INFANCY Power Point

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    INFANCY

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    Refers to a person not more than 12 months.

    A healthy full term infant weighs 2.7-3.2 kg.

    (6-7 lbs)Measures 48-50 cm (19-20 inches) in length

    Head circumference average 35cm (14 inches).

    His skin is moist elastic and wrinkled.

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    NUTRITIONAL OBJECTIVES

    Provide nutritional and rapid growth and

    development of a child during 1st yr. of life.

    Establish the foundation for good health

    habits and attitudes.

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    DIET

    1. Breastfeeding

    has physiologic value for mother and infant

    meets nutrient needs of early months

    provides immunity factor and reduces chances

    for infection

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    2. Bottle feeding

    formula designed to match nutritional ratio of

    breast milk composition, water dilution to

    reduce protein and mineral concentration,added carbohydrate to increase energy value

    may meet need of working mother

    must be prepared under clean conditions andsterilized to prevent contamination.

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    NURTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

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    CALORIE

    The needs of the infant increase from month tomonth, at birth a baby requires about 350-500calories

    In 1 year from 800-1200 calories: 120

    calories/gram body weight from the 2nd -7thmonth

    100 calories/kg from 7th-12th month.

    The average requirement for growth in the 1st yr

    is 50 calories/pound of expected weight, 2/3 ofthis calorie needs being supplied by milk and 1/3by the added CHO.

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    PROTEINS

    Allowances of 1.5-2.5 gm ofCHON /gram in

    the body weight from 0-6 months of age,

    1.5-2gm/kg in the body weight from 6-12months of age are recommended by the

    FAO/WHO expert group.

    1 and oz. of cows milk/pound, which equals

    1.5 gm. OfCHON per pound, which equals

    one-tenth of the body weight.

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    FAT

    Whole cows milk contains satisfactory levels

    of essential fatty acids, linoleic and

    arachidonic acids required by infants.

    Low fat milk used for a short period of time

    presents no problems since the infants has the

    generous reserves of the essential fatty acids.

    About 3-5% of fat included when no specificamount is stipulated.

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    CARBOHYDRATES

    Allowance of 1/10 ounce/lb. of the body

    weight equals 1 ounce/10 oz. of milk

    prescribed, which also equals 1 % of the body

    weight.

    1/3 of the CHO should be derived from the

    milk of mixture, and the remainder added in

    the starch or sugar.

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    MINERALS

    An adequate mineral-salt intake is supplied to

    any infant when one and one half ounces of

    milk/pound of body weight are given.

    Enough iron is stored in the liver of the normal

    infant until the 4-5 month.

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    VITAMINS

    Vitamin B6(pyridoxine) is essential in the diet ofhuman infants. It has been revealed, both

    experimentally and clinically, that a pyridoxine

    deficiency may result in a syndrome characterized

    primarily by convulsions

    Vit. B (pyridoxine) is essential in the diet of

    human infants, the Pyridoxine syndrome may

    result to convulsion.The minimum daily requirement of this vitamin is

    believed to be between 60-100 micrograms.

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    Infants whose mothers received large doses ofvitamin B, during pregnancy for treatment

    Infants given daily dose of 2000 IU ofVit. D

    achieve less growth than infants receiving 125

    IU and far less than those given 400 IU.

    Normal infant ingesting 18 ounces of cows

    milk

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    WATER

    The daily fluid needs of the infant are

    approximately 2.5 ounces per pound of body

    weight.

    The requirement of water varies from 10-15%of the body weight or 1 or to 2 ounces per

    pound of body weight.

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    FOODS FOR INFANTS

    (3-12 months old)Earlier, at 3 months of age, start familiarizing thebaby with the taste and texture of other foods.

    Simple tips on how to help infants eat better

    1. Beware of baby dinners or creamed productsthat contain nutritionally incomplete refinedstarches.

    2. Drain of syrup from canned fruits before serving.

    3. Watch the number of egg yolks the childconsumes per week.

    4. If the doctor says its okay, give him 2% low fatmilk instead of whole milk.

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    TIPS ON GIVING NEWFOODS

    1. After his 3rd month b-day, test the readiness ofyour baby to accept new foods for placing ateaspoon between his lips.

    a. If he tends to close his lips or push teaspoonaway continually then he is not ready.

    b. But if he accept the food from a teaspoon giveliquid or semi liquid food first.

    2. Start any new food with teaspoon on the 1st

    day add as your baby takes to the new taste.

    3. Never start two new foods at the same time.

    4. Show pleasure when giving a new foods.

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    5. Give water to provide enough liquid to

    remove waste on his body and help regulatebody functions.

    6. At about 7 months of age, teach your baby to

    drink water and other liquids from cup.

    7. Give finely chopped foods when your baby

    starts teething.

    8. Offer bland foods to your baby.

    a. Highly salted foods may injure his kidneys.

    b. Too much sugar or sweets may develop in

    the baby.

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    9. Handle babys food properly.

    a. Wash hand with soap and clean water

    before handling babys foods.b. Dirty fingernails carry germs and eggs ofworms which can cause worm infestation.

    c.U

    se clean utensils and keep food away fromflies and insects.

    d. Boil liquids and cook thoroughly.

    10. Feed baby only with freshly cooked foods or

    fruits freshly peeled.

    11. If necessary, divide the recommendedamount of supplementary foods.

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    FORMULA PREPARATION

    Milk formula are sterilized in order to reduce

    curd size and to prevent the growth of

    harmful bacteria

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    TWO METHODS OFFORMULA OF

    PREPARATION1. Aseptic method

    The equipment and ingredients are

    sterilized separately either by steam or boilingwater for at least 25 minutes.

    2. Terminal method

    The formulas are poured into clean but

    unsterilized bottles and are sterilized together.

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    FEEDING TIME

    FEEDING TIME

    = 2.5-2.7 kg baby usually feeds every 3hours.

    = 3.6-4kg baby usually feeds every 4hours.

    =at 2 months old, the baby sleeps through the

    night after the 10pm feeding.

    = Between 2-3 months old, the baby is on a 4-

    5 feeding schedule.

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    SUPPLEMENTARY FOODS

    1. 2nd month- liquid like rice water, vegetablewater, or calamansi juice may be introduceddepending upon infant acceptance and tolerance.2. 4th month- scraped banana, papaya, or thin

    lugaw. Or cerelac and ceresoy.3. 5th-6th months- full diet consisting of pureedmeat,egg,fruit,vegetables,and cereals.4. 7th-8thmonths- foods are chopped finely, not

    strained to teach mastication.5. 9th-12months- whole tender foods or foodschopped coarsely are given.

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    COMMON DISORDERS

    DIARRHEA- Diarrhea is most frequently caused bybacteria and viruses although both overfeedingand underfeeding can also cause diarrhea. Cowsmilk causes allergy to some infants leading also to

    diarrhea.

    VOMITING- Is commonly seen in normal infantduring the 1st few days. Other modifications mayinclude reducing the number of feedings,

    acidifying milk, ormaking it a point to burp the infant after everyfeeding.

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    ALLERGY- e.g. lactose intolerance, the enzyme thathydrolyzes the carbohydrate lactose in milk into

    glucose and galactose is present, increasing the gutfluid volume. Bacteria in colon ferment the lactose anda variety of gastrointestinal symptoms occur withvarying severity.

    CONSTIP

    ATION- infrequent bowel movement is notreally the problem in infants but the pain on thepassage of stool.

    COLIC- is an acute paroxysm of pain, fussing crying, and

    irritability which last for 3months. Causes arephysiologic factors , maternal and family tensions, GIhypermotility, functional immaturity ofCNS and GItract.

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    INDICATION OF GOOD NUTRITION

    Weight GainA steady weight gain of 150-240gm/week thatslows down toward the end of the 1st year toabout 120gm/week is considered as the properweight gain (doubled birth weight at the end ofthe 1 year).

    Length

    Baby length increases by about 25.4cm or 50%more at the end of first year.

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    Behavioral Development

    0-1month=suckles and smiles2-3months=vocalizes and controls head

    4-5months=controls hand and rolls over

    6-7months=sits briefly and crawls

    8-9months=grasps and pulls up10-11months=walks with support and stands alone

    12months=starts to walk alone

    Bowel movement=normal w/o green or red streaks

    Sleeping Habits=

    regularTooth formation=average

    Motor coordination=developing

    Muscles=firm and well formed with moderatesubcutaneous