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Transcript of Industry 20Assembly%20Line.jpg 20Art%20Images/LS0464-02%20copy.jpg.
![Page 1: Industry 20Assembly%20Line.jpg 20Art%20Images/LS0464-02%20copy.jpg.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649e155503460f94aff3a0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Industry
http://www.technologydoctor.com/nss-folder/pictures/LifePak%20Assembly%20Line.jpg
http://www.mb-hs.com/images/Lfactory.jpg
http://www.alexmaclean.com/Images/Fine%20Art%20Images/LS0464-02%20copy.jpg
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Where did Industry Originate?
• Processing of raw materials and manufacturing of capital & consumer goods
• Industry is highly clustered in space• The location of industry is determined by
the tension between the location of raw materials and the location of markets
• Certain industries are attracted to certain locations
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Where did Industry Originate?
• Before the Industrial Revolution, goods were manufactured in private homes – this was referred to as cottage industry
• The manufacturing of goods in a factory began in the UK in the late 1700s and was referred to as the Industrial Revolution (IR)
• The root of the IR was the introduction of new technology which changes the way goods were made
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The Industrial Revolution
• The IR diffused to Europe and North America in the C19th and to the rest of the World in the C20th
• IR was industrial, social, economic & political• IR involved gradual changes in ideas and
technology to enable goods to be manufactured more efficiently and cheaply in large quantities
• IR fuelled by the invention of the steam engine (James Watt 1769)
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The Industrial Revolution
http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/imago/images/larder_wattdouble.jpg
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Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution
• The iron industry followed by the textile industry were leaders in increasing output as a result of Watt’s steam engine
• Constant high heat is required to mill iron from its ore – the steam engine was able to provide the constant high heat source
• Production of iron in high quantities transformed other industries – mining, engineering, transportation
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Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution
• Coal was required to fuel the engine• Hence industries started to cluster around
regions of coal deposits• New inventions were engineered to aid the
industrial process – hence thee birth of modern engineering and machine parts production
• Canals were built to transport materials and finished goods
• Eventually railways came into being through the invention of the steam locomotive
http://www.coalpro.co.uk/images/coalmap.jpg
http://www.solarnavigator.net
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Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution
• The textile industry evolved as a result of the invention of the spinning jenny & through large looms
• Later bleaching techniques fueled inventions in the chemical industry
http://www.ehs.org.uk/industrialrevolution/Images/Spinning%20Jenny.jpg
http://www.ehs.org.uk/industrialrevolution/PH_Industry_2.htm
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Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution
• Food processing to feed expanding urban populations was transformed through the invention of canning techniques (Nicholas Appert) and chemical additives
http://perso.wanadoo.fr/joel.puissant/fdc01/appert.jpg
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Diffusion from the UK
• Britain’s Crystal Palace (1851) was the most visible symbol of Britain’s industrial power
• The IR diffused eastwards towards Europe and westwards across the Atlantic to North America
• Diffusion to Europe was delayed by political instability (the French Revolution & Napoleonic Wars) & the unification of Germany (1870s)
• Britain also deliberately kept industrial secrets within the UK
http://www.placeaudesign.com/reperes/histoiredudesign/palace.jpg
http://asweb.artsci.uc.edu/german/172/revtrain.jpg
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Diffusion to the USA
• Industrialists were discouraged from migrating to America
• However Samuel Slater migrated to Rhode Island and set up a textile mill (1791)
http://www.ou.edu/class/arch4443/1858%20and%20All%20That/Old%20slater%20mill.jpg
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The IR in the USA
• The textile industry in the USA grew as a result of the Napoleonic Wars and by 1860 the US was 2nd only to the UK
• Other industrial processes however, were not used in the USA until the late C19th as the US concentrated on food and lumber
• The 2nd industrial revolution occurred in the USA – Henry Ford’s assembly line
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Where is Industry Located?North America•New England•Middle Atlantic•Mohawk Valley•Pittsburgh – Lake Erie•W. Great Lakes•Golden Horseshoe
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North America
• New England– Oldest region - textiles
• Middle Atlantic– NYC-Washington DC – large consumer markets & ports
• Mohawk Valley– Upper NY state (Hudson R & Erie Canal) – cheap hydro – steel,
food, electro-chemicals• Pittsburgh – Lake Erie
– Coal & iron ore- iron & steel mills• W. Great Lakes
– Detroit-Chicago-Milwalkee – consumer market, transport hub – auto, agro-chemicals, clothing, furniture
• Golden Horseshoe (St. Lawrence & Lakes Peninsula– St. Lawrence Seaway, cheap hydro, Canadian markets – steel,
food processing, chemicals, ship building
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Changing US Industry Distribution
•Decline in N & E•Growth in S & W•California & Texas•Steel, textiles, tobacco•Petro-chemicals•SE – Right to work•SW – low & high tech
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Where is Industry Located?
Western Europe•Rhine Ruhr•Mid Rhine•UK•Northern Italy
Eastern Europe•Central Industrial District•St. Petersburg Industrial District•Eastern Ukraine Industrial District•Volga Industrial District•Urals Industrial District•Kuznetsk Industrial District•Silesia Industrial District
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Western Europe• Rhine Ruhr
– Rivers Rhine & Ruhr– Iron & Steel & other heavy industries
• Mid Rhine– Lacks raw materials but is centred in a major
consumer market – transportation hubs, luxury cars, textiles & high end consumer goods
• UK– Midlands is oldest industrial region – outmoded and
less important; SE UK new region – high tech close to EU
• Northern Italy– Po River Basin – textiles, cheap hydro & labour,
processing raw materials & machine parts assembly
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Eastern Europe
• Central Industrial District (Moscow)– Large consumer market; textiles & chemicals
• St. Petersburg Industrial District– Near Baltic Sea – shipbuilding; local food processing
• Eastern Ukraine Industrial District– Coalfields – iron & steel
• Volga Industrial District– Petroleum & natural gas fields - petrochemical
• Urals Industrial District– Valuable metals; fuels must be shipped in
• Kuznetsk Industrial District– Coal & iron ore – iron & steel mills
• Silesia Industrial District– Coalfields (iron ore is imported – iron & steel mills
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East Asia
• Japan is one of the wealthiest countries because of industrial development
• China has the 2nd largest economy after the USA• S. Korea & Taiwan have used international trade to
become NIC (newly industrialized countries)• Japan, S. Korea & Taiwan have few natural resources –
but has large, cheap labour markets – exports consumer goods cheaply
• Japan has a reputation for high quality electronic which requires highly trained workers
• Japan has furthered industrial processes through JIT (Just-In–Time) TQM (Total Quality Management) technologies
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Why do Industries have Different Distributions?
• To maximize profits industries must minimize production costs
• Geographers try to explain why one location might prove more profitable for a factory than others
• Geographical costs include– Situation factors (transporting raw materials to a
factory and finished goods from a factory)– Site factors refer to the unique characteristics of a
location – land, labour and capital
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Situation Factors
• To maximize profits, companies try to locate their factories as close as possible to suppliers and consumers to reduce transportation costs
• If inputs are more expensive to transport than outputs, the factory locates near inputs
• If outputs are more expensive to transport, the factory locates near to the market
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Location Near Inputs
• Steel Industry– Main inputs coal and
iron ore– Steel mills located close
to the raw materials– Integrated steel mills
processed iron ore, converted coal to coke, made iron into steel & formed steel into sheets, rods & beams
http://www.americaslibrary.gov/assets/es/pa/es_pa_steel_1_e.jpg
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Integrated Steel Mills in USA
• As demand for steel grew, iron ore imported from Canada & Venezuela resulted in steel mills locating near ports
• Mills in Michigan survived closure because they are located near large markets
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Mini Steel Mills in the USA
• Steel mini mills which process scrap steel, have located near markets where their major input is readily available
http://www.greatrivereda.com/images/blast.jpg
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Location Near Markets• For some factories, the optimal location is near
markets– Bulk-gaining industries
• Soft-drinking bottling• Brewery• Car assembly plant
– Single market manufacturers• High fashion• Auto part factories (agglomeration industries)
– Perishables• Dairy• Bakery• Newspapers
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Transportation
• Inputs & products are transported by– Ship (long distances; bulky
cargo where water exists)– Rail (long distances; bulky)– Road (shorter distances)– Air (most expensive; ideal
for very light, small cargo)
http://www.flowersvic.com.au/images/air-cargo.jpg
http://www.jcommops.org/graph_ref/cargo_ship-3.jpg
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Break of Bulk Point
• Transportation costs rise each time inputs or products are transferred from one mode of transportation to another (labour & possibly warehousing costs)
• A location where transfer is made from one mode to another is known as a break-of-bulk point
• Ports and airports are important break of bulk points
http://www.seevancouverbc.com/cruise/pov/3103-12a.JPG
An entrépôt port is a port where goods can be importedand re-exported without dutieshaving to be paid e.g.: Bahrain
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Site Factors
• Land– Large areas of cheap, flat land available in
suburban or rural areas close to transportation corridors
– Aluminium smelters locate near to sources of cheap electricity as lots of energy is needed to separate the aluminium from the bauxite
– Amenities already available at certain sites, may attract new industries
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Site Factors
• Labour– Labour intensive industries locate near to
labour markets• Semi-skilled, cheap labour is used in the textile
and clothing industry (in MDCs the textile industry has been affected by the availability of cheap labour in LDCs)
• Highly skilled, more expensive labour is required for the electronics industry (outsourcing to LDCs is becoming increasingly difficult for MDCs as more educated work forces emerge in countries like India)
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Site Factors
• Capital– Manufacturers require capital to establish and
expand their operations– The US auto industry located in Michigan
because that region’s banks were more willing to lend money than east coast banks
– Banks in Silicon Valley willing to offer loans to computer companies, have been key to the growth of software companies which then are attracted to the Valley
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Footloose Industries
• Some industries are able to locate wherever they wish as they are not significantly impacted by transportation, land, labour and capital costs
• Communications technologies make this more and more possible e.g.: software development and manufacture (Microsoft in Seattle)
• Optimal location might not always be possible, so an alternative must be chosen (inertia or history)
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Why do Industries Face Problems?
• Global Problems– Stagnant demand: capacity to produce goods
has increased faster than demand• Low population growth in MDCs• Quality of products• High prices of products• Changing technology e.g.: lighter vehicles
– Increased capacity• NICs• Subsidized industries e.g.: steel in Europe
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Why do Industries Face Problems?• MDCs
– MDCs must protect their markets from new competitors
– LDCs must identify new markets in order to grow industrially
– Trading blocs• Competition within trading blocs e.g.: NAFTA & softwood
lumber dispute• Competition between trading blocs e.g.: NAFTA and EU• Disparities within trading blocs e.g.: Greece, Portugal &
Ireland lack industrial investment
– Transnational corporations• MDC HQ TNC produce goods more cheaply in LDCs
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Why do Industries Face Problems?
• LDCs– Distance from markets: wealthy consumers in
MDCs are far from manufacturers in LDCs– Inadequate infrastructure: transportation,
energy, skilled labour, technology– Limited domestic markets– Dependence on raw material exploitation– Outsourcing from MDCs to LDCs by TNCs
(profits return to MDCs)– Political instability
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Resource Depletion & Pollution
• Renewable resources are threatened if the rate of exploitation exceeds replacement rate
• Non-renewable resources will eventually run out
• Industrial processes pollute land, air and water
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Solutions to Depletion and Pollution
• Sustainable development is resource use that meets present needs without compromising future generations ability to meet their needs
• 3Rs– Reduce– Recycle– Reuse
http://www2.lhric.org/pocantico/earthday/reduce1.gif