Industrialization, II: Changes in Society Urbanization –Rapid growth of cities –Environmental...
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Transcript of Industrialization, II: Changes in Society Urbanization –Rapid growth of cities –Environmental...
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Industrialization, II: Changes in Society
• Urbanization– Rapid growth of cities– Environmental consequences: The Great Stink of
London (1858) and miasmas– Housing problems– Diseases: typhus, typhoid fever, cholera, influenza– Diet
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River Irwell, Manchester. The scum on the surface is the result of sewage.
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Housing in Manchester
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An attic occupied by a family of ten
Illustrated Times, 1863
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The New Industrial CityThe New Industrial City
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Worker Housing in ManchesterWorker Housing in Manchester
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Housing for factory workers in New York – early 1900s
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Housing for German Factory Workers -- 1902
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• Conditions of labor– Hours– Inside the factory– Women and children
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Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Age of Worker Male Wages Female Wages
under 11 2s 3d. 2s. 4d.
11 - 16 4s. 1d. 4s. 3d.
17 - 21 10s. 2d. 7s. 3d.
22 - 26 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d.
27 - 31 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d.
32 - 36 22s. 8d. 8s. 9d.
37 - 41 21s. 7d. 9s. 8d.
42 - 46 20s. 3d. 9s. 3d.
47 - 51 16s. 7d. 8s. 10d.
52 - 56 16s. 4d. 8s. 4d.
57 - 61 13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.
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American Textile Mill
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British Children in the Mining Industry
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• Changes in the social structure– Decline of the aristocracy– Rise of a proletariat– Rise of the middle class & Victorian womanhood
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Queen Victoria and family
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• Impact of Industrialization: Optimists vs Pessimists– Production
• 1780-1800 – doubled
• 1800-1851 – rose 3 ½ times
– Population• 1780 – 9 million
• 1851 – 21 million
– Was it worth it?• Irish example: agricultural and impoverished
• Blake, Wordsworth, Dickens, Zola protested treatment of workers
• Marxists wrote about the misery
• Revisionists argued that standards of living rose; idea of poverty being bad
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• Leisure – The nearly universal day off: Sunday– The rise of spectator sports: football & cricket– The pub
W.G. Grace – Britain’s First Sport Celebrity
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• Responses to the Problems of Industrial Society– Luddites– Unions– Governmental reforms– Middle class vs. working class
The Luddites, 1811-1816
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Some Useful Websites
– http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/reforming_acts_01.shtml
– http://www.historyteacher.net/APEuroCourse/EHAP_Topics/EHAP-Topic-IndutrialRevolution.htm
– http://www.victorianweb.org/index.html– http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/
ind_rev/images/indust.html.htm– http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/
modsbook14.html