INE Work with Oil Dispersants CROSERF and Beyond NewFields Beaufort Sea Workshop 26, 27 March 2008.
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Transcript of INE Work with Oil Dispersants CROSERF and Beyond NewFields Beaufort Sea Workshop 26, 27 March 2008.
INE Work with Oil Dispersants
CROSERF and Beyond
NewFields Beaufort Sea Workshop
26, 27 March 2008
Robert A. PerkinsCivil and Environmental EngineeringInstitute of Northern EngineeringUniversity of Alaska [email protected]
Photo: Marinco Bioassay Laboratory
CROSERF
• Chemical Response to Oil Spills: Ecological Effects Research Forum
Sponsors of Research
• Texas General Land Office (TGLO);• Florida Department of Environmental Protection
(FL DEP);• California Office of Oil Spill Prevention and
Response (CA OSPR);• Alaska Department of Environmental
Conservation (ADEC);• Exxon Corporation;• American Petroleum Institute (API), and• Marine Spill Response Corporation (MSRC).
Plus
• Minerals Management Service (MMS);
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and
• Chevron Corporation
Universities and Sponsors
• University of California, Santa Cruz (later UC Davis) - CA OSPR
• University of South Florida - FL DEP
• Texas A&M University - TGLO
• University of Alaska Fairbanks - ADEC
CROSERF Testing
• Standard species and standard oil– Calibrate labs
• Standard species and local oil– Is our oil different?
• Local species and local oil– Are our local species different?
Test Chambers
Test Regimes
• Species– Mysid– Fish larvae– Tanner crab larvae– Microtox
• Oils– PBCO– ANS, Fresh– ANS, Weathered
• 200 deg. C.
• Treatment– WAF– CE-WAF
• Exposure, 96-hr– Chambers– Static with Renewal
Almost forgot
• VOA– C6-C9
• BTEX
• TPH– C10-C36
• THC, and
• Loading
Whoops
• Warm25 °C
• Cold4 to 7 °C
Quick Summary
VOA/BTEX in WAF
Fresh WAF toxicitySpecies Temp LC 50,
mg/L
LL 50
mg/L
VOA Loading
C. bairdi 7 °C 9.61 285
M. bahia 25 °C 7.6 654
Toxicity proportional to VOA
Little TPH
CE-WAF Fresh ANS data
LC 50 Loading TPH THC VOA
Species mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L
C. Bairdi
7 °C
203 2.22 10. 8.41
M. Bahia
25 °C
127 2.4 5.08 2.22
Weathered, WAF
Weathered CE-WAF
Fresh CE-WAF
Some thoughts
• Always measure VOA!
• For WAF, VOA may be much more significant than TPH
• Both fresh and weathered
Why are we testing?
• Is Corexit 9500, less or more toxic to species X than Corexit 9527 or other dispersant?
• Are the results for Brand X likely to be the same at 7 °C than 25 °C?
• Need standardized tests.
Fig. 1-9. Concentrations of oil in the water column following dispersal of a 0.1 mm thick slick of fresh oil treated with a chemical dispersant (after Lewis and Aurand, 1997)
00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 24:000
10
20
30
40
50
60
WAF LR = 1001 mg/L WAF LR = 4022 mg/L CE-WAF LR = 501 mg/L
Concentration Decline of Fresh ANS Crude Oil Test Solutionsin Continuous Exposure Tests
Measu
red
VO
A C
on
cen
trati
on
s, m
g/L
Time, hour
Question?
• How does the concentration of toxic components vary with time and depth beneath a spill if we don’t disperse?
• Same if we disperse
• Toxicity should probably be gauged with respect to weathered oil
Research question
• Where does the VOA from fresh oil go?
• If acute toxicity is mostly from VOA,
• If it has left the slick and is in the water, then
• Dispersing might not affect acute toxicity
A Tail of Two Tests
• Mysidopsis bahia
Photo: Marinco Bioassay Laboratory
Mysids at UAF Lab in Fairbanks
• Set up lab, one month• Two grad students, one month• Two sets of tests, continuous and flow- through• Mysids delivered for $75/ box• One shipment with excessive deaths
– Order another, 5 days
• Florida bioassay lab: $500, continuous 96-hr
Tanner Crab Larvae at UAF, Seward Marine Center
• Chionoecetes
bairdi• Collect Dec.• Birth ?
– Late Feb.– Early April
Adult female Tanner crabs (Chionecetes biardi)
Cold-water species resources
• One student and 1.5 technicians
• 600 km from campus
• Three and half months
• Plus care and feeding of gravid crabs– December to April
Cold Water Standard Test Species
• Can we find a cold-water test species that is as convenient and practical as equivalent warm-water species, such a M. bahia?
• Lose a week with a mishap
• Not a year
Criteria
• Laboratory viability and practicality– CROSERF chambers, 96-hour acute– Available year around
• Susceptibility to known or potential stressors – Immature or larval
• Socially recognized • Relevance to oil spills and dispersants• The criteria of comparability
– ASTM, USEPA
Method
• Ask the experts
• Compare lists and compendiums– EPA, ASTM
• Phylogenetic relations via taxonomy tables
Crustaceans (small: mysids and copepods)
Phylum: Arthropoda (arthropods) Class Crustaceans
Order Family Genus Species AK? Ref.
Subclass Copepoda (copepods)
Calanoida
Acartia clausi 2
Acartia tonsa
(several) AK
Harpacticoida Tigriopus brevicornis 2
(several) AK
MYSIDS Malacostraca subclass Peracarida
MysidacaeSuborderMysina
Mysidae Mysidopsis bigelowi 2
Mysidae Holmesimysis costata 16
Mysidae Archaeomysis grebnitzkii AK 4,5
Mysidopsis almyra 2
Mysidopsis bahia
8
? Acanthomysis pseudomacropsis AK 25
No species met all the criteria very well
• Subjective evaluation
• Came up with six likely
Likely species
• Mysids and copepods
• Pink salmon fry
• Tidepool sculpin
• Topsmelt (Atherinops affinis)
• Urchins:– Purple (Strongylocentrotus
purpuratus)– Green ( S. droebachiensis)– Red ( S. franciscanus)
• Shellfish – Pacific oyster (Crassostrea
gigas )
Today
• Herring eggs and larvae– Spawning season south to north
Acknowledgements
Sara Rhoton, Ingegerd Ask of UAFBrad Hahn and Leslie Pearson of the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Spill Prevention and Response A.J.Paul, Judy McDonald, and staff of the Seward Marine CenterJohn Agosti of the Qutekcak Shellfish Hatchery Howard Feder, Ted Cooney, Ray Highsmith of the Institute of Marine Science of UAFRon Smith of the Department of Biology of UAF Peter Armato of the U.S. Park ServiceDoug Woodby of the Alaska Department of Fish and GameTom Dean of Coastal Resources Associates. Others who took the time to discuss this: Scott Kellman of Aquatic Biosystems, Bill Putnam of Sticklebacks Unlimited, Marylin Schwartz of Ogden Environmental, Gary Buhler of Northwest Aquatic Science, John Hunt of the Marine Pollution Studies Lab of UCSC.