Infection Control Power Point Presentation
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Transcript of Infection Control Power Point Presentation
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8/8/2019 Infection Control Power Point Presentation
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INFECTION CONTROL
STANDARD PRECAUTIONS
How to prevent the spread ofdisease
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Historical Perspective
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1847 Dr. Ignaz Philip Semmelweis
18% Mortality due to Puerperal Fever
caused byStreptococcus organism
First simple case-control study
Significance of hand washing is
demonstrated
Concept of nosocomial infection is born
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1950s Infection Control as an organized
and recognized discipline is born
Post World War II hospital-basedoutbreaks of infection caused by
Staphylococcus Aureus, mostly in newborn
nurseries
Outbreaks demanded an organizedresponse for investigation and control
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INFECTIOUS DISEASE
PROCESS
INFECTION: presence and multiplication of
microorganisms in the tissue of the host
which may or may not have signs orsymptoms
NORMAL FLORA: bacteria that are frequently
found in everyone in specific parts of the
body
COLONIZATION: presence of bacteria without
multiplication and damage to the host tissue
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CHAIN OF INFECTION
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The interaction between the 6
elements of the chain determine
whether an infection will result.
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6 Links to the Chain of
Infection
Portal of Entry
Susceptible Host Causative Agent
Reservoir
Portal of Exit Mode of Transmission
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# 1 Causative Agent
B
acteria (includesR
ichettsia, Chlamydia, andMycoplasm
Viruses
Fungi Protozoa
Helminths
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Characteristics of
causative agents
Infective dose
Pathogenicity
Virulence
Invasiveness
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Characteristics of Causative Agents
(Continued.
Host Specificity
Viability
Antigenic Variation
Resistance
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#2 Reservoir
Humans:
B Patients
B Healthcare Workers
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Reservoirs
Animals
Insects
Rodents
Shell Fish
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Reservoirs
Environment
B Patient Care Equipment
B Environmental Surfaces
B Food
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# 3 Portal of Exit
The path by which the infectiousorganism (agent) leaves the
reservoir
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Respiratory Tract:
B Coughing
B Sneezing
B Talking
B Suctioning
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Genitourinary Tract:
h Foley Catheters
h Sexually transmitted diseases
Gastrointestinal Tract:
h Feces
h Vomitus
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#4 Mode of Transmission
The mechanism for transfer ofan infectious agent from the
reservoir to a susceptiblehost.
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4 Modes of Transmission
Contact (Direct and Indirect)
Airborne
Vector-Borne
Common Vehicle
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CONTACT
DIRECT: immediate transmission
Person-to-person
Actual physical contact between
source and patient
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INDIRECT CONTACT:
Patient to contaminated indirect
object (contaminated endoscope)
Droplets spread (large particles
that rapidly settle out on
horizontal surfaces usuallywithin 3 feet of source)
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AIRBORNE
Organisms contained
within droplet nuclei or dustparticles (i.e. droplet
nuclei of tuberculosis
Suspended in air for extended
periods, may be spread
through ventilation systems
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VECTOR-BORN
External vector-born
transmission; mechanicaltransfer of microbes on
external appendages (feet of
flies)
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Harbored by Vector
Harbored by vector, but no
biological interactionbetween vector and agent
(i.e. yellow fever virus
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#5 PORTAL OF ENTRY
The path by which an infectious
agent enters the suceptible host
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Respiratory Tract
Genitourinary Tract
Gastrointestinal Tract
Skin/Mucous Membrane
Trasplacental (fetus from mother)
Parenteral (percutaneous, via blood
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#6SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
A person or animal lacking
effective resistance to aparticular pathogenic
agent
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ISOLATION PRECAUTIONSHistorical Perspective
1877 - Present
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1877- First published recommendationsisolation precautions
Birth of Infectious Disease Hospitals
Patients with infectious disease
process placed in separate facilities
Aseptic techniques used to combat
transmission of diseases
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1910- isolation practices are
altered by the introduction
of the Cubical system of
isolation
Replaced Infectious Disease
Hospitals
Multiple-bed wards
Barrier Nursing
introduced
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Barrier Nursing:
Hospital personnel wear gowns
between patients
Handwashing between patients
with antiseptic solutions after
patient contact
Disinfection of objects
contaminated by patents
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1950s - Infection Disease Hospitalsbegin to shut down (except for
TB sanitariums)
1960s - TB Hospitals also begin to
shut down.
1970 - Centers for Disease Controlpublish first manual onIsolation
Techniques for Use in Hospitals
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7 Categories of Isolation
Strict Isolation
Respiratory Isolation
Protective Isolation
Enteric Isolation
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Wound and Skin Precautions Discharge Precautions
B
lood PrecautionsDisease were lumped into categories
based on epidemiological features of
the disease (resulted in under or overisolation)
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Blood and Body Fluid Precautions
Strict Isolation
Contact Isolation
Respiratory Isolation
TB Isolation
Enteric Isolation
Drainage and Secretion Isolations
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1985- Universal Precautions
come into being
HIV HBV
B
lood borne pathogens1987 - Body Substance Isolation
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1990s - HICPAC Isolation System
Two tiered system
f Standard Precautions
f Transmission-basedprecautions
f Contact
f Droplet
f Airborne
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NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS
CAUSES AND SITES
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Compromised Patients
Immunocompromised patients
vary in their susceptibility tonosocomial infections, depending
on the severity and duration of
immunosuppression. Use of thetwo tiered system essential to
break the Chain of Infection.
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3 Major Modes ofTransmission in theHealthcare Setting
Puncture Wounds
Skin Contact
Mucous Membranes (eye/mouth/nose)
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Bloodborne Pathogens
Hepatitis B Virus
Hepatitis C Virus
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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Role of the Infection Control
Nurse/Practioner
Surveillance
Track/Trend types of infections
Education of staff