that permeated the career of Le Corbuiser The pure, elegant geometry of Le Corbusier's International Style would give way in the years after World War II to a new, more organic vocabulary.

NOTRE DAME DU RONCHAMP

1950-55, Ronchamp, Francia Le Corbusier was out of its principles of standardization and aesthetic machine, resulting in a site-specific response. By Le Corbusier's own admission, was the site that

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provided the loci required for the response, the horizon visible on all four sides of the hill and its historical legacy as a place of worship. Le Corbusier also sensed a sacred relationship of the hill with its surroundings, the Jura mountains in the distance and the hill itself, dominating the landscape. But incluse overhere, the nature of the site resulted in an ensemble that has many similarities with the Acropolis, from the ascent at the bottom of the hill to the architectural and landscape events along the way, you can see the building until it is reaches almost entirely the hilltop.

Left, mirrored plan of Notre Dame du Ronchamp Right, “Icône”, of Le Corbusier, 1961. Relation between us, as the manner or him.

And when designing Ronchamp, Le Corbusier generates a white-walled organic volume, approaching the ethereal look of modern architecture. With the entry of light, small colored windows, change immediately inside the space, giving it life and symbolism. The organic "enlightened" functionalism is totally present The high walls, act as acoustic amplifiers, they project the sound to the whole place. One of the most striking aspects of the Church, is the cover. The roof appears to float above the building, supported by columns embedded in the walls, creating a gap of 10 cm between the ceiling and walls.

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The roof is perhaps the only sign of any influence of mechanical progress, curves simulating an aircraft wing. Aerodynamics in the design, all huge and heavy qualities appear weightless.

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The activity of Le Corbusier in the field of urbanism has been one of the greatest contributions that he has made within the architecture. He proposed and carried out further urban construction plans in cities such as Moscow, Paris, Algiers, Kabul (in Pakistan), Brasilia, among others.

Chandigarh, the city planned

The city has projects designed by Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanneret, Jane Drew and Maxwell Fry. It was the Indian landscape That inspired the construction of the final built utopian city Chandigarh, the capital of Punjab. The design was based on the conceptualization of La Ville Radieuse (The Radiant City), which in turn was an update of the ideas for the Ville Contemporaine. The central idea of Le Corbusier was to establish in the heart of the city a number of skyscrapers, not next to each other, but all of them separated by spacious gardens and numerous spaces, roads and parking spaces for motorists.

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The shape of the city plan was modified from one with a curving road network to rectangular shape with a grid iron pattern for the fast traffic roads, reducing besides its area for reason of economy. The city plan was conceived as post war 'Garden City', where in upright and high rise buildings were ruled out, keeping in view the socio-economic conditions and living habits of the people.

The skyscrapers of the same size and the same height, would be bathed in the sun and the air everywhere. The green areas at the foot of the same would be gardens and playgrounds. In the distance we extend the garden cities, on the outskirts of the business district, in which reside the inhabitants of the city. Distribution of the city by bounded areas (residential and industrial area, leisure area, work area, etc. ..) And organize pedestrian circulation and vehicles in seven different types of roads for circulation speeds. Not only Art Noveau or Arts and Crafts movement, analysis and observation on his own, because, It would seem that, also his personal collection of marine crustaceans, whose mysterious cavities and their shapes inspired the design of his ideas. Developed in its latest buildings, as a paraleloide hyperbolic roof of the House of Assembly in Chandigarh or the roof of the Chapel of Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp.

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Shell of a Horseshoe Crab, Limulus Polyphemus, one animal whose fossils have been found in 450 million years old., could be comprared with the roof of the Chapel in Rochamp or roof of the House of Assembly in Chandigarh.

Shapes of curves and loops are opposite to basic forms, which do not keep any relation with circles, but with elipse, hyperbole or parabole. Set of curves.

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What were the main ideas from Le Corbusier?

From a new poetics of architecture, midway between classical harmony and functionality requiring modern times, Le Corbusier made form of his ideas and represent them on buildings, essays and paintings.. Trends as functionalism of Adolf Loos, futurism, german and french masters and new materials gave to Le Corbusier an industrial conception. As well as an adoption of simple shapes that do survive aesthetic values over time or unadorned forms, concepts expressed in the manifesto of purism in favor of precision and mathematical order

DOM-INO SYSTEM

Esctructural System created by Le Corbusier in 1914, with the help of engineer Max Du Bois. Structure made of standard elements that could be combined freely, allowing diversity in housing design. System would be perfected as housing could be built in series like machinery. It, dervivaria Citrohan House and its many improved versions

Dom-ino system and evolution of it. House Citröhan. Drawing. 1914 and 3D model With this system, Le Corbusier separated structure form enclosure. The results were the free plan, with its flexible disrtibution of walls, and the free facade, which could take on any desired configuration.

The 5 points of architecture were the main theoretical foundation to develop his own architectural language. This theory did not come out of nowhere, but ed through an evolution of ideas using new materials and technology, and by 1926, the Swiss architect had articulated his "Five Points Toward a New Architecture":

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1. The supports (pilotis) are precisely calculated, spaced regularly, and used to elevate the first floor off the damp ground. 2. The flat roof or roof garden is used for demsetic purposes such as gardening, play and relaxtion-thereby recovering all the build-upon ground for outdoor activities. 3. The interior walls, independent of the support system, can be arranged in a free plan. 4.The horizontal windows made possible by the support system, assure even illumination from wall to wall and admit eight times as much light as vertically placed window of equal area. 5.The facade, also independent of the structural supports, can be freely designed.

Five Points Toward a New Architecture explained from the four villas.

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The attitude towards the front of the Swiss architect changed when he realized the overheating of homes in summer and the excessive thermal loss in winter. The solution came after a series of investigations conducted between thirtieth and sixtieth years that led to the development of permanent a sun-shading structures, made of patterned concrete walls, Brise Soleil, which functions as a filter, which surrounds the building, allowing spatial penetration and softens the formal impact pilotis.

Brise-Soleil. Unité d’habitation”(Marsella, 1945)”.

Curutchet House, Le Corbusier still maintains an character of timelessness. Despite fulfilling all its concepts and principles of his five points for a new architecture, two volumes are organized around the central courtyard and the access ramp that act as a single virtual volume. Play with ramps and processional path again, but the project is based on a constant contradiction between the rationality of regular structural weft orthogonal, and organic shapes and free use adopting the walls by not having to carry loads. These thoughts show us the organic influences.

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Curutchet House, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina (1949-55)

MODULOR

The design philosophy of Le Corbusier draws heavily upon mathematical concepts used by Leonard da Vinci, as the golden ratio and the Fibonacci series, which used as a basis for architectural proportions. It was this vision focused on the man, the human being, placing the man in the center of the needs, which led him to create a canon of measurements, such as pattern dimensioning measures and needs for such people. As we have said, Le Corbusier was a Renaissance man, a return to those times and those ideals. Build by and for the people. The humanist idea development since his paintings. That canon that was developed, was the Modulor

The poem of the Right Angle plates' (1955), Le Corbusier.

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Human constanted measures, as The Golden Ratio that fascinated Western intellectuals of diverse interests for at least 2,400 years. Squares, rectangles, molluscs spirals. Human measures derive of the human being and his needs. Modulor measures

MONASTERIO DE LA TOURETTE

(1957-1960) Le Corbusier created a building of austere beauty. The hardness and the 'brutality' of the design reveal an empathy with the life of the monks.

The building does not have the lightness and ethereal quality of the early work of Le Corbusier, unlike how grid is a regular repetition with a strong horizontal emphasis exposed concrete, deliberately making it strong and severe form.

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The program needs to combine private rooms for monks with their needs spaces between Quele Corbusier proposes a rooftop garden. These different applications were stacked one above the other, private rooms in the two upper floors, under common spaces. From the time the author leaves the purist rhetoric and ascetic white planes that had characterized his earlier work to adopt a mode characterized by the introduction of strong rough textures and give it a strong materiality to their volumes. The concrete "laissez brut" henceforth becomes the main character of the architecture, and also gives its name to the trend ("brut", of "béton brut")

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Where can we find these ideas and developments nowadays?

Later, his works have been the basis, not only for architects, but architectural trends.

Taking as a master in terms of thesis, ideas and designs, as then they would develop freely, similar or not to the ideas of Le Corbusier

As movements, the second half of the century was pleanty of derivations and shunts, with changes and astonishing diversity. Twentieth century trends include Art Moderne and the Bauhaus school coined by Walter Gropius among others, from International Style and Funcionalism which the Swiss architect supported; Deconstructivism, Brutalism, Rationalism, Structuralism, and Postmodernism movements, and most of them were influenced by the ideas of Le Corbusier, mainly Brutalism and Rationalism, developed on its own along the half-century. As well as Mies van der Rohe and Frank Lloyd Wright complet the circle of the three master of the XX century. Among they, set the bases of these next trends and trends of nowadays. I will focus the influences that were absorbed by architects or groups of them, not this movements or trends, due it will be too much long..

Oscar Niemeyer

(1907 -2012) Follower and great promoter of the ideas of Le Corbusier, is considered one of the most influential international modern architecture. He was a pioneer in the exploration of the constructive possibilities of reinforced concrete and plastic. Among its main architectural projects include the construction of Brasília as the new capital of his country during the 1960s. Niemeyer was the main responsible for some iconic public buildings in the city, including the National Congress of Brazil, the Cathedral of Brasilia, Planalto Palace and the Palácio da Alvorada.

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Brasilian National Congress, Niemeyer, 1957-1964 He designed the National Congress during the late 1950s and early 1960s while he served as chief architect for Brazil's new capital city, Brasília. The complex is composed of several buildings.

The urbanistic side of Le Corbusier was one of the principal basis principles that he absorbed, and developed on his own, adding the curve line, the Organic Functionalism in his projects Oscar Niemeyer with Le Corbusier also participated in the drafting of the main building of the United Nations in New York in 1952. FIVE ARCHITECTS (also called New York Five) was an American architectural group formed in New York and composed by Peter Eisenman, Michael Graves, Charles Gwathmey, John Hejduk and Richard Meier. His work was first exhibited at the Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1967, and related to the neo-rationalist movement. These five had a common support to the pure forms of modern architecture , remaining the work of Le Corbusier in the 1920s and 1930s, although members were always faithfull on his ideas and on closer examination their work was far more individual. Their last designs show more refinement respect to the initial ones. Philip Johnson was mentor of them, (1906 -2005) Their earliest ideas followed a granting equal importance to the clarity of the lines, harmony on them. Opening spaces and searching the light.

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The organization of the buildings were based on geometric models that obey conditions of their surrounding, and helping in the treatment of indoor and outdoor spaces. The vast majority of the early Five Architects group's buildings are white, the color that considered the purest because it brings together all the others and changes its tonality during the day. PETER EISENMAN Limited his models of architectonic design just through computing devices. Models had no manner possible to make them real with another tool. Printing the templates of the pieces by laser printing. Deriving in Deconstruction movement.

House of Card and model develop, Eisenman, 1972-1975 Intersection of four planes, subsequently manipulating the structures again and again, until coherent spaces began to emerge. In this way, the fragmented slabs and columns lack a traditional purpose, or even a conventional modernist one. The envelope and structure of the building are just a manifestation of the changed elements of the original four slabs, with some limited modifications.

RICHARD MEIER (1934) American architect, worked with Marcel Breuer. His architecture owes an directly debt to Le Corbuiser’s houses of the 1920’s, as in this use of cubical rended relieved thought gentle curves. He was, and is, more faithful than the other members Savoye and the Swiss Pavilion were the Le Corbusier's works that he explored and influenced him.

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Smith House, Meier, 1965-67, left side, and Douglas House right side. Clarity of line, harmony, open spaces and light. Chimneys, glazing, semicircles staircase, using white as main color. Directly gathering as the Swiss architect.

MICHAEL GRAVES At start, his particularly house additions in Princeton, New Joersey, were Neo-Corbusian, but he soon began to explore new ground. Deriving in Postmodern movement CASA HANSELMANN CHARLES GWATHMEY The purity of his designs has been attenuated by the reality of large corporate and public commissions.

JOHN HEJDUK

Louis Isadore Kahn (1901 – 1974) After working in several studies in that city, he founded his own in 1935. While running his study was also dedicated to criticism and teaching design at the School of Architecture at Yale University from 1947-1957. Kahn's style, influenced by ancient ruins, tends to the monumental and monolithic, the timelessness. His buildings do not hide their weight, their materials, or the way they built.

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Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, La Jolla, California (1962)

Kahn’s monumental gateway to the Pacific perhaps recalls the Propylaea on the Acropolis in Athens, but in an abstract form, and it captures the energies of the surroundings in its frame; as Le Corbusier did with his processional paths of Greeke temples and Acropolis. Straight lines, mainly horizontal. Landscape and ground line. Even the use of the Brise-Soleil, controlling the exposing to the sunlights.

Brise-Soleil in Salk Institute for Biological Studies

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James Stirling and his partners, James Gowan and later Michael Wilford. Influenced by the later works of Le Corbusier, Stirling and his partner designed several buildings that marked a new style, combining in the brick facades with rended concrete.

View and plan of History Faculty Building, Cambridge University, James Stirling Architect Completed 1968 For Stirling, a building should reflect the use to which it is dedicated, it is people that will use of it. The building must display a richness and variety of elements in its facade and should not be in any way simple. Thus, for example, a building dedicated to investigate or show history, must have forms and elements that evoke historical events during different periods. The way in which these elements and shapes are combined, for Stirling, is one of the main issues. Humanistic considerations of the building within its environment, dominate everything concerning the structure, aesthetics and even economics.

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Walden 7 / Ricardo Bofill

As a representation of Housing Unit, modern residential housing design following the principles developed by Le Corbusier, Walden Seven It was inspired by the work of utopian science fiction author B.F. Skinner, Walden Two. It consisted of the construction of a self-managed housing wealth to simulate a small vertical city with homes, streets and shops. Half of the floor area would be used for community uses, circulations and gardens. Thus even with a relatively high density,

could counteract the vertical space The most interesting aspect of the project is atypical in that it addresses the housing block. Eighteen towers, 7 courdyards, a modular grid but not systematic, and extensive public space creates a vertical maze without

recurrence or uniformity.

Facade of Walden 7, Bofill, 1975, The exterior has the appearance of a huge fortress completely painted red. Opens to the outside through large openings such as windows urban high.

Courtyard of Walden 7, Bofill, 1975,

As Le Corbusier’s work, the facades are with intensive colours.

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CONCLUSION

He will be remembered for his architecural mastery of form and light. Renaissance, classic ancient ideas, modernity and iron-concrete advances, even Indian and organic influences, in his lastest designs. Not only from a position of architect, Le Corbusier development projects, but also from the point of view artistical, urbanistic, technical and historical. It derives this a prolific number of buildings, designs, models and treaties that were developed even after his death. Due both of wars and lack of appreciation of their work, Le Corbusier designed and keep developed cities as Chandigarh, one-unit building as Unité d'Habitation, one-unit to collective neighborhood building as Citröhan house, set measures from and to the human being as Modulor, new tools to confort of inhabitants of his buildings as Brise-Soleil and Aerateur. Le Corbusier's writings have been truly influential, also, in modern world architecture. His incisive book "Vers une architecture" (1923) and his "Five points of architecture" were translated into English and other languages inmediately and has since become a treaty nowadays. These ideas were based on the Utopian idea common among the modern pioneers that, armed with the right city planning and the faith in technology, architecture could revolutionize models of living and improve the lives of modern citizens on a physical, economic, and even spiritual level. Therefore, the post-industrialized and modern society was marked by his new conception, gave guidelines to follow, of design, of urbanism, about light, about art, about shapes, about citizens and his needs and how get them, and in the face of today's massive urban crises, his desire to create cities where "the air is clean and pure" and "there is hardly any noise" seems naively idealistic, but his urban schemes were prophetic in the way they anticipated elements of today's cityscapes. Although for many figures of the contemporary architectural thought, modernity is an obsolete movement, and therefore the works and premises of its architecture should not continue; their knowledge, work and efforts have been the basis, not only to architects but to architectural trends.

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The adoption of simple shapes that do survive aesthetic values over time or unadorned forms, concepts expressed in favor of precision and mathematical order, was used as one of the principle to set new trends as Brutalist architecture, 1950s to the mid-1970s, International Style, Deconstruction or Postmodern movement even. For these above reasons, years afterwards, his influence remained on way of thinking, to construct and complete a project. Such knowledge formed the basis of the thought of great part of architects who would come later. They used their knowledge to begin to be architects, leading gradually on their own ideas or maintaining acquired As well as, the Five Architect group, James Stirling, Louis Isadore Kahn or Philip Johnson among others. .

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REFERENCES

Text References

“The Story of Post-Modernism”, Charles Jencks “Modern World Arquitecture, classic buildings of our time”, Jonathan Glancey “A World History of Architecture”, Michael Fazio, Marian Moffett, Lawrence Wodehouse “The magic of Le Corbusier” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ZSVtx7ba0A “Time gives reason to Le Corbusier” http://cultura.elpais.com/cultura/2013/01/21/actualidad/1358799410_783706.html Foundation Le Corbusier http://www.fondationlecorbusier.fr/corbuweb/morpheus.aspx?sysId=11&sysLanguage=en-en&sysParentId=11&sysParentName=home&clearQuery=1 Palladio’s patterns http://cargocollective.com/alifarzaneh/biologyandform “Vers une architecture” Le Corbusier(1923) http://www.dieselpunks.org/ Assembly line - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, es.wikipedia.org Beaux-Arts architecture Henry Ford Timeline of modern history Chicago school (architecture) Ford Model T History Timeline between 1860 – 1940 Chronology www.fsmitha.com Purism, art, Encyclopaedia Britannica Amédée Ozenfant, Franch painter Encyclopaedia Britannica http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/437165/Amedee-Ozenfant#ref145204 Walden 7, Bofill, Spain http://www.plataformaarquitectura.cl/2013/02/19/clasicos-de-arquitectura-walden-7-ricardo-bofill/

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Image References

Development of Modulor http://3.bp.blogspot.com/__keXbYJJjRU/S9Y7hE7K-TI/AAAAAAAAACo/0d-Gqj1qZbA/s1600/1945+modulor2.jpg Le Corbusier’s sign http://planificablog.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/345px-le_corbusier_signature-svg.png Le Corbusier Torso http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-PHg1K6WwOZM/TVgrfY712aI/AAAAAAAAABA/R8OjWIpwvSo/s1600/le-corbusier.jpg Unification of the small states that then will form Germany http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/history/images/german_confed.gif Unification of Italy between 1860 and 1870. http://www.mrburnett.net/apworldhistory/maps/mediterranea4nunificationitaly1870.bmp Assembly Line http://labspace.open.ac.uk/file.php/4778/!via/oucontent/course/132/assembly_line.jpg Red House of Philip Webb in 1859 http://unamaquinalectoradecontexto.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/webb-the-red-house-1.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Red_House_home_of_William_Morris_(4).jpg Model of the monument of the third international force. (1920) Vladimir Tatlin http://www.tienearte.com/h.arte/arte%20racionalista%20construcctivismo.htm Sketch of Citrohan house project http://miguelmartindesign.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/figure10.jpg The poem of the Right Angle plates' (1955), Le Corbusier http://ep00.epimg.net/cultura/imagenes/2013/01/21/actualidad/1358799410_783706_1358802775_noticia_grande.jpg

Villa Foscari, Andrea Palladio (1558-60) http://www.boglewood.com/palladio/malcont2.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Villa_Foscari_20070710-2.jpg Palladio’s proportions http://payload88.cargocollective.com/1/6/206486/4076499/lynn_villas_800.jpg Perforation detail, building in Chandigarh http://wikiarquitectura.com/es/images/e/e5/Chandigarh_detalle_perforaciones_zona_rampas.JPG Collection of Stones http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-TuXngncoP2c/T5FnWoWhuxI/AAAAAAAAAtI/u_2uO-sF8LA/s1600/new_stones.jpg Le cheminée, Le Corbusier 1918 http://tallerdeencuentros.blogspot.dk/2011/05/la-otra-cara-artistica-de-le-corbusier.html Villa Savoye, Le Corbusier, 1929 http://noticias.arq.com.mx/eyecatcher/590x590/12137.jpg Temple of Hera (also called of Neptune), Paestum http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PKSMxxGJa9M/UKq3gbyyywI/AAAAAAAAAM0/4UHoeKuaBPM/s1600/2.+450+AC.+TEMPLO+DE+POSEID%C3%93N.PAESTUM..jpg Villa Stein-de Monzie http://www.galiciacad.com/fotos/villastein3d1

067.jpg http://s3.amazonaws.com/europaconcorsi/project_images/3204329/Villa_Stain_large.jpg AEG turbinenfabrik, Berlin. Peter Behrens, 1908-1909 http://lh5.ggpht.com/-GEQO18si_yg/RvgvHSprl7I/AAAAAAAABL8/hJp7Do-SDYs/IMG_0192.JPG Walter Gropius & Adolph Meyer - Fagus Factory at Aifred-an-der-Leine, 1910-1925

Le Corbusier

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http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/340/flashcards/2193340/jpg/fagus_show-lace_factory1355080885518.jpg Plan Voison, 1922 http://aftercorbu.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2007/08/plan_voison_paris.jpg Shell of a Horseshoe Crab, Limulus Polyphemus http://homofotografus.blogspot.dk/2012/01/cangrejo-de-herradura-un-fosil-viviente.html Modulor and human being http://propsummit.com/upload/351/modulor.jpg Roof of the House of Assembly in Chandigarh http://en.wikiarquitectura.com/index.php/File:Chandigarh_14.jpg Chapel of Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp http://www.abtof.org.uk/Office/content/S633326427373935000/8067%20-%20Chapelle%20Le%20Corbusier%20Ronchamp%20-%20photo%20CRT_O%20Vuillier.JPG Organic Shapes http://img233.imageshack.us/img233/4554/17816723.jpg Chaise-Longue of Le Corbusier http://media.bauhausitaly.com/articoli/fonte/chaise-longue-le-corbusier_37.jpg Domino system and evolution of it. House Citröhan http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_5MApcQ3N4sE/TD25Cgl6v-I/AAAAAAAACrA/oVGNCxpEPdY/s1600/a0049334_10264648.jpg Five points of architecture http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ezQPZUhUcGc/Tiw9Fe83-uI/AAAAAAAABPw/YGJPA8AJrqM/s1600/Pielesarquitectonicas01-LeCorbusier5puntos.jpg Brise-Soleil in Unité d'Habitation of south Marseille. http://data6.blog.de/media/154/4636154_466f843394_m.jpg

Curutchet House, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina (1949-55) http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-mXGO8PuHIC8/T84XaKhPVlI/AAAAAAAALQs/klPePfN1BzU/s1600/casa-curutchet.jpg http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0MlNb_UYtFk/TpvzccVRGoI/AAAAAAAAASA/zITJ4rAcNoI/s400/14.bmp View of Chandigarh model http://ad009cdnb.archdaily.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/456025620_3297464226-29f989ca28-o-528x390.jpg Brasilian National Congress, Niemeyer http://0.tqn.com/d/architecture/1/0/2/x/Brazilian-National-Congress.jpg House of Cards and model develop, Eisenman http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_tdD605Vj5lY/SAXOrHECL4I/AAAAAAAAADU/ES9d5suO5vo/S410/axo2.jpg Smith House, Meier, 1965-67, left side, and Douglas House right side. http://www.essential-architecture.com/ARCHITECT/mrsh08.jpg http://www.essential-architecture.com/ARCHITECT/douglas1.jpg James Stirling’s Buiding http://cdn.c.photoshelter.com/img-get/I0000YzsbdyVUQlM/s/860/860/IMG-0686-Cambridge-University-History-Faculty-Building-James-Stirling.jpg Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, La Jolla, California (1962) http://personal.lse.ac.uk/thielema/salk.jpg Brise-Soleil in Salk Institute for Biological Studies http://sancheztaffurarquitecto.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/instituto-salk-de-estudios-biologicos-1959-1965.jpg Walden 7 http://static.plataformaarquitectura.cl/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/5115908fb3fc4be22a000060_cl-sicos-de-arquitectura-walden-7-ricardo-ofill_walden7_barcelona_spain_ricardo_bofill_taller_arquitectura_7-1000x750.jpg