SEMINAR ON INFECTION

ANEEZ. KIST Year MSc. Nursing

EMS CON

DEFINITION

The entry and development or multiplication of an

infectious agent in the body of man or animals.

LEVELS OF INFECTION Colonization (e.g. S.aureus in skin and normal nasopharynx)

Sub clinical or in apparent infection: Infection is active but does

not produce noticeable symptoms (e.g. Polio)

Latent infection: Infection that is inactive or dormant (virus of

herpes simplex)

Manifest or clinical infection

CLASSIFICATION

Primary & secondary infection: May either refer to succeeding

infections or different stages of the same infection such as in acute

herpes labialis infection.

Occult infection or asymptomatic infection: Is medical

terminology for a “hidden” infection, that is, one that presents no

symptoms verifiable & recognizable by a doctor.

TYPES OF INFECTION

Local infection: limited to specific part of the body where the microorganisms remain.

Systemic infection: If the organisms spread & damage different parts of the body.

Acute infection: Generally appear suddenly or last a short time Chronic infection: May occur slowly, over a very long period

$may lasts months or years.

Exogenous infection: Infection from external source Endogenous infection: Infection by organism harbored by

individual. Re-infection: Subsequent infection by same organism. Nosocomial infection: Patient receiving broad spectrum

antibiotic get colonized by resistant pathogen and infection produced by them.

CHAIN OF INFECTION

IN CHART

ETIOLOGICAL AGENT

The extent to which any microorganism is capable

of producing an infectious process depends on the no. of organism

present, virulence and potency of organism, the ability of

microorganism to enter the body, susceptibility of host and ability

of micro organism to live in hosts body.

KOCH’S POSTULATESA microorganism can be accepted as the causative agent of an

infectious disease only if the following conditions are satisfied, The bacterium should be consistently associated with the lesions of

the disease It should be possible to isolate the bacterium in pure culture from

the lesions Inoculation of such pure culture into suitable laboratory animals

should reproduce the lesions of the disease. It should be possible to re isolate the bacterium in pure culture

from the lesions produced in the experimental animals.

KOCH’S POSTULATES

These criteria first indicated by Henle, were enunciated

by Koch and are known as KOCH’S POSTULATES.

RESERVOIR

Reservoirs are source of microorganisms.

Common sources are human, clients on microorganisms, plants

animals etc.

PORTAL OF EXIT FROM RESERVOIR

Paths by which infectious agent leaves the reservoir

MODES OF TRANSMISSION

DIRECT TRANSMISSION

INDIRECT TRANSMISSION

PORTAL OF ENTRY INTO THE HOST

Before person can infect, microorganism must

enter the body, ie.it is the path by which the infectious agent enters

the human body. It include respiratory tract, GI tract, direct

infection of mucous membranes\break in skin, parental (via

blood,) Trans placental, conjunctiva.

SUSPECTIBLE HOST

Factors influencing susceptibility: Number of organisms to which host is exposed, duration of

exposure. Age genetic constitution, general physical mental, emotional,

nutritional status of host. Status of hematopoietic system, efficiency of recticuloendothelial

system. Absent or abnormal immunoglobins.

STAGES OF INFECTIOUS PROCESS

Infection response

Localized infection

Systemic response

CLINICAL EFFECTS OF INFECTION ON THE BODY

ACUTE CHRONIC

DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH

Blood, urine, and sputum, pus cultures

Stool analysis

Chest x-rays and

Spinal fluid analysis

 TREATMENT AND PREVENTION

Breaking the chain of infection Body’s normal Defences against Infection

Normal Floras Body System Defences Inflammation Vascular and Cellular Responses Inflammatory Exudate Tissue Repair

TREATMENT AND PREVENTION CONT…

Antimicrobial resistance

Universal precautions

HEALTH CARE FACILITY RECOMMENDATION

In Hand out

NURSING PROCESS ASSESSMENT NURSING DIAGNOSIS

Risk for infection Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements Impaired oral mucous membrane Risk for impaired skin integrity Impaired tissue integrity Readiness for enhanced immunization status Social isolation

PLANNING Preventing exposure to infectious organisms Controlling or reducing the extent of infection Maintaining resistance to infection Verbalizing understanding of infection prevention and

control techniques (e.g., hand hygiene)

IMPLEMENTATION Health Promotion Acute Care Asepsis Cleaning, Disinfection, and Sterilization Isolation and Isolation Precautions Infection Prevention and Control for Hospital Personnel Patient Education

EVALUATION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Fundamentals of Nursing, Eighth Edition - Patricia A. Potter, Perry PAGE NO. 405-410 Fundamental of nursing concepts, Process and practice, Barbara Kozier, Glanova Erb,

Audrey Berman, Karen Burke, 7th edition, Pearson Education Publication, Page No. 669-677

Fundamentals of Nursing, Caring and clinical judjement, 3rd Edition, Helen Harkreader, Mary Ann Hogen, Marghelle Thobaben, Saunder’s Elsevier Publication, Page no. 497-510

Fundamentals of Nursing, The art and science of nursing care, Carol Taylor, Carol Lillis, Priscilla Lemone, 5th edition, Lipincott Williams and wilkins publications, Page no. 652

http://www.ajicjournal.org/article/S0196-6553%2814%2901132-8/abstract http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1410863?query=featured_infectious-disea

se.