Industrialization Spreads

Ch 9.3

California Standards

10.3.2- Examine how scientific and technological changes and new forms of energy brought about massive social, economic, and cultural change (e.g., the inventions and discoveries of James Watt, Eli Whitney, Henry Bessemer, Louis Pasteur, Thomas Edison).

10.3.3- Describe the growth of population, rural to urban migration, and the growth of cities associated with the Industrial Revolution.

10.3.5- Understand the connections among natural resources, entrepreneurship, labor, and capital in an industrial economy.

10.4.1- Describe the rise of industrial economies and their link to imperialism and colonialism.

Warm-Up Industrialization Today

Name countries that are industrialized and developing.

Create a T-Chart like the example shown

Hint: industrialized countries have strong economies, while developing nations have weak economies

Industrialized Countries

United States Any European nation (Britain, France, Italy,

etc.) Australia Japan

Why do you think these countries industrialized?

Developing Countries

Most African nations Most Asian nations Many South American nations

Why do you think these nations have problems industrializing?

Industrialization Spreads

The industrialization that began in Great Britain spread to other parts of the world.

The Industrial Revolution (I.R.) in Great Britain set the stage for the growth of modern cities in other countries and encouraged a “global economy”

How?...The I.R. spread to countries that had conditions similar to those in Great Britain.

Why?...Eventually the I. R. spread to the U.S. and to continental Europe because other countries want to adopt the profitable new methods of manufactured goods.

Industrialization Spreads

Industrialization is going to spread to……– United States– Belgium– Germany– Other places in Europe based on region not

country Spain’s Catalonia Northern Italy Moscow, Russia

United States

The United States possessed the same resources that allowed Britain to industrialize

Rivers Rich deposits of coal and iron ore Supply of laborers

– Farm workers– Immigrants

United States Textile Industries

Industrialization began in the textile industry. Britain tried to keep the secrets of

industrialization to themselves However, Samuel Slater, a British mill

worker, emigrated to the U.S. and built a spinning machine

Moses Brown opened first factory in the U.S. housing Slater’s machines

United States Textile Industries

As inventions led to more innovations, Francis Cabot Lowell of Boston and a few others revolutionized the American textile industry.

They mechanized every stage in the manufacturing of cloth.

By late 1820s, Lowell, Massachusetts, had become a booming manufacturing center and model for other towns.

United States Textile Industries

Thousands of single young women flocked from their rural homes to work as mill girls in factory towns.

Now they made higher wages and had some independence

Worked more than 12 hours a day, 6 days a week, for decent wages

United States Industrial Expansion

Post Civil War technological boom– Wealth of natural resources

Oil, coal, iron

– Burst of inventions Light bulb and telephone

– Growing urban population Large market to consume goods

United States Industrial Expansion

Railroads p. 296– Allowed cities to expand rapidly– Cities were able to sell their products to the rest of

the country– Railroads became a profitable business and set

the standards for business in the U.S.

United States Industrial Expansion

Rise of Corporations– Building large businesses like the railroads required a lot of money.– Entrepreneurs sold shares of stock (shares of the business

ownership) to gain funding (capital)– The people who bought up the stock became part owners of these

businesses, called corporations (a business owned by stockholders who share in the profits but are not personally responsible for its debts.).

– Corporation were then able to gather large amounts of capital to invest in industrial equipment.

– In the late 1800s, companies like Standard Oil and Carnegie Steel Company sprang up and tried to control every aspect of their own industries in order to earn great profits.

Corporations Today

McDonald’s Wal-Mart Microsoft Sony Billabong

Continental Europe Industrializes

European countries wanted to adopt the British profitable new ways of making manufactured goods.

Troubles sparked by the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars delayed industrialization.

– Halted trade– Interrupted communication– Caused inflation in some parts of the continent

Belgium

Belgium

Belgium led Europe in adopting Britain’s new technology

It had rich deposits of iron ore and coal

Waterways for transportation British carpenter, William

Cockerill, illegally made his way to Belgium with secret plans for building spinning machinery

His son built an enormous industrial enterprise in eastern Belgium.

Produced mechanical equipment, steam engines,

and railway locomotives.

Germany

Germany

Delayed Industrialization– Politically divided in the

early 1800s– Economic isolation– Scattered resources

Pockets of industrialization appeared

– Ruhr Valley of west central Germany

Around 1835, Germany began to borrow from the British.

– Imported equipment and engineers

Built railroads that linked its manufacturing cities with its natural resources

Economic strength led to military strength as Germany became a industrial and military giant

France

France

Sustained growth occurred after 1830 More measured and controlled than in other

countries because their agricultural economy remained strong.

Therefore, they avoided the great social and economic problems caused by industrialization.

Railroad construction after 1850 created a thriving national market for products.

Pockets of Industrialization

Bohemia (Czech Republic) developed a spinning industry

Spain’s Catalonia processed more cotton than Belgium

Northern Italy mechanized its textile production

Moscow (Russia) ran factories with serf labor

Pockets of Industrialization

Bohemia

Italy

Spain

Russia

Obstacles to Industrial Growth

French Revolution and wars– Halted trade– Interrupted communication– Caused inflation in some parts of the continent

Political disunity– German Confederation

Social structure

Geographic problems– Austria-Hungary’s mountains halted railroads– Spain lacked both good roads and waterways for canals

The Impact of Industrialization

It increased competition between industrialized nations and poverty in less-developed

To keep factories running and workers fed, industrialized countries required a steady supply of raw materials from less-developed lands.

Poor countries were viewed as markets for industrialized products

This led to many industrialized nations extending their rule over many less developed nations, a concept called Imperialism