Infection Control. Healthcare workers are routinely exposed to potentially infectious materials...
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Transcript of Infection Control. Healthcare workers are routinely exposed to potentially infectious materials...
![Page 1: Infection Control. Healthcare workers are routinely exposed to potentially infectious materials during routine care of patients. They must understand.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649dfe5503460f94ae5f3f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Infection Control
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Healthcare workers are routinely exposed to potentially infectious materials during routine care of patients. They must understand the
mode of transmission of a variety of infectious diseases and what type of precautions to take to reduce their exposure to and risk for these.
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Objectives
• At the end of this lesson, the student will:– Analyze principles of infection control– Identify the Chain of Infection and its role in
preventing the spread of microorganisms– Demonstrate proper use of Standard Precautions
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Microorganisms• A microorganism (microbe) is a small living
plant or animal that can only be seen with a microscope.
• Microbes are everywhere.• There are two classification
▫Non-pathogens – do not usually cause infections and help to maintain body processes
▫Pathogens – cause infection and disease
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Classes of Microorganisms• Bacteria
– one celled microorganisms that are classified by shape– Multiply rapidly and can cause disease in any body
system– Diseases: staph infections, strep throat, food
poisoning, syphilis
• Protozoa– One-celled animals that can infect the
brain, blood, intestines– Diseases: malaria, dysentery
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Classes of Microorganisms
• Fungi– Plants that live on other plants or animals– Include yeasts, molds, and mushrooms– Diseases: Vaginal yeast infections, thrush, athlete’s
foot, ringworm
• Rickettsiae– Found in fleas, ticks, lice, and other insects– Spread by bites of the insect– Diseases: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
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Classes of Microorganisms
• Viruses– Are the smallest type of microorganism. They are
made up of only a few molecules.
– Viruses invade the cells of a living organism where they reproduce more viruses
– Diseases: colds, herpes, chicken pox, measles, Hepatitis B and C, HIV, and Aids
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Requirements of Micro-organisms
• Microbes need a reservoir (host) to live and grow.
• Water and nourishment.• Most need oxygen to live.• A warm and dark environment is needed.• Most grow best at body temperature.• Microbes are destroyed by heat and light.
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Classification of Infections and Diseases
• Endogenous – begins inside the body
• Exogenous – caused by something outside the body
• Nosocomial or Hospital Acquired Infection – (HAI) acquired by an individual within a health care facility
• Opportunistic – occur when the body’s defenses are weak
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Classification of Infections and Diseases
• Local infection - is in a body part.• Systemic infection - involves the whole body• Communicable - can be transmitted from one
person to another person. • Multi-drug resistant organisms (MDRO)
– Organisms that can resist the effects of antibiotics– MRSA –Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus– VRE – Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus
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Chain of Infection
If any part of the
chain is broken,
the
spread of the
disease or
infection
will stop.
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Mode of Transmission• Microbes may be transmitted by:
– Airborne Transmission– Bloodborne Transmission– Vectorborne Transmission– Sexual Transmission– Foodborne Transmission– Casual Contact
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Medical Asepsis
• Asepsis is being free of disease-producing microbes.
• Measures are needed to achieve asepsis.– Medical asepsis (clean technique)– Surgical asepsis (sterile technique)
• Sterilization is the process of destroying all microbes.
• Contamination is the process of becoming unclean.
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Rules of Hand Hygiene
• Wash your hands with soap & water when they are visibly dirty or soiled
• After using the restroom• After contact with blood, body fluids,
secretions, or excretions• After coughing, sneezing, or blowing your nose• Before and after handling, preparing,
or eating food
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Rules of Hand Hygiene
• Use an alcohol-based hand rub to decontaminate your hands if they are not visibly soiled
• Before direct contact with a person• After contact with a person’s intact skin• After removing gloves
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Supplies and EquipmentMost equipment is disposable, however, nondisposable items must be cleaned and then disinfected.
– Disinfection - process of destroying pathogens.– Germicides - disinfectants applied to skin, tissues, and
non-living objects.– Chemical disinfectants - used to clean surfaces and
reusable items.– Sterilization destroys all non-pathogens and
pathogens, including spores.
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Standard Precautions• Are part of the CDC’s Isolation Precautions• Reduce the risk of spreading pathogens• Are used when giving care for all residents • Prevent the spread for infection from:
– Blood– All body fluids, secretions, and excretions even if no blood is visible– Skin with open breaks or wounds– Mucous membranes
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Isolation Precautions
– Blood, body fluids, secretions, and excretions can transmit pathogens so barriers are created to prevent the spread of communicable or contagious diseases.
– Usually the person’s room is used.– Are based on clean and dirty.
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Isolation Precautions
• Wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)• Gowns• Masks• Eyewear
• Special measures are used for – removing linens, trash, and equipment from the
room – collecting and transporting specimens– transporting persons
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Gloves and Gowns
• Wear gloves whenever contact with blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, mucous membranes, and non-intact skin is likely.
• Gowns protect your clothes and body from contact with blood, body fluids, secretions, and excretions.– Gowns must completely cover you from your neck
to your knees.– A wet gown is contaminated.– Disposable gowns are discarded after use.
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Masks, Goggles, Eyewear
• Masks and respirators prevent the spread of microbes from the respiratory tract.– Masks are disposable & is contaminated if wet or moist
• Goggles and face shields protect your face from splashing or spraying of blood and body fluids. – The outside of masks, goggles or a face shield is
contaminated.
• Disposable eyewear is discarded after use.• Reusable eyewear is cleaned and disinfected before reuse
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Isolation Precautions
• Contaminated items are bagged to remove them from the person’s room.– Leak-proof plastic bags are used.– Bag and transport linens, trash, equipment, and supplies
following center policy.– Double bagging is not needed unless the outside of the
bag is soiled.
• Use biohazard specimen bags to transport specimens to the laboratory.
• Procedures for transporting persons vary among centers
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Bloodborne Pathogen Standard
• A regulation of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to protect the health team from exposure to blood and other potentially infectious materials (OPIM)
• HIV and HBV are bloodborne pathogens.• The center must have an exposure control plan.
– It identifies staff at risk– Includes actions to take for an
exposure incident.– Staff at risk receive free training.
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Preventive Measures• Measures used to reduce the risk of exposure
include:– Hepatitis B vaccinations– Engineering and work practice controls– Personal protective equipment (PPE)– Proper cleaning and decontamination of
contaminated equipment• Decontaminate work surfaces with a proper
disinfectant.• Use a brush and dustpan or tongs to clean up
broken glass
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Regulated Waste
• Any soiled with liquid or semi-liquid blood or other potentially infection material, including sharps, must be discarded using special measures
• Containers used for discarding regulated waste are closable, puncture-resistant, leak-proof, and color-coded in red and have the BIOHAZARD symbol.
• The center must be kept clean and sanitary.• Special measures must be used with
contaminated laundry
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Exposure Incidents
• Any contact of the eye, mouth, other mucous membrane, non-intact skin with blood or OPIM, including parental contact (needles)
• Incidents must be reported at once.• Confidentiality is important.