Industrialization of the West 1760- 1900: A comparative view of the positive and negative COT.
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Transcript of Industrialization of the West 1760- 1900: A comparative view of the positive and negative COT.
Industrialization of the West 1760-1900: A comparative view of the
positive and negative COT
Capitalism-Socialism-Marxism
capitalism socialism MarxismThe forces of supply and demand drivemarkets, as producers move to meeteconomic wants and needs, matching themwith suitable products. Government should“leave the markets alone”, acting only toensure fairness in competition.Basic Ideas:1. private ownership and control of propertyand economic resources,2. free enterprise,3. com petition among businesses,4. freedom of choice and technological progress:invisible hand: serves to self correct market flaws
Capitalism produces a gapbetween rich and poor, andgovernment should act toguarantee that workers aretreated fairly. Governmentshould own and managesome businesses, especiallythose which provide thegreatest public good (healthcare, railroads, etc.)A moderate alternative to free market capitalism
The government should ownand manage all businesses inorder to eliminate the evilsof Capitalism.Workers should unite to seize the means of production (History has been a struggle between the haves and have nots) the government should do this untilOrder is restored and that each will do according to needs and abilities. Preaches no sexism, racism or classism.No competition, no motivation, no risk taking
• Three major themes dominate the period 1750-1914Industrialization as it transformed economies
and societiesPolitical upheaval highlighted by revolutionsImportation of Western values and institutions
by settler societies such as the United States and Australia
• ChangesIn 1750, almost all of Europe consisted of
monarchies. By the end of World War I most were gone
In 1750, Europe was mostly agricultural and rural. By 1914, it was industrial with urban populations surpassing rural ones
• Three forces worked to dramatically change Europe Cultural
• Enlightenment thinkers (Adam Smith- Wealth of Nations) Economic
• Businessmen sought greater political voice (Revolutions)• Artisans/villagers fought growing industrialization• Population increase resulted in more manufacturing, often in the
home (cottage industry), dependent on urban merchants (proto-industrialization)
Demographic• Population revolution- better nutrition, less disease, lower infant
mortality rate• More children caused upper classes to tighten grip on power, drove
more people into the working class (proletariat)
• Great Britain: The Perfect Storm Favorable natural
resources- rivers, coal, iron Large population = large
labor pool Advantages in world trade
and manufacturing Foundations laid by the
Scientific Revolution Government committed to
economic growth
• Origins Labor based on women
and children Steam engine – James
Watt Metallurgy – coal and
coke; Bessemer process Interchangeable parts –
Whitney (US) Telegraph, steam ship,
railway Advanced agriculture The factory system
• The Spread of IndustryOther nations quickly saw the need to copy Britain’s
industrialization Industrialization helped Britain hold out against
Napoleon and brought in wealthThe French Revolution helped France’s
industrialization by abolishing restrictions on trade, protecting private property, and abolishing artisan guilds
Without protective guilds or manors, workers could be used and paid as the market required
The Industrial Revolution was not a rapid process but happened gradually over time
• The Disruptions of Industrial LifeChanges not just in
technology but in lifestylesMigrations (3 major
migrations)• Rural to urban• To plantations• To transportation /
construction Young adults primary
migrants
Cities ill-equipped for population increases
• Housing shortages led to overcrowding
• Overcrowding led to inadequate sanitation
• Inadequate sanitation led to worsened health conditions
• Increases in crime due to poverty
Social changes• Social divisions increased
as middle-class moved to suburbs
• Factory system separated families as family members worked outside the home
• More stress as machines brought faster pace to work and less emphasis on leisurely, high-quality production
• Backlash against industrialization – Luddite movement
• Changes in Traditions of Popular LeisureFactory owners tried to ban singing, napping,
drinking, and other customary frivolities on the jobPunctuality and efficiency were seen as virtues
• Changes in Family LifeConcept of family was redefined by middle classWomen and children were to be protected from the
new working worldWomen withdrew from formal occupations and took
on new virtuous roles as mothers and housewivesEducation for children took on new significance
The Second Industrial Revolution
• From 1850 to 1914City growth continued – urban population
surpassed 50 percentCity governments gained ground in sanitation,
policing, housing, and healthCity parks and museums were constructedCrime rates dropped – due not only to more
effective social control but also a more disciplined population
• Family life adjusted to industrializationBirth rates and death rates droppedChildren increasingly seen as source of emotional
satisfaction rather than source of laborMaterial conditions improved: families could afford
newspapers, family outings, better diet, better housing Infant mortality rate dropped from +30 percent to less
than 10 percentDiscovery of germs by Pasteur resulted in better
practices by medical workers reducing deaths in childbirth
• Changes in LaborEstablishment of labor unions resulted in
better working conditionsUnions stressed power of massed laborersStrikes impacted factories and statesPeasants adjusted to industrial life resulting in
fewer protests and uprisingsPeasants moved into cash crops
• Emphasis on Consumption and Leisure Better wages and shorter
working hours Growth of white-collar labor
force Advertising caused “needs”
where none existed before Creation of consumer fads-
bicycle• First consumer fad• Changed social habits as
women needed less cumbersome clothing and young couples could out-pedal chaperones
Roxanne
• Mass LeisurePopularity of
newspapers- crime, sports, comics
Popular theater- comedy, musical revues, vacations
Rise of sports teamsOlympics reintroduced
in 1896Rising secularism
• Advances in Science• Electricity• Chemistry improved products• Dynamite helped “development”
Rise of social sciences Science applied to agriculture Charles Darwin – evolution Social Darwinism- belief “races”
evolved differently Albert Einstein – Theory of
Relativity Sigmund Freud – psychoanalysis
I hate my relatives
Factors First Industrial Revolution Second Industrial Revolution
Power WaterSteam
SteamOil – Gasoline
Electricity
Labor WomenChildren
Males in skilled and managerial positionsNo Labor Unions
Mostly male Mostly unskilled
Males in skilled and managerial positionsLabor Unions
Strikes
Family Families disrupted as members work outside of home
Stress due to faster pace of lifeMiddle class defined family
Birth and death rates declinedSmaller families
Children cherishedHigher standards of living
Urban Areas Increasing populationCrowded – unsanitary
PollutionCrime
Population continued increaseCity services
Parks and museumsLower crime rates
Society Middle class flight to suburbsLuddites
Emphasis on consumptionMass leisure
Continuities: With all this change what remained the same?
Political Economic CulturalMost people still not reflected in constitutional protectionsMost nations were still pre-industrialBourgeosie still political mechanismMost monarchies endured until WWIWar still a way of extracting land, labor and capital (imperialism)Nationalism persisted
Peasant agriculture still remainedStill great economic disparitiesMercantilism done by private companies (with some governmental oversight) Exploitation of the labor force (coercive iron law of wages) although slavery would be abolishedGreat unrest amongst the proletariatColonies still sources of land labor and capital (but now included Asia and Africa because of new scientific technologies)
Still competition amongst private industriesPatriarchy persisted (cult of domesticity)Religious values were still strong (especially amongst the urban poor)Racism would be shown toward migrants and former slavesNationalism would enforce foreign policy of imperialism “ at whatever means necessary”Spirit of innovation and intellectual property of the first industrial revolution would continue