Infection, Asepsis and Sterile Technique. 2 MICROORGANISMS living cells found everywhere in the...

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Infection, Asepsis and Sterile Technique

Transcript of Infection, Asepsis and Sterile Technique. 2 MICROORGANISMS living cells found everywhere in the...

Page 1: Infection, Asepsis and Sterile Technique. 2 MICROORGANISMS living cells found everywhere in the environment can be beneficial mold for cheese.

Infection, Asepsis and

Sterile Technique

Page 2: Infection, Asepsis and Sterile Technique. 2 MICROORGANISMS living cells found everywhere in the environment can be beneficial mold for cheese.

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MICROORGANISMS

living cells found

everywhere in the environment

can be beneficial

mold for cheese

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MICROORGANISMS can be harmful

HIV causes AIDS understanding disease

transmission helps create technology for disease prevention

you will care for patients with:

infectious diseases communicable

diseases

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MICROORGANISMS Structure and Function

similar cell structure to animals and plants

metabolic process take in oxygen burn food for energy and

growth excrete wastes

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MICROORGANISMS

Structure and Function increase in size,

divide and mutate react to

environmental changes

able to move on their own

form protective capsules

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MICROORGANISMS Nature of microorganisms

all human beings contain microorganisms in and on their bodies

most do not produce disease under normal conditions

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MICROORGANISMS

Nature pathogenic (disease

causing) microorganisms have the potential to negatively affect a person’s health

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MICROORGANISMS Growth of

microorganisms

beginning of a bacterial infection

hundreds of bacterial cells as bacteria reproduce

millions of bacterial cells colonies

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MICROORGANISMS

Growth environmental factors

oxygen nutrients temperature moisture pH light

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MICROORGANISMS Types

algae rarely cause disease

fungi yeasts

thrush/vaginitis molds

athlete’s foot

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MICROORGANISMS Types

protozoa microscopic vaginal infection

urinary tract infection

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MICROORGANISMS

Types bacteria

spores difficult to control & destroy

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MICROORGANISMS Types

bacteria pathogenic

gonorrhea upper respiratory infection

meningitis

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MICROORGANISMS Types

Viruses affect every system

and tissue of the body HIV

immunization is most effective in prevention of specific viruses

polio, smallpox & measles

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INFECTIOUS DISEASE

Definition caused by

pathogenicmicroorganisms

communicable spreads from oneperson to another

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INFECTIOUS DISEASE Definition

contagious transmitted to many

individuals quickly & easily

can cause an epidemic large number of people

in the same area areinfected in a short time

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INFECTIOUS DISEASE Chain of Infection

reservoir people animals insects inanimate objects

portal of exit all body orifices discharges

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Chain of Infection Vehicle

direct/indirect contact human carrier airborne water-borne food-borne vectors blood borne

INFECTIOUS DISEASE

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INFECTIOUS DISEASE

Chain of Infection Portal of Entry

respiratory tract GI/GU reproductive open wounds incisions/

puncture sites body orifices tubes/catheters

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INFECTIOUS DISEASE

Chain of Infection High Risk Host

hospitalized/inactive chronic fatigue poor nutrition infants/elderly injury/wound/shock/trauma medications side effects emotional factors

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INFECTIOUS DISEASE Breaking the Chain of Infection

reservoir HANDWASHING sterilize disinfect clean/soap & water discard disposable equipment dressing changes PRN contaminated/proper disposal

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INFECTIOUS DISEASE Breaking the Chain of Infection

Portal of Exit HANDWASHING waste disposal secretions/drainage protect open wounds/sterile fields

gloves/masks medications

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INFECTIOUS DISEASE Breaking the Chain of Infection

Vehicle HANDWASHING trash incinerators linen/toiletries infected wounds food handling isolation/airflow sterilization sharps

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INFECTIOUS DISEASE

Breaking the Chain of Infection Portal of Entry

HANDWASHING clean, dry skin; use

moisturizer prevent skin breakdown clean, dry linen tubes/collection bags wound care BSI/sterile procedure

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INFECTIOUS DISEASE

Breaking the Chain of Infection High risk Host

HANDWASHING (infection control)

treat underlying condition rest/skin care nutrition/fluids reduce anxiety cough/deep breathe immunization

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RESPONSE TO INFECTION Response

depends on organism and host normal course of infection

1st phase (incubation period) when pathogen enters the body to the appearance of first symptoms

2nd phase (prodromal stage) from appearance of first symptoms to more severe symptoms

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RESPONSE TO INFECTION Response

normal course of infection 3rd phase (full stage)

symptoms are acute and specific to type of infection

final phase (convalescence stage)

when acute symptoms subside and patient recovers

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RESPONSE TO INFECTION

Factors that Influence Infection Body’s defense mechanisms Portal of entry

only if they gain accessto the body through a specific portal of entry

Number of microorganism greater the number,

greater the opportunity to cause disease

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RESPONSE TO INFECTION Factors that Influence Infection

Virulence pathogen’s strength to cause disease

protective capsules enzymes

Host resistance some normal flora have an antibiotic relationship

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NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION

serious problem acquired in the

hospital reasons

presence resistance to antibiotics

many reservoirs

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NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION

Conditions that Increase the Risk broad spectrum antibiotic

used frequently failure of appropriate proper

technique multiple healthcare personnel prolonged hospitalization lowered resistance to disease

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MEDICAL ASEPSIS

Definition (Asepsis) practices that minimize or

eliminate organisms that can cause infection and disease

medical asepsis clean technique

surgical asepsis sterile technique

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MEDICAL ASEPSIS

Definition (Medical Asepsis) components

reduce/prevent number of microorganism transmissions

HANDWASHING barrier techniques clean environment

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MEDICAL ASEPSIS Medical Asepsis

HANDWASHING single most effective measure

to prevent the spread of disease

barrier technique (PPE) keep organisms from

entering or leaving therespiratory tract, your eyesor breaks in the skin

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MEDICAL ASEPSIS

Medical Asepsis gloves

latex allergy eye protection

goggles/glasses gowns/aprons

fluid resistant masks

disposable

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MEDICAL ASEPSIS

leaving a patient’s room discard

gown/mask/gloves HANDWASHING terminal disinfecting

patient and family teaching

HANDWASHING hygienic practices aseptic technique

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SURGICAL ASEPSIS Asepsis

dirty not been cleaned or sterilized

clean many or the most harmful microorganisms have been removed

sterile free of all microorganisms and spores

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SURGICAL ASEPSIS Sterile Technique

no organisms are carried to the patient

used during dressing changes, administering parenteral medications & sterile procedures

first sterilize articles and prevent contact with unsterile articles

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SURGICAL ASEPSIS

Disinfection & Sterilization disinfectants destroy most

pathogens but not necessarily their spores

sterilization destroys all pathogens and spores

Sterile Protective Measures hair covering, surgical mask,

sterile gown and sterile gloves

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INFECTION CONTROL Standard Precautions

Universal Precautions reduce risk of transmission of blood-borne pathogens

Body Substance Isolation (BSI)

reduce transmission from moist body substances

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INFECTION CONTROL

Standard Precautions must consider ALL patients

are potentially infected wear gloves when in contact with

blood, body fluids, non-intact skin, mucous membranes or contaminated items & change them after each contact

HANDWASHING if contaminated with blood, body fluids, after each patient contact & after removing gloves

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INFECTION CONTROL Standard Precautions

wear a gown/apron when clothing could become soiled

wear mask, eye protection/face shield if splashing of blood/body fluids is possible

do not recap/break needles use proper sharps container report any exposures clean equipment after each use

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INFECTION CONTROL

Transmission-Based Precautions airborne precautions

tiny microorganisms from evaporated droplets remain suspended in the air or carried by dust particles & inhaled

TB, measles and chickenpox private negative pressure room doors of rooms kept closed high-filtration particulate respirator

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INFECTION CONTROL Transmission-Based Precautions droplet precautions

microorganisms are propelled through the air through sneezing, coughing, talking or suctioning

meningitis, pneumonia, influenza, mumps, rubella, and etc.

mask and private room doors may remain open

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INFECTION CONTROL Transmission-Based Precautions

contact precautions most frequent mode of transmission direct contact of body surface indirect contact such as needle/hand HEP A, herpes simplex virus, acute diarrhea, draining abscess & etc.

gloves, gown and private room use in ADDITION to Standard Precautions

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INFECTION CONTROL Isolation

administering medications unwrap before going into pt’s room use disposable med trays and cups don’t take med cards into pt’s room HANDWASHING needles/syringes in sharps container use & discard IV bags in pt’s room dispose of all materials in pt’s room

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INFECTION CONTROL Isolation

sending a specimen to the laboratory

before collecting, label container

place into bag with “biohazard” label

HANDWASHING

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INFECTION CONTROL

Isolation taking vital signs

use equipment in patient’s room

wear PPE as indicated use clock in patient’s room,

not your watch use disposable temperature

system

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INFECTION CONTROL

Isolation

transporting the patient to other areas

wear PPE as indicated to include pt

control/contain patient’s drainage

escort ambulatory patients notify other areas of

patient’s precautions disinfect transportation

device

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INFECTION CONTROL Isolation

caring for the patient’s body after death take special precautions to prevent spread of infection

protective (reverse) isolation protection from outside environment for weakened immune response pts burns or bone marrow transplants, HIV positive, chemotherapy and etc.

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REVIEW OF MAIN POINTS Microorganisms Infectious Disease Response to Infection Nosocomial Infections Medical Asepsis Surgical Asepsis Infection Control


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