Inedic Manual En - Innovation and Ecodesign in the Ceramic Industry

InEDIC Ecodesign Manual Page 1


Contents Foreword ...................................................................................................................................................... 7

1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 9

1.1 Ecodesign ...................................................................................................................... 9 1.2 The importance of ecodesign ...................................................................................... 10 1.3 Life cycle thinking ........................................................................................................ 11 1.4 Environmental considerations in ceramic products.................................................... 13

2. Ecodesign project step-by-step ...................................................................................................... 15

2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 15 2.2 Step 1: Ecodesign project planning ............................................................................. 17

Objectives ............................................................................................................................ 17 Activities .............................................................................................................................. 17 2.2.1 Get top managements commitment for the project ......................................... 17 2.2.2 Setup the project team ....................................................................................... 17 2.2.3 Investigate the motivation factors for ecodesign ............................................... 19 2.2.4 Select the target product .................................................................................... 19 2.2.7 InEDIC resources.................................................................................................. 20 2.2.8 Results ................................................................................................................. 21

2.3 Step 2: Product analysis .............................................................................................. 22 Objectives ............................................................................................................................ 22 Activities .............................................................................................................................. 22

2.4 Step 3: Definition of ecodesign strategies for the product ......................................... 25 Objectives ............................................................................................................................ 25 Activities .............................................................................................................................. 25

2.5 Step 4: New product concept ...................................................................................... 27 Objectives ............................................................................................................................ 27 Activities .............................................................................................................................. 27 2.5.3 Definition of final product concept(s) ................................................................. 28 2.5.4 InEDIC resources.................................................................................................. 28 2.5.5 Results ................................................................................................................. 28

2.6 Step 5: Product detailing ............................................................................................. 29 Objectives ............................................................................................................................ 29 Activities .............................................................................................................................. 29 2.6.3 InEDIC resources.................................................................................................. 31 2.6.4 Results ................................................................................................................. 32

2.7 Step 6: Production and market launch........................................................................ 33 Objectives ............................................................................................................................ 33 Activities .............................................................................................................................. 33 2.7.1 Production ........................................................................................................... 33 2.7.2 Internal promotion of the ecodesigned product ................................................ 33 2.7.4 InEDIC resources.................................................................................................. 34 2.7.5 Results ................................................................................................................. 34

2.8 Step 7: Evaluation of the product and project ............................................................ 35 Objectives ............................................................................................................................ 35


Activities .............................................................................................................................. 35 2.8.1 Evaluation of the ecodesign project .................................................................... 35 2.8.2 Evaluation of the final ecodesigned product ...................................................... 35 2.8.3 Report .................................................................................................................. 36 2.8.4 InEDIC resources.................................................................................................. 36 2.8.5 Results ................................................................................................................. 36

2.9 Step 8: Follow-up activities ......................................................................................... 37 Objectives ............................................................................................................................ 37 Activities .............................................................................................................................. 37 2.9.1 Integration of ecodesign in the companys processes and management systems 37 2.9.2 From eco(re)design to eco-innovation and design for sustainability ................. 37 2.9.3 InEDIC resources.................................................................................................. 38 2.9.4 Results ................................................................................................................. 38

3. Motivating factors .......................................................................................................................... 39

3.1 Motivating factors ....................................................................................................... 39 3.2 Which are the main motivating factors for ecodesign projects in a company? ......... 39 3.3 Internal drivers ............................................................................................................ 39

3.3.1 Cost reduction ..................................................................................................... 39 3.3.2 Innovation ........................................................................................................... 40 3.3.3 Quality ................................................................................................................. 40 3.3.4 Companys image ................................................................................................ 40 3.3.5 Companys environmental policy and environmental management systems (EMS) 40 3.3.6 Motivation of employees .................................................................................... 41

3.4 External drivers ........................................................................................................... 41 3.4.1 Environmental benefits ....................................................................................... 41 3.4.2 Government policies, legislation and standardization ........................................ 41 3.4.3 Market demands ................................................................................................. 42 3.4.4 Suppliers .............................................................................................................. 42 3.4.5 Competitors ......................................................................................................... 42 3.4.6 Social environment .............................................................................................. 43

4. Innovation ....................................................................................................................................... 44

4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 44 4.2 Eco-innovation as a social process .............................................................................. 44 4.3 Types of innovation ..................................................................................................... 45 4.4 Six steps to the development of innovation projects development ........................... 48

5. Market analysis .............................................................................................................................. 49

5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 49 5.2 Market analysis project ............................................................................................... 49

5.2.1 Market size .......................................................................................................... 50 5.2.2 Market growth rate ............................................................................................. 50 5.2.3 Market trends ...................................................................................................... 50 5.2.4 Market profitability ............................................................................................. 50 5.2.5 Industry cost structure ........................................................................................ 51


5.3 Marketing management .............................................................................................. 52 5.4 Key success factors ...................................................................................................... 53

6. Environmental analysis .................................................................................................................. 54

6.1 Environmental analysis based on life cycle thinking ................................................... 54 6.2 Methods of environmental analysis of the life cycle .................................................. 56

6.2.1 Examples of tools for environmental analysis .................................................... 57 6.3 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) ........................................................................................ 62 6.4 Examples of LCA application in ceramics .................................................................... 65

7. Economic analysis ........................................................................................................................... 69

7.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 69 7.2 Types of economic assessment: Life Cycle Costing and Cost-Benefit Analysis ........... 70

7.2.1 Life Cycle Costing ................................................................................................. 70 7.2.2 Conventional Life Cycle Costing .......................................................................... 70 7.2.3 Environmental life cycle costing .......................................................................... 72 7.2.4 Societal life cycle costing ..................................................................................... 75 7.2.5 Cost-benefit analysis ........................................................................................... 77 7.2.6 Adjusting for the time dimension ....................................................................... 77

8. Ecodesign strategies ....................................................................................................................... 79

8.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 79 8.2 Ecodesign strategies in the ceramic sector ................................................................. 82

8.2.1 Strategy @: Develop new concepts .................................................................... 82 8.2.2 Strategy 1: Select lower impact materials........................................................... 83 8.2.3 Strategy 2: Reduce the use of materials ............................................................. 85 8.2.4 Strategy 3: Reduce the environmental impact of production ............................ 87 8.2.5 Strategy 4: Promote environmentally friendly packaging and logistics .............. 89 8.2.6 Strategy 5: Reduce the environmental impact in the use phase ........................ 91 8.2.7 Strategy 6: Increase product durability ............................................................... 92 8.2.8 Strategy 7: Optimize the end-of-life system ....................................................... 93

8.3 Trade-offs between criteria ........................................................................................ 94 9. Ecobenchmarking ........................................................................................................................... 95

9.1 What is benchmarking? ............................................................................................... 95 9.2 Why benchmarking? ................................................................................................... 95 9.3 What is environmental product benchmarking? ........................................................ 96 9.4 Steps of eco-benchmarking of products ..................................................................... 96 9.5 Product innovation through benchmarking ................................................................ 98

10. Creative thinking ............................................................................................................................ 99

10.1 Creative thinking ......................................................................................................... 99 10.2 How to stimulate creative thinking ........................................................................... 100 10.3 Lateral thinking .......................................................................................................... 100

10.3.1 Random stimuli ................................................................................................. 101 10.3.2 Brainstorming .................................................................................................... 101

10.4 Other creativity techniques for problem solving ...................................................... 104 10.4.1 The morphological box ...................................................................................... 104


10.4.2 Drawing ............................................................................................................. 105 10.4.3 Improvements ................................................................................................... 105 10.4.4 Modifications..................................................................................................... 106 10.4.5 Metaphors ......................................................................................................... 106 10.4.6 Learning from nature: biomimicry .................................................................... 107 10.4.7 User research .................................................................................................... 108 10.4.8 Role play ............................................................................................................ 108

10.5 Nine dots puzzle ........................................................................................................ 109 10.5.1 Lessons to be learnt from this puzzle ................................................................ 109

11. Environmental management systems and ecodesign ................................................................. 110

11.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 110 11.2 ISO 14001 and ecodesign .......................................................................................... 113

11.2.1 Scope definition................................................................................................. 113 11.2.2 Environmental policy ......................................................................................... 113 11.2.3 Planning ............................................................................................................. 113 11.2.4 Implementation and operation ......................................................................... 115 11.2.5 Checking ............................................................................................................ 118 11.2.6 Management review ......................................................................................... 118

12. Green marketing and communication ......................................................................................... 119

12.1 Green marketing ....................................................................................................... 119 12.1.1 Definition and importance ................................................................................ 119 12.1.2 European context. Green procurement ............................................................ 120 12.1.3 Concepts related to green marketing and market analysis .............................. 121

12.2 Communication tools ................................................................................................ 123 12.1.4 Introduction, definition and importance .......................................................... 123 12.1.5 Background and European context ................................................................... 124 12.1.6 Eco-labels based on ISO .................................................................................... 125 12.1.7 Eco-labels for ceramic products ........................................................................ 127

13. Design for sustainability ............................................................................................................... 129

13.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 129 13.2 Design for sustainability inspired by ISO 26000 ........................................................ 130 13.3 Product-service systems ............................................................................................ 134 13.4 Synthesis: From ecodesign to design for sustainability ............................................ 137

Annex tools .............................................................................................................................................. 138 References (by chapter) ........................................................................................................................... 141 Glossary (in alphabetical order) ............................................................................................................... 151 ANNEX I. Notions in adjusting for the time dimension .......................................................................... 161


Foreword

Ecodesign is a well established concept amongst environmental specialists in Europe, but there is a lack of know how to support the systematic integration of environmental considerations in the design of ceramic products. Despite its economic importance, the ceramic industry is suffering the effects of the slowing down of the European economy and it reflects the effects of the competition of products from countries where environmental and social standards in manufacturing are considerably lower. The ceramic sector needs competitive products to survive in the market and by addressing the environmental features good opportunities for innovation and differentiation arise while the impacts along the life cycle are reduced. InEDIC - Innovation and Ecodesign in the Ceramic Industry is a project funded by the EU Lifelong Learning/Leonardo da Vinci Program (contract 2009-1-PT1-LEO05-03237), coordinated by LNEG-UPCS (National Laboratory of Energy and Geology, Sustainable Production and Consumption Research Unit) from Portugal. This project is a Transfer of Innovation from another Leonardo da Vinci project (Transfer of Knowledge in the Field of Ecodesign, Agreement n 2004 -CZ/04/B/F/PP-168002). The projects primary goal is the development of ecodesign training materials and tools to the ceramic industry in order to provide designers, training and education organizations and businesses with the skills for the systematic integration of environmental considerations in the development of their products. This Manual is organized in a step-by-step approach to ecodesign, presented in Chapter 2 Ecodesign project step-by-step. The implementation of the eight proposed steps is supported by theoretical chapters and practical tools, making it easy to follow and implement, adjust the each companys reality and develop through further reading and learning (InEDICs resource centre). A simplified version of chapter 2 and of the ecodesign tools has also been produced,


aiming at potteries which may not wish to follow a more comprehensive approach as ceramic industries, which were the primary target of the project. The InEDIC project relies on the training/action principle, which proved to be the most effective method in vocational training. It consists on combining in-classroom and practical applications, preferably in real-life cases. With this in mind, ten demonstration projects have been performed with partner industries and potteries, to test the InEDIC Ecodesign Manual, thus ensuring its adequacy and applicability. Besides the InEDIC Ecodesign Manual, projects results are: two databases of ceramic materials and technologies, support material for trainers, ten case studies, a resource centre, a glossary and additional information and explanations, available at the projects website (www.inedic.net) in partners languages and English. The InEDIC consortium involves an international partnership from Portugal, Spain and Greece, totalling 18 partners with proven expertise in the area of ecodesign and in the ceramic sector. The partnership includes research centres, training institutions, associations and companies. This Manual was written by the InEDIC Core Partners: LNEG, I.P., Portugal Cristina Rocha, David Camocho, Sofia Bajouco and Ana Gonalves. www.lneg.pt CENCAL, Portugal Maria Helena Arroz and Manuela Baroso. www.cencal.pt CPD, Portugal Isabel Brarens and Paula Gris Grais. www.cpd.pt CTCV, Portugal Marisa Almeida and Pedro Frade. www.ctcv.pt ESAD/IPL, Portugal Fernando Carradas, Jos Frade and Francisco Fernandes. www.esad.ipleiria.pt ITC, Spain Irina Celades, Teresa Ros Dosd and Noelia Coll Bad. www.itc.uji.es PROSPEKTIKER, Spain Ibon Zugasti, Olatz Errazkin and Xabier Eguskizaga. www.prospektiker.es ARVIS, S.A., Greece Leonidas Somakos and Konstantinos Aravossis. www.arvis.gr

The team hopes that this project and Manual are useful to the target group and to all interested in promoting design for sustainability, but is aware that there is always room for improvement and learning. We therefore kindly welcome all comments that will help us improve this kind of initiatives and better work towards a more sustainable society!


Chapter 1 Introduction

1. Introduction

1.1 Ecodesign Ecodesign is the systematic integration of environmental considerations into the design process of products (both goods and services). The main purpose of ecodesign is to develop products leading to sustainability by reducing their environmental impacts throughout the entire life cycle, taking also into account other conventional product and customer requirements, such as functionality, quality, safety, cost, manufacturability, ergonomics and aesthetics (see Figure 1.1).

Figure 1.1 Criteria for product development, including environment

All products have some impact on the environment, which may occur at any or all stages of the products life cycle, from raw material extraction to the manufacturing processes, distribution, use and end-of-life. The life cycle impacts may range from slight to significant; they may be



short-term or long-term; and they may occur at the local, regional or global level. Integrating environmental considerations from the early phases of product development process is the most effective way of introducing changes that positively affect all life cycle stages. It is estimated that over 80% of all product related environmental impacts is determined by design, so ecodesign is a very promising approach to sustainable consumption and production, which has been applied in numerous products of many economic sectors. In the InEDIC Ecodesign Manual, the ecodesign concepts and tools focus on ceramic products, of the following sub-sectors:

Table and ornamental ware;

Bricks and roof tiles;

Wall and floor tiles;

Sanitary ware.

While InEDIC is orientated to ceramic products, the concepts and tools presented herewith are applicable or easily adaptable to other products. Despite the fact that the concept of ecodesign is easily applicable to goods and services, InEDIC methodologies and tools are deemed more suitable to physical products (i.e., goods).

1.2 The importance of ecodesign Implementation of environmental requirements into product development is important both from an environmental as well as from a business perspective. A direct and tangible benefit is the reduction of environmental impacts related to the consumption of materials, energy and water (i.e., inputs) and the generation of waste and emissions (i.e., undesired outputs). In addition to environmental improvement there are other possible benefits deriving from ecodesign. Companies can reduce costs for themselves and their end users, can increase product quality, pursue innovation and achieve better compliance with environmental legislation as well as with customers demand. In addition they can improve theirs and their products image. In order to optimize these results, ecodesign initiatives in companies should be part of the business strategy, rather than being restricted to the environmental corner of the company. The challenge is to find solutions that are more environmentally sustainable, make business sense in the short and long run and better satisfy customers and consumers needs and expectations. There is growing interest by customers, users and manufacturers alike in the environmental aspects and impacts of products and processes. This interest is reflected in the discussions between business, consumers, government and NGOs with regard to sustainable development, expressed through international agreements, trade regulations, national and international legislation, and voluntary initiatives. This interest is also reflected in the economics of various market segments that are recognizing and benefiting from these new approaches to product design, resulting in improved resource efficiency and processes, increased product differentiation potential, reduced regulatory burden and consequent potential liabilities, and amplified cost savings. Moreover, globalization of markets and



changes in procurement, manufacturing and distribution practices influence the supply chain of every product and therefore have an impact on the environment. Despite the fact that an ecodesign methodology has emerged and has been developing since the 1970s, there are still some barriers for its implementation. The InEDIC project was developed to tackle some of these impediments that are still persisting. These include:

Difficulty to understanding ecodesign by most client/users;

Inability of producers to perceive product impacts;

Inability of stakeholders to perceive product impacts;

Inaccurate (increased) monetary investment estimations for the implementation of the ecodesign methodology;

Lack of time for the implementation of ecodesign;

Unwillingness to change current production and consumption habits;

Lack of training and know-how on environmental aspects, ecodesign and environmental tools;

Lack of environmental studies;

Misperception that implementation increases the costs of human resources;

Technical difficulties to adapt and adjust for new developments;

Difficulties to create interdisciplinary teams.

1.3 Life cycle thinking At the heart of eco-design is the concept of the product life cycle, which is illustrated in figure 1.2. Each of these stages has environmental aspects (inputs and outputs) and associated impacts (such as climate change, resources depletion, toxicity, air, water and soil pollution, etc.). The term life cycle thinking refers to the integrated approach that has to be applied with the aim of designing more environmentally compatible products, often requiring the involvement of other elements of the value chain besides the producer: suppliers, distributors, retailers, waste managers, etc.



Figure 1.2 Product Life Cycle

Source: Adapted from ISO/TR 14062 Environmental management Integrating environmental aspects into product design and development

Consideration of the entire life cycle of the product aims to ensure that:

No materials are arbitrarily excluded;

All the environmental characteristics of a product are taken into account;

Focus is not only on the product itself, but also on the system in which the product will perform;

Environmental impacts are not shifted from one life cycle phase to another or from one medium (air, water, soil) to another.

To this endeavour, it is necessary to apply specific methods and tools based on scientific know-how. Life cycle assessment will help identify the most significant impacts within the product life cycle and therefore choose the most suitable strategies for product improvement. It helps to define direction of design decisions, encouraging measures at the product life cycle points where they are likely to result in greatest benefits to the environment and the company on a business perspective.



1.4 Environmental considerations in ceramic products It is possible to find many ceramic products with innovations that can be classified according to ecodesign strategies; below, some examples from Spain and Portugal are presented. One should keep in mind, however, that the overall environmental benefits of those innovations are not known and therefore environmental trade-offs may occur. It is also observed that typically only one strategy or environmental component is observed in these examples. Nevertheless they illustrate the application of design interventions with potential environmental benefits in an industry which has traditionally focused its environmental efforts in the manufacturing processes.

Table 1.1 Examples of ceramic products with interest on an ecodesign perspective

Ecodesign strategy Activity or solution

Examples Image

Selection of low impact materials

Incorporation of waste

Some tile manufacturing companies recycle pre-consumer waste, reaching up to 90% recycled material by weight, while retaining the strength. There are also examples of house ware producers that manufacture items using the sludge from the wastewater treatment plant.

Greenearth by Roca

Reduction of the material use

Reduction in products thickness

Wall and floor tiles companies have researched into raw materials to achieve a reduction in tile thickness (in this case from 12 mm to 6,5 mm).

Light ceramic tile sheet by Revigres

Reduce the environmental impact of production

Reduction of losses and consequently losses of eco-efficiency.

The ceramic industry has heavily invested in more eco-efficient production techniques. Designers can also influence the environmental performance of the manufacturing processes. Complex shapes, right angles and changes in thickness are to be avoided as they lead to cracks and losses in production. This thin piece was carefully designed to avoid fledging: the tensions during drying neutralize each other out.

Designer: Dulce Fernandes



Ecodesign strategy Activity or solution

Examples Image

Optimizing packaging and distribution

Reduction of packaging Eliminating distribution activities

Companies have been engaged in reducing the amount of cardboard, shrink plastic and glue, and eliminating strips in packaging. A recent trend is called picking, a new form of direct sales orders from the end consumer to the manufacturer, thus reducing the transport impacts.

Direct sales system

Reduction of the environmental impact during the use phase

High efficiency construction elements

New bricks with high thermal, mechanical and acoustic performances have been developed. In this case it is not only the product itself that is improved, but the energy performance of the building, a matter of high concern in the field of sustainability.

CBloco by CTCV

Optimizing the end- of-life system

New method of installation and dismantling

Raised Technical Floor is a method of installation of floor tiles that reduces building waste and facilitates waste separation. This floor is a construction system installed on a metallic substructure at a certain height above the substrate allowing the incorporation of radiant heating systems under the flooring and the flexibility to change the tiling.

Technical raised floor by Porcelanosa

New concepts development

Integration of functions

Ceramic wall and roof tiles that incorporate a thin photovoltaic film are intended to have a high aesthetic, energy and technical performance contributing to a new, sustainable building.

Solar Tiles

University of Minho, CTCV, FCT-CENIMAT, LNEG, Revigrs, Domin, Coelho da Silva, De Viris, ADENE


Chapter 2 Ecodesign project step-by-step

2. Ecodesign project step-by-step

2.1 Introduction The design activity is a creative process. The innovative solutions developed for design problems can never be predetermined; however, the methodology used to develop solutions is more predictable. The logistic aspects of projects can and should be planned with some accuracy. To support the ecodesign project development, the InEDIC manual presents an approach in 8 steps, which are supported by 13 theoretical chapters and 15 tools (plus 2 databases). The description of each step is organized in (1) objectives, (2) main activities, (3) resources (theoretical chapters and tools) and (4) results. As simple as it seems, there is a long way to go from making a decision to implement ecodesign to a final ecodesigned product. It is necessary to select a suitable product, evaluate its current environmental performance, identify potential for improvements, define measures about how to achieve those improvements and, last but not least, put the proposed solutions into practice. This process involves a number of functions from different company departments or units. Companies that decide to implement ecodesign can start with parts of their products and gradually extend the project to the overall redesign of new products or services and may go as far as creating new business solutions. The duration of an ecodesign project varies, depending on the projects scope and the complexity of the product. Typically an ecodesign project can take between three months and one year, but it is recommended that the project should be as short as possible so that the team and the company do not lose the impetuous for ecodesign.



Figure 2.1 Relationship between the 8 ecodesign steps and the InEDIC supporting chapters and tools



2.2 Step 1: Ecodesign project planning

Objectives

To start-up the project in the company;

To organize the means and resources for the project;

To define the design brief.

Activities

2.2.1 Get top managements commitment for the project The involvement of top management in defining the strategic goals for a successful development of the ecodesign project, as well as in allocating the necessary resources, is a key factor. Top management should be committed not only in words, but also in actions. To that end, top management needs convincing arguments for ecodesign and it is important to carry out debates about the added value of ecodesign for the business in the short, medium and long terms (see chapter 3 Motivation factors for ecodesign and chapter 4 Innovation). If the company has an environmental management system (EMS) implemented, or is in the process of implementation, this planning phase is a good opportunity to make the ecodesign project a part of the system (see chapter 11 Environmental management systems and ecodesign).

2.2.2 Setup the project team A project team that will be responsible for the ecodesign project from start to finish, and that will later lead the ecodesign process in the company in a long term perspective, should be established. For ecodesign to be operational, the team should be small, effective and well organized, and the most relevant functions to be involved are design, production and environmental managers or coordinators. In specific milestones and activities of the project development, a multidisciplinary support group should intervene. This group should be composed by all experts needed to develop the project and can include internal staff, external experts or both. Management representatives from all different sectors should be involved in the project to make sure that decisions are implemented once approved by top management. Top management participates mainly when the most important decisions are to be taken and strategic options to be discussed.



Figure 2.2 Human resources required to implement ecodesign in the company: top management, the

ecodesign project team and the project support group

Typically the ecodesign support group involves the departments or functions presented in table 2.1.

Table 2.1 Typical composition of the project support group

Department or function

Involvement and role in the ecodesign project (indicative examples)

Quality Contribution regarding regulations applicable to the product (safety and quality)

Control and verification of the ecodesign process and the product

Laboratory Control of product and process parameters

Research of materials and formulations for the product

Search of more eco-efficient materials

Purchasing Integration of environmental criteria in the purchasing operations

Integration of environmental criteria when collaborating with suppliers

Marketing Contribution regarding market analysis and trends, customers perceptions and preferences, including those related to the products environmental profile

Marketing of the ecodesigned product

Communication about the environmental profile of the product

Sales Contacting clients, gathering their perceptions and needs about eco-efficient products and environmental information

Communication about the environmental profile of the product

Logistics Eco-efficient transportation of the final product

Human resources Identification of training and competence needs in environmental matters and ecodesign

Organization of the company training programmes in order to meet those needs

Internal communication about the ecodesign project and its results



2.2.3 Investigate the motivation factors for ecodesign It is important to investigate the reasons behind the implementation of an ecodesign project. These factors define the business objectives and the level of ambition and innovation of the ecodesign process in the company. It is a discussion where top management and the project support group should be involved, besides, of course, the ecodesign team. See chapter 3 Motivation factors for ecodesign and tool 1 Investigation of motivation factors for ecodesign for further guidance on this activity.

2.2.4 Select the target product Most design and ecodesign projects are based on, or are inspired by, something that exists, a predecessor product, or an existing idea for a new product. Companies may have their own specific reasons for choosing a product to work with, but it is recommended that the product selection is based on the following rules of thumb:

The product must have a good ecodesign potential, having enough room to maneuver allowing modifications and improvements;

The product must respond to the motivation factors of ecodesign, so that higher benefits of ecodesign can be obtained;

The product should not be very complex in terms of parts, materials and technical requirements; starting with simpler products facilitates acquaintance with ecodesign, leading to faster results and therefore fosters the motivation to continue working with ecodesign.

See tool 2 Product selection/ecodesign potential questionnaire, which provides a set of questions to support the team in selecting a favourable product for the project.

2.2.5 Define the design brief In order to start the project, a well defined brief, with clear objectives and important information covering the company's strategic vision and specific objectives for the product should be developed. It is recommended that the brief is defined by the top management, eventually in collaboration with the ecodesign project team. A design brief has the following characteristics:

It is a planning instrument for the project

It is a written document consisting of a set of ideas that enable the team to understand and implement the project objectives

It encompasses a short description of a project, typical users and their needs

It may include requirements and constraints at technical, financial and regulatory levels, if they are known from the beginning

And very important: it is an open document, that may change along the design process A clear and well-prepared brief contributes to a successful project, reducing the possibility the end results to not match the objectives and business needs.



2.2.6 Establish the ecodesign plan It is recommended that an ecodesign plan is developed by the project team in collaboration with top management. Here an example is proposed, following the 8 steps of the ecodesign project as presented in this manual; it includes the list of the main activities per step, the people responsible, the resources needed and the deadlines set. A verification of the accomplishment of the different steps and activities should be performed as well. This plan should be integrated in the regular design and development process of the company and adjusted accordingly. It can also integrate the environmental management programme (particularly for those companies with an implemented environmental management system, see chapter 11 Environmental management systems and ecodesign).

Table 2.2 Ecodesign plan

Ecodesign step Activities Responsible people

Resources Deadline Verification

1 Ecodesign project planning

2 Product analysis

3 Ecodesign strategies

4 New product concept

5 Product detailing

6 Production and market launch

7 Evaluation product and project

8 Follow-up activities

2.2.7 InEDIC resources

Chapters Tools

Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Ecodesign project step-by-step Chapter 3 Motivation factors Chapter 4 Innovation Chapter 11 Environmental management

systems and ecodesign

Tool 1 Investigation of motivating factors for ecodesign

Tool 2 Product selection/ecodesign potential questionnaire

Tool 3 Design brief



2.2.8 Results

The top managements commitment regarding ecodesign in general and the specific ecodesign project;

The establishment of the ecodesign team and support group;

The definition of the reference product that will be the object of the ecodesign project, if applicable;

The definition of the design brief (reflecting the motivation factors, amongst others), that will be used by the internal project team and/or external providers;

The ecodesign project plan.



2.3 Step 2: Product analysis

Objectives In this step the relevant baseline information concerning the reference product has to be gathered and analysed so that the ecodesign strategies for the new product are appropriately defined on the basis of a solid rationale. The main objectives are:

To determine the environmental, economic and market aspects of the reference product, in order to identify the hot spots in the life cycle;

To identify legal requirements applicable to the new product;

To adjust or modify the design brief, if needed.

Activities

2.3.1 Definition of the functional unit Comparisons between products from environmental and economic points of view are only relevant when their functions are defined. Therefore, the ecodesign project team should define the functional unit that will be the reference unit of the environmental life cycle assessment and economic analysis. More information on this issue can be found in chapter 6 Environmental analysis.

2.3.2 Market analysis A good market analysis will guarantee that the final ecodesigned product will meet the needs of consumers and thus will ensure the success of the ecodesign project. For more specific information regarding this activity, see chapter 5 Market analysis and the related tool 4. Here you find valuable information to gain insights on the market potential of the new product.

2.3.3 Environmental analysis To establish meaningful objectives for the new product, the environmental profile of the reference product should be established. The aim is to identify the major environmental problems and the life cycle stages when they occur, so that the new design minimizes these impacts. The ecodesign team should decide, according to the specificity and goals of the project, on how to establish this environmental profile. Several methods for life cycle assessment, qualitative or quantitative, are available to perform the task. See chapter 6 Environmental analysis and related tools 5 Environmental inputs and outputs worksheet, and 6 MET matrix.



2.3.4 Economic analysis A successful ecodesign project combines environmental as well as economic benefits for the company and other players of the value chain. Therefore a key element is the economic evaluation of the reference product. The ecodesign team will thus be able to compile the environmental and economic results and use this information to define ecodesign strategies that also make business sense. The methodology for economic analysis can be found on chapter 7 and tool 7 Economic profile assessment.

2.3.5 Legal and other requirements analysis All products and companies have to comply with several legal requirements. In the ecodesign project it is essential that the project team and the support group are aware of all product-related legal requirements in order to avoid the development of non compliance products. If the company wishes the new product to comply with requirements of a specific eco-label, these should be identified at this stage as well (see chapter 12 Green marketing and communication).

2.3.6 Ecobenchmarking As part of the analysis process, the company may wish to compare the reference product with best-in-class products produced internally or by competitors. When such comparison is based on environmental features, it is called ecobenchmarking. This subject is further developed in chapter 9 Ecobenchmarking.

2.3.7 Review of the design brief Taking into account the results of the previous analysis that may be summarized with the help of tool 8 Product analysis worksheet Synthesis, the design brief may need to be adjusted or modified.


Chapters Tools

Chapter 2 Ecodesign project step-by-step Chapter 5 Market analysis Chapter 6 Environmental analysis Chapter 7 Economic analysis Chapter 9 Ecobenchmarking Chapter 12 Green marketing and

communication

Tool 3 Design brief Tool 4 Market analysis Tool 5 Environmental inputs and outputs

worksheet Tool 6 MET matrix Tool 7 Economic profile assessment Tool 8 Product analysis worksheet

Synthesis



2.3.9 Results

Environmental, economic and market analysis of the reference product;

Identification of legal and other requirements applicable to the ecodesigned product;

Reviewed design brief, if applicable.



2.4 Step 3: Definition of ecodesign strategies for the product

Objectives This step aims at identifying and selecting the most promising ecodesign strategies for the product, amongst a set of pre-defined ecodesign strategies and criteria/measures for ceramic products.

Activities

2.4.1 Analysis of the ecodesign strategies The ecodesign strategies for ceramic products are presented in chapter 8 Ecodesign strategies. For their analysis, selection and application to the reference product, a qualitative tool is proposed (tool 9 Ecodesign strategies for ceramics). This is also a qualitative environmental evaluation and communication instrument. The analysis consists of the evaluation of the reference product according to the 8 strategies and respective criteria of the InEDIC Manual. By applying tool 9, the most problematic situations (i.e., those criteria according to which the reference product performs worse and there is potential for improvement) are immediately identified. Drafting of the tool according to directions should be done by the ecodesign team and later validated by the support group and the results should be controlled against the environmental, economic and market analysis, as well as the motivation factors for ecodesign in the specific company and product situation.

2.4.2 Selection of the most adequate strategies to implement in the product design

This activity usually takes place in a half or full day session with the support group, depending on the complexity of the project. The ecodesign team presents the outcomes of steps 1 and 2 in an easy to understand and graphically attractive way, along with the preliminary results of the completed checklists and the diagram of the ecodesign strategies for ceramics (tool 9). The group discusses all of the above and eventually required adjustments are performed. Then a brainstorming session follows to generate ideas for the new product. The inputs to this session are the above mentioned results and the design brief. The motivating factors for ecodesign are also to be kept in mind. But the most concrete and straightforward inputs to brainstorming are those ecodesign criteria according to which the reference product scored C (which means urgent need for action). The team may wish to debate the criteria according to which the reference product scored B (potential for improvement) as well. The selection of the most adequate strategies and criteria to implement in the product development during this step aims at:

Stimulating the creative design process;

Highlighting opportunities for improvement;

Identifying potential improvement options.



The brainstorming session should not last more than 3-4 hours. It involves the whole group and should follow the appropriate brainstorming techniques as described in chapter 10 Creative thinking. At the end, the ecodesign team summarizes the results and informs all interested parties of the next steps. Typically the brainstorming session generates a large number of ecodesign options, so afterwards the ecodesign team should select between those that have good potential to be implemented and will thus be subject to a feasibility analysis (tool 12 Improvement options evaluation matrix) and those that would not be feasible in the short term, but may be revisited in a subsequent project or may lead to research and development projects or new business areas. In other words, even those ideas that do not actually work in the context of the actual project at hand should nevertheless not be lost or forgotten.


Chapters Tools

Chapter 2 Ecodesign project step-by-step Chapter 8 Ecodesign strategies Chapter 10 Creative thinking

Tool 9 Ecodesign strategies for ceramics Tool 10 Brainstorming Tool 12 Improvement option evaluation

matrix

2.4.4 Results

List with feasible improvement options for the product in the short term (inputs to the conceptual design);

List of improvement options that may be used in subsequent research and development projects or development of new business areas.



2.5 Step 4: New product concept

Objectives

Development of product concepts;

Analysis of product concepts;

Definition of final product concept(s).

Activities

2.5.1 Develop concepts for the product Within the design process, all the different aspects need to get attention and compromises are required, in order to come to one or more solutions that satisfy all applicable criteria. Using the insights gained in the analysis and strategies definition phases, this step aims to develop ideas and proposals on how to improve the reference product or how to develop a new environmentally-sound and cost-effective business idea or an eco-efficient service to satisfy customer needs. Although the previously defined design criteria and requirements as laid down in the design brief have to be taken into account, they should not constrain the creative process. The task, somewhat paradoxically, is to let ones ideas and imagination run freely without forgetting the criteria, the strategies and the analysis. Team work and the ability to think out of the box are especially important in this phase. Inspiration can come from a lot of different directions. It can be spontaneous or a little guided. To find ways and tools to stimulate creativity during individual brainwaves or Group Creative Sessions, please refer to chapter 10 Creative thinking in this manual. Relating supporting tools are 10 Brainstorming and 13 Morphological box. As a result of the idea generation phase, concepts and solutions are generated and described clearly so that a rough assessment of the success potential can be determined. For this conclusions (concepts and solutions) have to either be described in detail or presented and that is why it is very important that the design team knows how to communicate the ideas visually and verbally within the team, to the company and to the outside world. Therefore sketches, hand drawings, 2D/3D computer drawings, storyboards, technical information, documentation and models or prototypes can be prepared to support the communication. This phase is essential, as good ideas can be discarded or overlooked if communication fails.

Designers in the ecodesign project team will be familiar with several other ways to communicate ideas. The technique used to visualize the product concept should be selected according to what has to be communicated from the concept or project.



2.5.2 Detailed analysis and evaluation of product concepts An important task of the conceptual design stage is the evaluation of the design concepts against each other and in comparison to existing solutions on the market. The result of the conceptual design stage is the selection of one or more possible concepts that best meet all requirements. To evaluate all concepts, the best option is to use the same tools and approaches used in the analysis of the reference product (tool 5 Environmental inputs and outputs worksheet; tool 6 MET matrix; tool 7 Economic profile assessment), since they allow a complete evaluation and a comparison between the previous product and the new proposed product concept(s). For the economic assessment of the ecodesign measures chosen for the product concept, tool 11 Economic feasibility assessment of ecodesign should be used to support the decision making regarding final product concept(s).

2.5.3 Definition of final product concept(s) Based on the analysis mentioned above, one or more product concepts should be selected to continue to the next phase, during which the product specifications will be defined. The InEDIC Materials and Technologies databases are helpful at this point.


Chapters Tools

Chapter 2 Ecodesign project step-by-step Chapter 10 Creative thinking

Tool 5 Environmental inputs and outputs worksheet

Tool 6 MET matrix Tool 7 Economic profile assessment Tool 11 Economic feasibility assessment of

ecodesign Tool 12 Improvement option evaluation

matrix Tool 13 Morphological box InEDIC Materials database InEDIC Technologies database

2.5.5 Results

New product concept(s).



2.6 Step 5: Product detailing

Objectives

Definition and detailing of the final product for production

Activities

2.6.1 Definition of product specifications During this stage, the concept is developed further to meet the product design specifications and to specify the product prior to production and introduction into market. Depending on the complexity of the design and development process the number of participants (and their areas of expertise) involved in this stage, within or outside the support group can vary. Usually, designers, engineers, production planners, service providers and marketing personnel work together to refine the design concept in order to meet the design specification. Tools typically employed at this stage include:

Software and modelling tools, such as those used to estimate efficiency during use;

Material and technologies databases (see InEDIC databases);

Production and process optimization tools. The level of detail achieved at this phase of definition of product specifications should allow manufacturing of the product prototype(s) and provide information for the introduction of the product to the market. The final specification should be a multi-criteria decision-making process considering specific company conditions, existing production processes, business strategies and available resources. This process with include the elaboration of documentation which describes technical aspects of the product, ergonomic and functionality features required by customers, economic aspects of the production and overall product marketing. Aspects to be considered during the definition of product specifications: Technical aspects The technical description of the product design should provide a detailed definition of all product components and technology processes necessary for manufacturing of the product. As a minimum, this includes:

Shape definition of the product and all its components;

Exact dimensions including tolerances;

Surface properties;

Selected materials with reference to evaluated environmental criteria;

Selected production techniques with reference to evaluated environmental criteria;

Environmental criteria;



Product test plans;

Description of manufacturing of the prototype(s);

Testing and evaluation procedure of the prototype(s);

Summarised product definition and additional technical documentation;

Applicable standards. Quality and safety aspects These product features are vital to ensure the customer preference and product acceptance in the market. Designers should therefore be aware of the need to incorporate all relevant measures ensuring required product quality and safety in the early stages of ecodesign projects. The definition of product quality and safety aspects generally includes:

Identification and evaluation of risks in early stages;

Identification of applicable legal requirements regarding quality and safety of the product;

Description of applied measures to ensure quality of the product;

Description of applied measures to ensure safety of the product;

Product reliability declaration;

Information on testing to be carried out on the product;

Consumer requirements. Safety involves the formal examination of product materials, components, configurations, packaging and labelling (instructions and warnings) to identify, evaluate, and control potential product hazards. Hazards identification and evaluation criteria should include objective estimations of the conditions under which the product will be used, including such things as age levels and physical limitations of users as well as potentially dire situations that might occur as a result of reasonably foreseeable product misuse. In the case of tiles and roof tiles for instance, leaching behaviour should be examined. Comparisons with applicable authoritative guidelines, legislation and standards should be made. Some practical examples in ceramics are:

Raw material selection: specifications for control of lead and cadmium in raw materials for domestic tableware;

Use stage: microwave safety instruction for tableware; slippery information in the case of floor tiles.

Environmental aspects The detailed design of the new products should be assessed from an environmental point of view, using the same methods and assumptions that were applied to the reference product and new concepts, to enable comparisons. Furthermore, relevant environmental criteria such as the absence of hazardous substances, the use of recycled materials, etc. should be part of the products specifications.



Economic aspects At this stage, some of the economic aspects to be considered are:

Assessment of investments needed to the manufacturing of the ecodesigned product including costs with lab analysis;

Assessment of investments needed to the market launch;

Assessment of costs related to the products entire life cycle (Life Cycle Costing);

Product sales forecast/qualified estimate;

Product costing and profitability analysis;

Other financial analysis. Legal and other requirements The products specifications should be in accordance with the legal requirements identified in step 2 and those identified as relevant in the aforementioned specification step. For this purpose, a list of all relevant legal provisions regarding technical, safety, environmental and other mandatory properties of the product should be compiled. For example, the team should identify the applicability of REACH regulation in the selection of new raw material for the product.

2.6.2 Prototyping Once the prototype is produced, it should be tested and evaluated, in order to determine whether it actually conforms to the objectives defined in the brief. This step is an important milestone in the product development process, and is an opportunity to check conformity to the production plan and process engineering. The environmental aspects of the product can also be assessed at this stage, again following the methods and assumptions used previously. During this stage, any necessary adjustments and changes in design can also take place.


Chapters Tools


InEDIC Materials database InEDIC Technologies database



2.6.4 Results

Product specifications, with a sufficient level of detail to proceed to production, including all technical documentation, models and prototypes, validated in terms of environmental, technical, economic and other requirements;

Prototypes;

Production plan.



2.7 Step 6: Production and market launch

Objectives

Production of the ecodesigned product;

Market launch.

Activities

2.7.1 Production Preparation for production of the ecodesigned product is based on approved product specifications. Most companies use standardized procedures when starting a new production line.

2.7.2 Internal promotion of the ecodesigned product Appropriate communication of the results of an ecodesign project to the company staff is an important prerequisite for its success. However, it is often undervalued by companies. Internal communication of the project should emphasize changes relating to the activities and routines of workers arising from the implementation of ecodesign measures.

2.7.3 Market launch Market launch includes the presentation and communication of product features and benefits in order to encourage the purchase and use of the product by consumers. In this context, the environmental profile of the ecodesigned product can be the basis of the marketing strategy. The external environmental communication regarding the product has two main aspects:

The communication of environmental aspects throughout its life cycle, using various tools and means, for example, environmental labelling or environmental product declarations (see chapter 12 - Green marketing and communication);

Information to the user to minimize the environmental impacts of products during their use and final disposal.




Chapters Tools

Chapter 2 Ecodesign project step-by-step Chapter 12 Green market and

communication

2.7.5 Results

Final product, including packaging and user information;

Marketing and communication elements associated to market launch.



2.8 Step 7: Evaluation of the product and project Objectives

Evaluation of the ecodesign project;

Evaluation of the final ecodesigned product.

Activities

2.8.1 Evaluation of the ecodesign project This part of the evaluation process is aimed at analysing the effectiveness and procedural aspects of the ecodesign project. Firstly, the company should consider whether the methodology used for the project is actually appropriate. The step-by-step procedure for ecodesign projects described in this manual is a general model that companies may want to modify according to their specific needs. Some companies have their own internal project management system that can incorporate aspects of an ecodesign project as described here. The company also needs to evaluate the project team and support group. This evaluation should specifically focus on its composition, the level of participation, available resources and responsibilities. This process can also reveal knowledge and training needs in the project team, especially in environmental topics. In this case, specific training actions are recommended. For further guidance see tool 14 Ecodesign evaluation questionnaire.

2.8.2 Evaluation of the final ecodesigned product This part of the evaluation focuses on improved qualities of the new product compared to the original, competing or other reference product (tool 14 Ecodesign evaluation questionnaire). It is also at this stage that the final result of the project is to be compared to the design brief. If there are deviations, the team should reflect on why they occur and learn from them. Apart from financial and environmental aspects of the new product, functionality and technical qualities should also be evaluated during this phase. Such information will complete the picture of the newly designed/redesigned product and will provide additional information for product marketing and internal justification/promotion of the ecodesign project. After the market launch, feedback from customers and other stakeholders is an important information source for the organization to improve its current or future products, as well as the design and development process. Companies should take into account the fact that often information about improvements is not achieved soon after the completion of the project; it takes some time until they have reliable and meaningful data.



2.8.3 Report The evaluation of the projects results and of the product itself should be compiled in a report prepared by the project team, so that lessons learnt during the implementation of the project are not forgotten or lost. The report shall be distributed to all parties involved in the project, including top management.


Chapters Tools


Tool 14 Ecodesign evaluation questionnaire

2.8.5 Results

Evaluation of the project;

Evaluation of the product;

Report about the evaluation of project and product.



2.9 Step 8: Follow-up activities

Objectives

Definition of future ecodesign activities in the company.

Activities

2.9.1 Integration of ecodesign in the companys processes and management systems

Normally, the results of ecodesign projects are positive and top management will be interested in pursuing these projects and integrate them systematically in the companys strategy and business practice. This can result in the creation of a formal eco-design programme and the integration of the projects methodology in the overall design process of the company, following all necessary adjustments. If companies implement or aim at implementing a quality or environmental management system, it is important to integrate ecodesign as an integral part of these systems. For more guidance on the link between ecodesign and environmental management systems (EMS) see chapter 11 and tool 15 Environmental management systems and ecodesign checklist, both of which provide support regarding the extent to which the EMS includes the product and life cycle thinking in its elements, including the operational control of the design process.

2.9.2 From eco(re)design to eco-innovation and design for sustainability

Eco-innovation is a more challenging initiative than the eco(re)design process, since it includes exploring new market segments or user needs, instead of the improvement of a reference product. The aim is to create new ideas for products and services that meet consumer needs with lower environmental (and social) impacts. This type of innovation can also be attained through improvements in technology, resulting from research and development. If the company is willing to proceed to more far-reaching innovations, it may review the ecodesign ideas that were generated during the brainstorming session and were disregarded as too futuristic. Or it may have other insights or identify market opportunities to develop a totally new product or business area. It is recommended to refer to chapter 4, where four kinds of product, services and systems innovation as well as a method for innovation management are presented. Another trend is to integrate social criteria in the design of products, alongside with environmental, technical, aesthetical etc., criteria. Many companies currently undertake social responsibility programmes and these should include the companies product and service development as well. For additional information please refer to chapter 13 Design for sustainability.




Chapters Tools

Chapter 2 Ecodesign project step-by-step Chapter 4 Innovation Chapter 11 Environmental management

systems and ecodesign Chapter 13 Design for sustainability

Tool 15 Environmental management systems and ecodesign checklist

2.9.4 Results Integration of ecodesign in the companys processes

Integration of ecodesign in the companys management systems

Environmentally and socially driven innovation of products and services


Chapter 3 Motivating factors

3. Motivating factors

3.1 Motivating factors It is important to investigate the reasons behind the eco-design project and the expectations of all interested parties, from client to producers. Companies can reduce theirs and their end users costs, increase the product quality, pursue innovation and comply better with environmental legislation as well as with customers demands. These factors define the business objectives and consequently the level of ambition and innovation of the ecodesign process in your company. Therefore, the identification of motivating factors is an important input to the design brief (tool 3).

3.2 Which are the main motivating factors for ecodesign projects in a company?

Environmental improvement;

Policies, legislation and standardization;

Company environmental policy and environmental management systems;

Social environment;

Product innovation, differentiation;

Product quality;

Product cost reduction;

Available technologies;

Company image;

Customer demand;

Future trends;

New project challenge, motivation of employees. These motivation factors can come from the business itself (internal drivers) or from its surroundings (external drivers).

3.3 Internal drivers These are the internal factors or organisations internal stimuli which influence the decision to undertake ecodesign approach. They are depicted in detail below:

3.3.1 Cost reduction The product cost is one of the most important factors in product development. With an ecodesign project significant financial savings may be achieved in the short and long terms by using fewer materials for each product (e.g. reduction of the consumption of raw materials),



reducing hazardous materials (which appear in glasses for aesthetic effects and normally have a higher price), optimising manufacturing processes (energy and water efficiency, generation of less waste) and improving logistics. The energy consumption represents an important spending line in the ceramic manufacturing. Through appropriate design measures it is possible to reduce energy consumption in manufacturing, by for example reducing the maximum temperature with fluxes agents and modification of ceramic bodies. Another important cost is related to the raw materials whose price is constantly increasing. Given that raw materials account for around a fifth of total ceramics manufacturing cost any volatility in input prices has a marked impact on overall production costs and competitiveness.

3.3.2 Innovation New considerations in the product development lead to innovative products giving them also a longer lifetime; that enable the company to reinforce market shares over time and to open up new market niches. There is a trend in the European ceramic sector to the development of high added value products, for example ventilated facades, urban pottery, lightweight bricks, solar tiles, etc. Ecodesign is part of product innovation in the ceramic sector.

3.3.3 Quality Ecodesign can help to increase the product quality by means of improved surface quality, straightness of sides, durability and so on.

3.3.4 Companys image Ecodesign could be one of the ways to improve the company image in the social surroundings. This factor is important when customers and other important stakeholders environmental awareness is high. This strategy has been used by the Italian manufactures to dominate the France, German and USA markets. Once the environmental improvements of a product have been achieved, the user must receive correct information about them. The environmental quality can be communicated by different means, for example, by the use of eco-labels, by providing adequate information to the clients, and by proper green marketing. Communicating environmental benefits will improve the image of both the product and the company.

3.3.5 Companys environmental policy and environmental management systems (EMS)

The company may be willing to improve its products environmental performance because of its implemented environmental policy, and its constant work towards environmental improvements. Also, the EMS (e.g. ISO 14001 or EMAS) puts emphasis on products if they are linked to significant environmental aspects.



3.3.6 Motivation of employees The motivation of employees may be strengthened if they perceive that they work for an environmentally conscious company. In addition, through ecodesign it is possible to increase workers health and safety conditions, namely through the selection of non- hazardous materials.

3.4 External drivers These factors do not depend on the company; they depend on external stakeholders such as costumers, governments, environment, etc.

3.4.1 Environmental benefits Products can cause different kind of environmental aspects and impacts during their life cycle. The potential for environmental improvements in the product should be analyzed and is itself a driver for ecodesign.

3.4.2 Government policies, legislation and standardization Product-oriented environmental legislation and regulations have been developed throughout the European Union some years ago. These EU policy measures bring the focus to products more and more to the attention. Ecodesign and sustainable building strategies for improving the environment are pivotal in the implementation of any European environmental policy. That is what the strong support with which the revision of the European Strategy for Sustainable Development was received, shows. The Strategy, which was passed in July 2009, establishes Sustainable Consumption and Production as one of the priority fields of action. Ecodesign Directive (2009/125/EC) on 21 October 2009, the recast of the Ecodesign Directive 2005/32/EC, seeks to achieve a high level of protection for the environment by reducing the potential environmental impact of energy-related products. Moreover, some ceramic materials (e.g. bricks, ceramic tiles, roof tiles) are covered by the Council Directive 89/106/EEC regarding construction materials, which stresses that environmental aspects are one of the essential requirements in construction products. These directives among other things require a modification of the design of products towards elimination of hazardous substances, increase in recyclability at the end of their useful lifetime and so forth. ISO (International Organization for Standardization) has also produced some standards to address the environmental aspects and impacts during the life cycle of a product; these standards act as a motivation factor to improve the environmental performance of the product, such as:



ISO, 2007. ISO 21930. Sustainability in building construction Environmental declaration of building products;

ISO 14020, Environmental labels and declarations General principles;

ISO 14025. Environmental labels and declarations Type III environmental declarations principles and procedures;

ISO 14040. Environmental management. Life cycle assessment. Principles and framework;

ISO 14044. Environmental management. Life cycle assessment. Requirements and guidelines.

The ISO Technical Committee 207 on Environmental Management launched in 2008 the project of setting up a new standard of th

Inedic Manual En - Innovation and Ecodesign in the Ceramic Industry

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